Aplicaciones de la Teoría del caos en medicina

La Teoría del Caos surgió relacionada con las ciencias naturales, pero en la actualidad su campo de aplicación es cada vez más amplio porque el pensamiento complejo ha ofrecido solución a numerosos sistemas en la naturaleza, la biología y otras muy diversas esferas de la vida, como la economía y la lingüística, entre otras. En este artículo se pretende ofrecer una panorámica sobre las principales aplicaciones del caos en medicina, dado que muchos procesos en medicina manifiestan aparente desorden, complejidad y caos. Se analizarán, en particular, las opiniones existentes entre los investigadores sobre la presencia y significado del caos en los procesos metabólicos, las enfermedades cardíacas y la actividad cerebral, ya que son las áreas médicas que expresan los comportamientos más complejos. También se expondrán los resultados de la aplicación de las matemáticas del caos en la epidemiología. Es importante apropiarse de este nuevo enfoque porque comprender el caos confiere al hombre, en cualquier campo que se desempeñe, una visión más clara de la realidad. El abordaje científico aplicando la teoría del caos, conlleva la creación de un equipo multidisciplinario, que enfrente la complejidad desde todas las aristas posibles y del que puedan surgir ideas que rebasen las fronteras del paradigma científico tradicional. Según los expertos sobre el tema, la Teoría del Caos seguirá teniendo un espacio importante en el futuro. Es un reto, una necesidad y un deber para los investigadores de las diferentes ramas y especialidades, estar preparados.

Chaos Theory arose in connection with the natural sciences, but today its field of application is increasingly broad because complex thinking has offered solutions to numerous systems in nature, biology and other very diverse spheres of life, such as economics and linguistics, among others. This article aims to offer an overview of the main applications of chaos in medicine, given that many processes in medicine show apparent disorder, complexity and chaos. In particular, the existing opinions among researchers about the presence and meaning of chaos in metabolic processes, heart disease and brain activity will be analyzed, since these are the medical areas that express the most complex behaviors. The results of the application of the mathematics of chaos in epidemiology will also be presented. It is important to appropriate this new approach because understanding chaos gives man, in whatever field he works, a clearer vision of reality. The scientific approach applying chaos theory entails the creation of a multidisciplinary team that faces complexity from all possible angles and from which ideas can arise that go beyond the borders of the traditional scientific paradigm. According to experts on the subject, Chaos Theory will continue having an important space in the future. It is a challenge, a necessity and a duty for researchers from different branches and specialties to be prepared.

Reflexión desde la Entropía: un análisis de la realidad según la violencia en la sociedad / Reflection from Entropy and Chaos: an analysis of reality according to violence in society / Reflexão da Entropia e Caos: uma análise da realidade de acordo com a violência na sociedade

Resumen Introducción: la teoría del caos se usa para explicación de fenómenos complejos, cuya naturaleza no responde a comportamientos lineales y que a su vez no permite determinar con exactitud medidas y cálculos, pero que a pesar de ello se han logrado avances significativos en la ciencia, pudiéndose expandir además hasta las explicaciones de fenómenos sociales, siendo en este caso la violencia. Materiales y Métodos: se emplearon expresiones matemáticas para validar un modelo de realidad que describa aproximadamente índices de violencia a partir de datos reales. Resultados: se obtuvieron relaciones matemáticas que describen el comportamiento caótico, las cuales dependiendo de la tasa de violencia define si el valor tiende a cero, a un valor constante o un comportamiento caótico. Conclusiones: se obtuvo una relación matemática que describe el comportamiento entrópico de la violencia en sociedad, cuya tendencia caótica describe aproximadamente índices de violencia reales.

Abstract Introduction: chaos theory is used to explain complex phenomena, whose nature does not respond to linear behavior and which in turn does not allow exact measurements and calculations to be determined, but despite this, significant advances have been made in science, being able to also expand to the explanations of social phenomena, in this case being violence. Materials and Methods: mathematical expressions are used to validate the reality, which describes rates of violence from real data in Colombia. Results: mathematical relationships describing chaotic behavior were obtained, which, depending on the rate of violence, define whether the value tends to zero, a constant value or chaotic behavior. Conclusions: a mathematical relationship was obtained that describes the entropic behavior of violence in society, whose chaotic trend approximately describes real violence values.

Resumo Introdução: a teoria do caos é utilizada para explicar fenômenos complexos, cuja natureza não responde ao comportamento linear e que por sua vez não permite determinar medidas e cálculos exatos, mas apesar disso, avanços significativos foram feitos na ciência, expandindo para as explicações de fenômenos sociais, neste caso a violência. Materiais e Métodos: foram utilizadas expressões matemáticas para validar um modelo de realidade que descreve aproximadamente as taxas de violência a partir de dados reais. Resultados: foram obtidas relações matemáticas que descrevem o comportamento caótico, que, dependendo da taxa de violência, definem-se o valor que tende a zero, um valor constante ou um comportamento caótico. Conclusões: obteve-se uma relação matemática que descreve o comportamento entrópico da violência na sociedade, cuja tendência caótica descreve de forma aproximada os índices reais de violência.

How Complex is COVID-19: Spatiotemporal Variation of Chaotic Nature of the Virus in Indian States

Like other pandemics, COVID‑19 also created a huge socioeconomic imbalance and distress in people. Often, every pandemic is characterized as chaotic and complex. Hence, the nature of the virus spread and deaths should be analyzed to prepare for the next similar pandemic. In this analysis, the popular and well‑known time series in chaos theory is implemented, and the results are deduced for the states of India. The phase space reconstruction algorithm is implemented, and false nearest neighbor (FNN) method is applied to determine the dimensionality, and also Lyapunov exponent of the time series is estimated. The chaotic nature of COVID‑19 cases showed a less severe and low complexity, with the FNN dimension range of 3–5, whereas the COVID‑19 deaths showed moderate complexity with FNN dimensions 2–7. Policymakers should take action on medical availability in rural states and control people’s movement in highly populated areas.

CHAOS: síndrome de obstrucción congénita de las vías aéreas superiores / CHAOS: congenital high airway obstruction syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de obstrucción congénita de vías áreas superiores (CHAOS) es una condición que se caracteriza por la existencia de una obstrucción en las vías áreas altas en el feto, la cual puede ser parcial o completa. Comúnmente es una situación incompatible con la vida, por lo que su diagnóstico prenatal es importante considerando el pronóstico y los diferentes manejos prenatales y posnatales que existen. Presentamos un caso de CHAOS diagnosticado en la semana 21, con una breve revisión de la literatura sobre su diagnóstico, pronóstico y alternativas terapéuticas.

Abstract Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a condition characterized by the existence of an obstruction of the fetal upper airways, which may be partial or complete. It is commonly incompatible with life, so its prenatal diagnosis is important due to the prognosis and the recently described pre and postnatal management options. We present a case of CHAOS in a pregnancy of 21 weeks with a brief review of the current literature about its diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic alternatives.

Cultura del caos / Chaos Culture

La Teoría del Caos, considerada la tercera revolución de la física, se ha convertido en un método científico para abordar sistemas complejos que no pueden ser explicados por los recursos tradicionales de la ciencia. Su campo de aplicación es cada vez más amplio, porque el pensamiento complejo ha ofrecido solución a numerosos sistemas en la naturaleza, la biología y muy diversas esferas de la vida. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una panorámica general sobre el tema, desde una postura no estrictamente matemática. Se realizó una revisión en la literatura y se expone el conocimiento sedimentado en el tiempo, por los estudiosos y expertos en la materia. Se ofrece una visión general de la Teoría del Caos, las condiciones para su surgimiento, así como sus aspectos y propiedades generales expresadas en sus dos dimensiones: tiempo (sistemas dinámicos) y espacio (fractales). Se hacen explícitos en cada caso, los conceptos y definiciones necesarias para entender y hablar de Caos. En un segundo artículo se expondrán las principales aplicaciones de esta teoría en la medicina y en particular en el campo de las neurociencias. Para los profesionales del sector salud, resulta un reto necesario familiarizarse con este nuevo enfoque, entender su esencia, principios y conceptos, para adquirir una cultura del Caos(AU)

Chaos Theory, considered the third revolution in physics, has become a scientific method to address complex systems that cannot be explained by the traditional resources of science. Its field of application is increasingly wide, because complex thinking has offered solutions to numerous systems in nature, biology and very diverse spheres of life. The objective of this work is to offer a general overview of the subject, from a non-strictly mathematical position. A literature review was carried out and the knowledge settled over time, by scholars and experts in the field, is exposed. An overview of Chaos Theory is offered, the conditions for its emergence, as well as its aspects and general properties expressed in its two dimensions: time (dynamic systems) and space (fractals). The concepts and definitions necessary to understand and speak of Chaos are made explicit in each case. In a second article, the main applications of this theory in medicine and in particular in the field of neurosciences will be exposed. For professionals in the health sector, it is a necessary challenge to become familiar with this new approach, understand its essence, principles and concepts, to acquire a culture of Chaos(AU)

Diagnóstico matemático de dinámica cardiaca en 16 horas y evaluación de variables hemodinámicas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Mathematical diagnosis of cardiac dynamics in 16 hours and evaluation of hemodynamic variables in the Intensive Care Unit

Antecedentes: desde los sistemas dinámicos se desarrolló un diagnóstico de la dinámica cardiaca de aplicación clínica en 16 horas, de utilidad en pacientes de Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Objetivos: confirmar la capacidad diagnóstica de la nueva metodología de evaluación de la dinámica cardiaca en 16 horas y determinar la evolución de la presión arterial y venosa de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono. Metodología: se tomaron 50 dinámicas, 10 normales y 40 con patologías agudas, tomando la frecuencia cardiaca mínima y máxima, y número de latidos cada hora. Se construyeron atractores y se evaluaron los espacios de ocupación y la dimensión fractal en 21 y 16 horas, comparando ambos diagnósticos físico-matemáticos entre sí. Posteriormente se realizó una confirmación del diagnóstico establecido en 16 horas mediante un estudio ciego de comparación con el diagnóstico convencional. Adicionalmente se tomaron los valores de la presión arterial y venosa de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono de 7 pacientes de Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos y se construyeron atractores caóticos, evaluando los valores mínimos y máximos del atractor en el mapa de retardo. Resultados: se confirmó la capacidad diagnóstica de la metodología en 16 horas para la dinámica cardiaca, con sensibilidad y especificidad de 100 por ciento y coeficiente kappa de 1 respecto al diagnóstico convencional; los valores mínimos y máximos de los atractores de la presión arterial y venosa de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono se encontraron entre 29,60 y 194,40; 24,20 y 56,10; 16,40 y 65,60 y 21,40 y 97,90 respectivamente. Conclusiones: se confirmaron predicciones diagnósticas en 16 horas diferenciando normalidad, enfermedad crónica y enfermedad aguda, útiles para el seguimiento clínico en pacientes de Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Las variables se comportaron caóticamente; estos resultados podrían fundamentar aplicaciones clínicas y predicciones de mortalidad. Palabras claves: frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial de oxígeno, presión arterial de dióxido de carbono, presión venosa de oxígeno, presión venosa de dióxido de carbono, Sistemas Dinámicos, caos, fractales, dinámica no lineal(AU)

Objectives: to confirm the diagnostic ability of the new assessment methodology of cardiac dynamics in 16 hours and determine the evolution of the arterial and venous pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Methodology: 50 dynamic were taken, 10 normal and 40 with acute pathologies, taking the minimum and maximum heart rate, and number of beats per minute. Attractors were constructed and areas of occupation and the fractal dimension in 21 and 16 hours were evaluated, comparing both physical and mathematical diagnosis each other. Subsequently a confirmation of the diagnosis made in 16 hours by a blinded study compared to conventional diagnosis. Additionally, values of the arterial and venous pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide from 7 Intensive Care Unit patients were taken and chaotic attractors were constructed to evaluate the minimum and maximum values of the attractor on the delay map. Results: The diagnostic capability of the methodology in 16 hours for cardiac dynamic was confirmed, with sensitivity and specificity of 100 percent and kappa coefficient 1 over conventional diagnosis; the minimum and maximum values of the arterial and venous pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide were found between 29.60 and 194.40; 24.20 and 56.10; 16,40 and 65,60 and 21,40 and 97,90 respectively. Conclusions: Diagnostic predictions were confirmed in 16 hours differentiating normal, chronic and acute disease useful for clinical monitoring in Intensive Care Unit patients. The variables behaved chaotically; these results may inform clinical applications and predictions of mortality. Keywords: heart rate, arterial oxygen pressure, carbon dioxide arterial pressure, venous oxygen pressure, carbon dioxide venous pressure, dynamical systems, chaos, fractals, nonlinear dynamics(AU)

Ley caótica exponencial de los sistemas dinámicos cardiacos para evaluación del Holter: 16 horas / Exponential chaotic law of cardiac dynamical systems for Holter evaluation: 16 hours

Introducción. En un estudio previo se realizó una reducción a 16 horas en la evaluación de la ley exponencial de la dinámica cardiaca caótica, mostrando su efectividad en la caracterización de enfermedad y normalidad. Objetivo. Confirmar la aplicabilidad clínica de la ley matemática exponencial para evaluar la dinámica cardiaca caótica a partir de los registros Holter en 16 horas, observando su utilidad diagnóstica al disminuir su tiempo de evaluación. Diseño. Estudio observacional de corte trasversal donde se avaluó los parámetros electrocardiográficos mediante metodologías físico matemáticas inductivas con una confirmación estadística. Metodología. Se tomaron 100 registros Holter con diferentes tipos de patología, y 40 Holter que fueron diagnosticados como normales. Para cada Holter se construyó un atractor caótico, y midiendo sus espacios de ocupación y dimensión fractal se aplicó la evaluación matemática para diferenciar normalidad de enfermedad. Finalmente se realizaron medidas de concordancia diagnostica respecto al estándar de oro. Resultados. La ocupación espacial de todos los atractores estuvieron dentro de los valores esperados; los registros normales presentaron en la rejilla Kp valores entre 205 y 423. Para los registros con enfermedad aguda, estos valores oscilaron entre 21 y 65; y para los registros de enfermedad crónica estos valores estuvieron entre 104 y 195. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron de 100% y el coeficiente Kappa fue de 1. Conclusión. El presente estudio muestra la aplicabilidad clínica de esta metodología para la evaluación en 16 horas de registros electrocardiográficos continuos o Holter.

Introduction: In a previous study, a 16-hour reduction in the evaluation of the exponential law of chaotic cardiac dynamics was done, showing its effectiveness in the characterization of disease and normality. Objective: To confirm the clinical applicability of the exponential mathematical law to evaluate chaotic cardiac dynamics from the Holter registers in 16 hours, observing its diagnostic utility when reducing its evaluation time. Design: Cross-sectional observational study where the electrocardiographic parameters were evaluated using inductive mathematical methodologies with statistical confirmation. Methodology: We obtained 100 Holter records from patients with different types of pathology, and 40 Holter that were diagnosed as normal. For each Holter, a chaotic attractor was constructed, and measuring their spaces of occupation and fractal dimension, the mathematical evaluation to differentiate normality of disease was applied. Finally, we calculated measures of diagnostic concordance in accordance with the gold standard. Results: The spatial occupation of all the attractors was within the expected values; the normal records had values in the Kp grid between 205 and 423. For the records with acute disease, these values ranged from 21 y 65; and for chronic disease registries these values ranged from 104 y 195. The values of sensitivity and specificity were 100% and the Kappa coefficient was 1. Conclusion: The present study shows the clinical applicability of this methodology for the evaluation in 16 hours of continuous electrocardiographic or Holter registers.

La medicina "al borde del caos". Vida, entropía y complejidad / Medicine at the "edge of chaos". Life, entropy and complexity

El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a que los médicos y otros profesionales de la salud, que buscan diariamente mejorar su conocimiento para beneficio del ser humano enfermo, incorporen nuevas herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas para entender la complejidad inherente al campo de la medicina. Este artículo desarrolla conceptos que no son familiares a los profesionales de la salud, a fin de que sean pensados y aprehendidos. Plantea la necesidad de definir la vida desde el punto de vista termodinámico y situarla en estrecha relación con los sistemas complejos, la dinámica no lineal y el comportamiento caótico, redefinir los mecanismos convencionales de control fisiológico basados en el concepto de homeostasis y recorrer el camino que va desde la búsqueda de vida extraterrestre hasta exponer a la medicina “al borde del caos”. La complejidad trasciende los aspectos biológicos; incluye la dimensión subjetiva y simbólico-social. Visualizar la enfermedad como un fenómeno heterogéneo y multicausal puede dar origen a nuevos enfoques para el enfermo.

The aim of this paper is to help physicians and health professionals, who constantly seek to improve their knowledge for the benefit of the ill, to incorporate new conceptual and methodological tools to understand the complexity inherent to the field of medicine. This article contains notions that are unfamiliar to these professionals and are intended to foster reflection and learning. It poses the need to define life from a thermodynamic point of view, linking it closely to complex systems, nonlinear dynamics and chaotic behavior, as well as to redefine conventional physiological control mechanisms based on the concept of homeostasis, and to travel the path that starts with the search for extraterrestrial life up to exposing medicine “near the edge of chaos”. Complexity transcends the biological aspects; it includes a subjective and symbolic/social dimension. Viewing disease as a heterogeneous and multi-causal phenomenon can give rise to new approaches for the sick.

Assessment of fetal development by HRV and chaotic global techniques

INTRODUCTION: Fetal heart rate and its variability during the course of gestation have been extensively researched. The overall reduction in heart rate and increase in fetal HRV is associated with fetal growth and the increase in neural integration. The increased complexity of the demands on the cardiovascular system leads to more variation in the temporal course of the heart rate which has been shown to be reflected in measures of complexity. The aim of this work was to investigate novel complexity measures with respect to their ability to quantify changes over gestational age in individual fetuses consistently and in a stable manner. METHODS: We examined 215 fetal magnetocardiograms (FMCG), each of 5 min duration, in 11 fetuses during the second and third trimesters (at least 10 data sets per fetus). From the FMCG we determined the fetal RR beat durations. For each 5 min time-series of RR intervals we then calculated Shannon entropy, high spectral entropy, high spectral Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, spectral Multi-Taper Method as well as the standard deviation and two commonly used complexity measures: Approximate Entropy and Sample Entropy. For each subject and HRV measure, we performed regression analysis with respect to gestational age. The coefficient of determination R² was used to estimate 'goodness-of-fit', the slope of the regression indicated the strength of the individual dependency on gestational age. RESULTS: We found that the new complexity measures do not outperform ApEn. CONCLUSION: This study has now rejected the hypothesis that the spectral complexity measures outperform those applied previously.

INTRODUÇÃO: A freqüência cardíaca fetal e da sua variabilidade durante o curso da gestação têm sido extensivamente pesquisada. A redução global da frequência cardíaca e aumento da VFC fetal está associada com o crescimento fetal e aumento da integração neural. O aumento da complexidade das exigências sobre o sistema cardiovascular conduz a uma maior variação no decurso temporal da frequência cardíaca o que foi mostrado para reflectir-se medidas de complexidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar medidas de complexidade novos em relação à sua capacidade de quantificar as mudanças ao longo da idade gestacional em fetos individuais de forma consistente e de forma estável. MÉTODO: Foram examinados 215 magnetocardiograms fetais (FMCG), cada um dos 5 min de duração, em 11 fetos durante o segundo e terceiro trimestres (pelo menos 10 conjuntos de dados por feto). A partir do grande consumo determinamos as durações RR batimento fetais. Para cada série temporal 5 min dos intervalos RR então calculada Shannon entropia, alta entropia espectral, alta espectral Destendenciada Análise Flutuação, espectral Multi-Taper Método, bem como o desvio padrão e duas medidas de complexidade comumente utilizados: aproximado Entropia e Amostra Entropia. Para cada medida assunto e HRV, foi realizada análise de regressão em relação à idade gestacional. O coeficiente de determinação R² foi usada para estimar a "o bem-of-fit", a inclinação da regressão indicou a força do indivíduo dependência da idade gestacional. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que as novas medidas de complexidade não superar ApEn. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo agora rejeitou a hipótese de que as medidas de complexidade espectrais superar os aplicados anteriormente.

La Escuela bajo los preceptos de la Teoría del Caos: incertidumbre, caos, complejidad, lógica difusa y bioaprendizajes / The School under the provisions of Chaos Theory: uncertainty, chaos, complexity, fuzzy logic and biological learnings

Este artículo busca mostrar una aproximación de la Teoría del Caos al universo social y de la Escuela, a la vez que pretende ilustrar la posibilidad de una interpolación de la tríada caos, incertidumbre y complejidad al entendi-miento de los procesos educativos y de aprendizaje. Establece relaciones entre los conceptos de la Teoría del Caos y las dinámicas de la Escuela. Se presentan también principios científicos tales como el principio de incertidumbrey la complejidad como opción para tratar las realidades en el día a día de la educación, y por otra parte, que permitan concebir la Escuela en el marco de los aprendizajes ligados al acto de vivir, al placer por aprender y a la Tierra como nicho educativo vital.

This article seeks to show an approximation of the Chaos Theory to the social universe and the School, while pretends to illustrate the possibility of an interpolation of the triad chaos, uncertainty and complexity to the un-derstanding of educational and learning processes. It looks for relationships between different concepts of Chaos Theory and dynamics of the School. It also shows scientific principles such as the uncertainty and complexity prin-ciple as an option to address the realities in daily education, and in other way, who allows to conceive the School within the framework of learning linked to the act of life, to the pleasure of learning and the Earth as a vital and educational niche.

Primer caso de tratamiento ex utero intraparto realizado por vía vaginal en un feto con síndrome de obstrucción congénita de la vía aérea superior / The first case of exutero intrapartum treatment performed using the vaginal route in a fetus with congenital high airway obstruction syndrome

El síndrome de obstrucción congénita de la vía aérea superior (CHAOS), es una condición infrecuente que causa asfixia o muerte perinatal inmediata, de no mediar una estrategia terapéutica que permita permeabilizar la vía aérea del paciente durante el nacimiento. El diagnóstico prenatal, es fundamental para delinear estrategias de tratamiento perinatal con el fin de minimizar la morbimortalidad de niños con anomalías congénitas. El tratamiento ex-útero intraparto (EXIT) es el procedimiento de elección. Clásicamente se realiza mediante una cesárea programada, manteniendo el soporte fetal a través de la circulación útero-placentaria. Se requiere un equipo altamente calificado y un trabajo coordinado para concretar el procedimiento en estas condiciones. Objetivo: El objetivo es reportar un caso de Síndrome de CHAOS, en el que se realizó un procedimiento EXIT en un niño nacido por parto vaginal, con la participación de un equipo multidisciplinario de profesionales de dos Instituciones Públicas de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, en el marco de un Programa Conjunto de Diagnóstico y Tratamiento Fetal (AU)

Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a rare entity causing perinatal asphyxia or immediate death if no therapeutic strategy is undertaken to correct airway patency at birth. Prenatal diagnosis is essential to plan perinatal strategies to decrease morbidity and mortality in children with congenital anomalies. The exutero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) is the procedure of choice. Classically, a programmed cesarean section is performed while the fetus is maintained on uteroplacental circulation. A highly trained team is required in the coordinated effort to perform the procedure. Aim: The aim of this study was to report on a case of CHAOS managed with an EXIT procedure in a child born through vaginal delivery performed by a multidisciplinary team of professionals belonging to two public institutions of the city of Buenos Aires in the framework of the Joint Program of Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment (AU)

Desenvolvimento inicial do questionário de prontidão para a imprevisibilidade na carreira / Initial development of the readiness to career unpredictability questionnaire / Desarrollo inicial del cuestionario de prontitud para la imprevisibilidad en la carrera

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de um novo questionário para avaliação vocacional, que pretende integrar alguns construtos da teoria Planned Happenstance e da teoria do Caos das Carreiras: a disposição para explorar o imprevisto e aproveitar as oportunidades do acaso, a não-linearidade, os atractores, a confiança nas competências e o otimismo. Participaram no estudo 226 adultos com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 63 anos. A análise das características psicométricas permitiu reter 25 itens e identificar uma estrutura composta por quatro subescalas. Obtiveram-se índices de precisão promissores e correlações moderadas a fortes com outras medidas da exploração e curiosidade, que atestam a validade de constructo. Discutem-se as potencialidades, as limitações e as implicações deste instrumento para o aconselhamento vocacional.

Based on the Planned Happenstance Theory and the Chaos Theory of Careers, this paper presents a new questionnaire for vocational assessment which aims to articulate the main ideas of these theories, specifically the disposition to explore the unpredictable and take advantage of opportunities generated by chance, the nonlinearity principle, the attractors, the self-confidence and the optimism. The participants were 226 adults aged between 18 and 63 years old. After psychometric analysis, 25 items were retained and a structure of four factors was identified. The four scales showed promising reliability scores and moderate to strong correlations with other measures of exploration and curiosity, which attest the construct validity. The potentialities, limitations and implications of using the questionnaire in vocational assessment are discussed.

Este artículo presenta una propuesta de un nuevo cuestionario para la evaluación vocacional, que se basa en la teoría Planned Happenstance y la teoría del caos de las carreras. Se presenta el proceso de elaboración del cuestionario, cuyo objetivo es articular las principales aportaciones de estas teorías, como la voluntad de explorar lo inesperado, generar y aprovechar las oportunidades, la no linealidad, los atractores de carrera, la confianza en las habilidades y el optimismo. Fueron parte de la investigación 226 adultos con edades entre 18 y 63 años. Los índices de precisión obtenidos son prometedores para las cuatro subescalas, con un total de 25 ítems, y se encuentran correlaciones entre moderadas a fuertes con las otras medidas de exploración y curiosidad, que corroboran la validez de constructo. Las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas del cuestionario para la orientación vocacional son discutidas.

Matemática y psicología: disquisiciones sobre las tensiones de la investigación / Mathematics and psychology disquisitions on the stresses of research

¿Bajo qué términos es posible una relación entre matemática y psicología? La Escuela de Verano de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad de la República, en su 6ta. Edición, recibió a 60 estudiantes uruguayos y extranjeros. Los cursos y talleres abordaron la temática ®Tensiones de la investigación en psicología: métodos, debates y perspectivas¼ y se desarrollaron entre el 3 y el 12 de febrero de 2015. La apertura se realizó el martes 3 de febrero de 2015 presidida por el Decano Luis Leopold y contó con una conferencia a cargo del Rector Roberto Markarian. El texto que sigue es una versión libre y ampliada de esa conferencia. En ella se ofrecen disquisiciones, en su doble acepción de divagación o digresión, sobre los objetos del título, Se aborda la importancia del descubrimiento y formalización de la Teoría del Caos, rama de la matemática que presenta confluencias con otras disciplinas científicas. Ello debido a que se nutre de los intentos de comprensión de diversos fenómenos muy complicados, cambiando las perspectivas de esos intentos, con su enfoque abstracto y globalizador. Con este punto de partida, se trabajan las formalizaciones del caso Dora por Sigmund Freud, la lógica del cerebro, y los aportes del psicoanálisis. La abstracción, motor de la matemática, le otorga a esta disciplina simplicidad y generalidad, rasgos que permiten percibir el orden de fenómenos desordenados...

Under what terms is a relationship between mathematics and psychology possible? This work is a reformulation of the conference given by the author in the opening ceremony at the International Summer School (Escuela Internacional de Verano), UDELAR, 2015, where comments and analyses, in the double meaning of wanderings or digressions on the objects of the title, were offered. The importance of the discovery and formalization of the Theory of Chaos, the branch of mathematics which shows the convergences with other scientific disciplines, is examined because it feeds on the attempts made to understand diverse, very complicated phenomena, changing the perspective of these attempts with its abstract and globalizing approach. Using this as a starting point, work is carried out on the formalizations of Freud's case-study of Dora, the logic of the brain, and the contribution of psychoanalysis. Abstraction, the engine that fuels math, confers simplicity and generality to this discipline, traits that allow for the perception of order in disordered phenomena.

Sistemas dinámicos cardiacos en neonatos normales: Ley caótica cardiaca neonatal / Cardiac dynamic systems in normal neonates: Neonate chaotic cardiac law

Objetivo: Caracterizar matemáticamente la dinámica cardiaca neonatal normal en cuatro estados: Dormido quieto, Dormido activo, Despierto quieto y Despierto activo, para desarrollar una generalización determinando todos los posibles atractores normales. Materiales y métodos: Con base en la teoría de los sistemas dinámicos se tomaron los intervalos RR mínimos y máximos de un neonato en cuatro estados comportamentales. Se realizó una simulación de la frecuencia de la dinámica cardiaca para cada estado construyendo atractores caóticos. Posteriormente se cuantificaron los espacios de ocupación y las dimensiones fractales de los atractores en el espacio generalizado de Box Counting, buscando igualdades y diferencias entre estos estados dinámicos. Finalmente se calcularon todos los posibles atractores normales, con base en una ley exponencial desarrollada previamente para la dinámica cardiaca de adultos. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias entre los cuatro estados comportamentales al comparar medidas de ocupación espacial, las cuales presentaron valores de 199 para S1, 131 para S2, 61 para S3 y 175 para S4 en la rejilla Kp. Asimismo, se encontraron valores de dimensión fractal diferenciadores para cada uno de los estados. El número de atractores normales totales fue de 4602. Conclusión: Se desarrolló una nueva metodología fisicomatemática causal de la dinámica cardiaca neonatal que permite la diferenciación de diferentes estados comportamentales y el establecimiento de la totalidad de dinámicas normales.

Objective: To characterize mathematically normal cardiac dynamic on neonate in four states: Quiet asleep, Active asleep, Quiet awake, and Active awake, to develop a generalization determining all possible normal attractors. Materials and methods: Based on dynamic system theory, there were taken minimal and maximal RR intervals on a neonate in four behavioral states. Were made a simulation of cardiac dynamic frequency for each state building chaotic attractors. Later were quantified occupation spaces and fractal dimensions of the attractors on Box Counting general space, searching similarities and differences between these dynamic states. Finally there were calculated all possible normal attractors, based on an exponential law previously developed for adults cardiac dynamic. Results: There were found differences in every four behavioral states, comparing space occupation measures, which had values of 199 for S1, 131 for S2, 61 for S3 and 175 for S4 on Kp grille. Also there were found fractal dimension values distinguished for every state. Normal attractor's total number was 4602. Conclusion: There were developed a new a causal physical-mathematical methodology of neonate cardiac dynamic, which allow distinguish different behavioral states and establishment of all normal dynamics.

Modelling the transition from simple to complex Ca2+oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells.

The worldwide increase in the use of antibiotics as an integral part of poultry and livestock production industry has recently received increasing attention as a contributory factor in the international emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in human beings. To gauge the presence of the aforementioned scenario in the Indian context, a preliminary survey was conducted to assess the use of chlortetracycline (CTC) in 12 commercial layer farms and to quantify and confirm its residue in the egg. Samples of feed and eggs were collected at day 0 (prior to CTC addition), 3rd, 5th and 7th day during treatment and on the 9th and 14th day (2nd and 7th day after withdrawal of CTC) from each of the 12 commercial poultry farms studied. Concentration of CTC in feed was significantly (P<0.01) high on the 3rd, 5th and 7th day. On the 9th day and 14th day CTC concentration in feed was significantly (P<0.01) lower compared to the earlier 3 days studied. A highly significant difference (P<0.01) of the antibiotic residue in egg was observed in all the 5 days with high residual levels of CTC in egg. CTC in feed and its residue in egg were detected even on the 9th and 14th day respectively.

Non-linear dynamics of chromosome condensation induced by colcemid

This study investigated the dynamical process of chromosome condensation after colcemid treatment. Two pairs of human chromosomes, #2 and #3, were highlighted for the accurate identification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A computerized image analysis system was used to measure the lengths of the two pairs of chromosomes averaged over 50 metaphases of different cultures with colcemid (0.5 µg/mL) added either at 3 or 48 h of a total 72 h culture period. For determining whether the process of chromosome condensation was chaotic or random, the algorithm of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) was used. In order to evaluate the power of the method, the data were shuffled and DFA was performed again. It was found that colcemid prolonged treatment induced a significantly greater chromosome condensation (p<0.05), and the dynamics of this process was determined by the DFA and showed to be chaotic, with scaling exponents with range values 0.5< α<1.0. When the data were shuffled, the scaling exponent αreduced around to 0.5, which was characteristic of random events. These findings reinforced the idea that colcemid could interfere in some manner with the structure of chromosomes and the dynamics of chromosome condensation was non-linear.

Teoria do caos e aconselhamento de carreira: implicações para a prática / Chaos theory and career counseling: implications for practice / Teoría del caos y asesoramiento de carrera: implicaciones para la práctica

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a teoria do caos aplicada ao aconselhamento de carreira, retirando implicações para a prática dos profissionais de intervenção de carreira. Deste modo, são apresentados os contextos e abordagens de aconselhamento de carreira passados e atuais, seguindo-se uma descrição da teoria do caos e a sua aplicação ao aconselhamento de carreira. Por último, apresentam-se um conjunto de estratégias de intervenção vocacional tendo por base a teoria do caos. Conclui-se que um grande desafio em curso para profissionais de intervenção de carreira é ajudar os clientes a compreender a realidade e a enfrentar os desafios de viver e trabalhar no limite do caos.

This article aims to analyze the chaos theory as applied to career counseling, in order to draw implications for career counseling practice. The authors present different contexts and approaches to career counseling in the past and the present, as well as a description of chaos theory as applied to career counseling. The authors also present a set of career intervention strategies based on chaos theory. They conclude that, one of the most important challenges met by career psychologists, in their practice is helping clients to understand reality and face their ordeal of living and working on the edge of chaos.

Este artículo tiene el objetivo de presentar la teoría del caos aplicada al asesoramiento de carrera, retirando implicaciones para la práctica de los profesionales de intervención de carrera. Así, se presentan los contextos y abordajes de asesoramiento de carrera pasados y actuales, seguidos de una descripción de la teoría del caos y su aplicación al asesoramiento de carrera. Por último, se presentan un conjunto de estrategias de intervención vocacional teniendo por base la teoría del caos. Se concluye que un gran desafío en curso para profesionales de intervención de carrera es ayudar a los clientes a comprender la realidad y a enfrentar los desafíos de vivir y trabajar al borde del caos.

A ética, o caos e a felicidade / Ethics, chaos and happiness

O Caos se instala como personagem na cultura ocidental ao surgir como divindade primordial na mitologia grega. De sua infinita capacidade de criar o vazio sem fim, vão surgindo alguns de seus descendentes - a Noite e suas filhas Vingança, Sarcasmo e Morte. Para equilibrar o desenvolvimento caótico surge Eros e sua luta contra o Caos ajuda a criar o conceito de racionalidade. Gradativamente, em um ciclo eterno, a razão parece ir retornando ao caos e renascendo, como mostram as inúmeras crises do pensamento racional, desde a Grécia aristotélica até os tempos atuais em que a Física Quântica mostra o Universo como uma combinação de naturezas que convivem em um estado de superposição. Em meio a esse frenesi caótico de vida e de morte, em que lugar se encontra a felicidade?.

As a primordial deity in Greek mythology, Chaos sets in as a character in Western culture. From his infinite ability to create endless emptiness, some of his descendants are coming from his daughter, the darkest Night, such as Revenge, Sarcasm and Death. To balance the chaotic environment, Eros jumps to the Gaia-stage and his struggle against Chaos helped to create the concept of rationality. Gradually, in an eternal cycle, the reason seems to go back to chaos and to rebirth, as shown by many crises of rational thought since Aristotelian Greece to contemporary times in which Quantum Physics shows the Universe as a combination of several Natures that coexist in a state overlap. Amid this chaotic frenzy of life and death in what place can happiness be found?.

As palavras, as coisas, o caos: função do mito nas narrativas clínicas / The words, the things, the chaos: the function of myth on clinical narratives

O trabalho focaliza os conceitos de caos, ordem e razão. Para lidar com o caos, é possível construir histórias que, como os mitos, podem oferecer saídas criativas. A Psicanálise faz uso dessas histórias, em forma de narrativas clínicas. O texto é ilustrado por vinhetas clínicas e relatos de mitos.

The paper works through the concept of chaos, order and rationality. To deal with chaos, is possible to built histories that like the myths, offer a creative way. Psychoanalysis represents a field to trial these ways. The text shows examples that were originated from the mythical histories and clinical practice.