ABSTRACT
Among the various routes of administration, the oral route remains the most convenient and commonly employed route for drug delivery. The oral conventional drug delivery systems have some drawbacks, such as possibility of gastrointestinal destruction of labile molecules, low absorption of macromolecules, slow onset of action, and unavoidable fluctuation in the concentration of drugs which can either lead to under- or over medication with concomitant adverse effects, especially for drugs with small therapeutic index. Therefore, it became essential to design novel oral drug delivery systems to achieve quick dissolution, absorption, rapid onset of action and reduction of drug dose. Among those novel drug delivery systems are oral disintegrating tablets (ODTs). The purpose of this review article is to report the recent advances in ODT systems with emphasis on their preparations, characterizations and applications.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Construction and demolition waste generally represents the majority of solid waste generated in Brazilian cities, and characterization of this waste stream is still incipient. Therefore, to support managers in the process in the diagnostic phase, this study consisted in a proposal qualitative characterization method in field, that use of construction and demolition (C&D) waste generation indicators. For this, a survey which have been divided in two stages: quantitative characterization based on a three-indicator-analysis of C&D waste generation and qualitative characterization consists of an image analysis procedure on C&D waste samples. The qualitative characterization method has proved to be efficient for samples with high-volume parts. However, this method is limited to represent characterizations that contain residues which might cover the other C&D waste types, for example, plastic sheeting, cardboard and packaging. This method of image analysis is suitable for use in early diagnostics, which require fast results about C&D waste composition.
RESUMO Os resíduos da construção civil podem representar a maior parte dos resíduos sólidos gerados nos municípios, e o conhecimento de sua composição ainda é limitado. Para apoiar gestores na fase de diagnóstico desses resíduos, este estudo propõe um método de campo que forneça a sua caracterização qualitativa apoiado em indicadores de geração. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: caracterização quantitativa baseada na análise de três indicadores de geração de resíduos da construção civil; e caracterização qualitativa, que consistiu em um procedimento de análise de imagem de amostras de resíduos da construção civil. O método de caracterização qualitativa provou ser eficiente para amostras volumosas. No entanto, esse método foi considerado limitado para representar caracterizações que contêm resíduos que podem abranger outros tipos de resíduos de construção civil, a exemplo de plásticos, papelão e embalagens. O método de análise de imagem mostrou-se adequado para uso em diagnósticos preliminares, os quais exigem resultados rápidos sobre a composição dos resíduos da construção civil.