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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the prevalence of contamination by pesticides and their metabolites in the milk of lactating mothers in Latin America. METHODS In this systematic review, the PubMed, LILACS, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched up to January 2022 to identify observational studies. The Mendeley software was used to manage these references. The risk of bias assessment was evaluated according to the checklist for prevalence studies and writing design, by the Prisma guidelines. RESULTS This study retrieved 1835 references and analyzed 49 studies. 69.38% of the analyzed studies found a 100% prevalence of breast milk contamination by pesticides among their sample. Main pesticides include dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its isomers (75.51%), followed by the metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) (69.38%) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (46.93%). This study categorized most (65.30%) studies as having a low risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS This review shows a high prevalence of pesticide contamination in the breast milk of Latin American women. Further investigations should be carried out to assess contamination levels in breast milk and the possible effects of these substances on maternal and child health.
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RESUMO Este artigo teve por objetivo analisar as ações desenvolvidas pelos governos para o enfrentamento dos impactos socioambientais e na saúde em decorrência dos desastres envolvendo petróleo no mundo. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo realizada na Bireme, Lilacs, SciELO, PubMed, Cochrane Library e Embase, considerando artigos publicados entre 1973 e 2021. As buscas efetuadas nas bases de dados resultaram em 22 artigos sobre 10 desastres de petróleo ao redor do mundo em três continentes (Ásia, América e Europa), cujas causas dos desastres foram encalhe (3), naufrágio (1), colisão (2), derrame (3) e explosão (1). As ações desenvolvidas foram caracterizadas como intersetoriais, econômicas, ambientais e na saúde, sendo que as mais frequentes foram ações ambientais e econômicas. Nas ações desenvolvidas, observaram-se críticas ao controle, mitigação ou prevenção dos danos instantâneos ou futuros decorrentes dos desastres por petróleo, sendo essa uma agenda ainda em aberto para os movimentos sociais na luta pela garantia de um ambiente saudável, promotor de saúde e com preservação de toda a sua biodiversidade. Conclui-se que as ações para o enfrentamento dos desastres por petróleo nos diferentes países parecem ter sido incipientes, revelando uma incapacidade governamental de orientar o enfrentamento dos impactos desse evento inusitado.
ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the actions taken by governments to face the social, environmental, and health impacts of oil spill disasters worldwide. This scoping review was conducted in Bireme, Lilacs, SciELO, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases, considering articles published between 1973 and 2021. The database search returned 22 articles on ten global oil disasters in three continents (Asia, the Americas, and Europe), whose causes were grounding (03), shipwreck (01), collision (02), spill (03), and explosion (01). The actions developed were characterized as intersectoral, economic, environmental, and health-related, and the most frequent were environmental and economic actions. In the actions developed, we observed criticisms of controlling, mitigating, or preventing instantaneous or future damages resulting from oil disasters, which is still an open agenda for social movements in the struggle to ensure a healthy, health-promoting environment that preserves all its biodiversity. The actions to face oil disasters in different countries seem incipient, revealing a governmental inability to guide the confrontation of the impacts of this unusual event.
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Objective To investigate the status of chemical contaminants in food in Hebei District, Tianjin, find hidden food safety hazards in time, determine the types and sources of pollutants, and provide a scientific basis for the early warning of food safety risk. Methods The detection results of chemical pollutants in nine categories of foods continuously monitored in the food safety risk monitoring in Hebei District from 2016 to 2018 was statistically analyzed. Results A total of 219 samples were tested, of which 22 were unqualified, with the unqualified rate of 10.05%. The pollution rate of chemical pollutants in nine categories of foods was 6.35%-12.7% in the three years from 2016 to 2018, and there was no statistical difference in the pollution rates during the three years (χ2=1.47, P=0.48). Among the nine categories of foods, the disqualification rate in five types of foods was significantly different (2=13.12，P=0.006). The pollution rate of eggs and egg products was the highest at 46.67%, followed by animal viscera in the category of meat and meat products, with the pollution rate being 22.22%. Conclusion The overall risk of chemical contaminants in foods sold in Hebei District was relatively low. However, some foods still contained illegal veterinary drugs and prohibited drugs. In addition, heavy metals and food additives exceeded the standards in some foods. The detection rates of veterinary drugs and banned drugs in eggs and egg products, and meat and meat products were relatively high.
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A qualidade do leite é definida por sua composição, características físico-químicas, propriedades organolépticas e higiene. Os teores de proteínas, gorduras, sais minerais, vitaminas e água são influenciados pela raça, idade, alimentação, manejo, fatores ligados ao nível de estresse e escore corporal. A legislação exige que o leite de animais que estão sendo submetidos a tratamento com antibiótico seja descartado, propiciando assim a obtenção de um alimento de qualidade, seguro para o consumo e livre de resíduos químicos. Neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo para detecção de resíduos de antibióticos no leite cru, pasteurizado e UAT comercializados na região do Gama-DF. Foram analisadas 30 amostras, utilizando o Kit BALLYA Bio BT Sensor®. Obteve-se resultado positivo para presença de Betalactâmicos em uma amostra de leite UHT, sendo em nível superior ao LMR apresentado pelo fabricante, indicativo de risco para consumo humano. No teste de Lactofermentação, de 10 amostras de leite cru, 5 (cinco) resultaram em coágulo Esponjoso, o qual se refere às más condições de higiene das mãos do ordenhador e utensílios durante a ordenha, o que afeta a qualidade do leite e derivados, aumentando o índice de contaminação do leite
Milk quality is defined by its composition, physico-chemical characteristics, organoleptic properties and hygiene. The levels of protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and water are influenced by race, age, diet, management, factors related to stress level and body score. Legislation requires that the milk of animals being treated with antibiotics be discarded, thus providing a quality food, safe for consumption and free of chemical residues. In this work a study was carried out to detect residues of antibiotics in raw, pasteurized and UAT milk commercialized in the Gama-DF region. Thirty samples were analyzed using the BALLYA Bio BT Sensor® Kit. A positive result was obtained for the presence of Betalactams in a UHT milk sample, being higher than the MRLs presented by the manufacturer, indicative of risk for human consumption. In the Lactofermentation test, from 10 samples of raw milk, 5 (five) resulted in a spongy clot, which refers to poor hygiene of the milker's hands and utensils during milking, where it will affect the quality of milk and milk products, increasing the rate of milk contamination
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A qualidade do leite é definida por sua composição, características físico-químicas, propriedades organolépticas e higiene. Os teores de proteínas, gorduras, sais minerais, vitaminas e água são influenciados pela raça, idade, alimentação, manejo, fatores ligados ao nível de estresse e escore corporal. A legislação exige que o leite de animais que estão sendo submetidos a tratamento com antibiótico seja descartado, propiciando assim a obtenção de um alimento de qualidade, seguro para o consumo e livre de resíduos químicos. Neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo para detecção de resíduos de antibióticos no leite cru, pasteurizado e UAT comercializados na região do Gama-DF. Foram analisadas 30 amostras, utilizando o Kit BALLYA Bio BT Sensor®. Obteve-se resultado positivo para presença de Betalactâmicos em uma amostra de leite UHT, sendo em nível superior ao LMR apresentado pelo fabricante, indicativo de risco para consumo humano. No teste de Lactofermentação, de 10 amostras deleite cru, 5 (cinco) resultaram em coágulo Esponjoso, o qual se refere às más condições de higiene das mãos do ordenhador e utensílios durante a ordenha, o que afeta a qualidade do leite e derivados, aumentando o índice de contaminação do leite.
Milk quality is defined by its composition, physico-chemical characteristics, organoleptic properties and hygiene. The levels of protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and water are influenced by race, age, diet, management, factors related to stress level and body score. Legislation requires that the milk of animals being treated with antibiotics be discarded, thus providing a quality food, safe for consumption and free of chemical residues. In this work a study was carried out to detect residues of antibiotics in raw, pasteurized and UAT milk commercialized in the Gama-DF region. Thirty samples were analyzed using the BALLYA Bio BT Sensor® Kit. A positive result was obtained for the presence of Betalactams in a UHT milk sample, being higher than the MRLs presented by the manufacturer, indicative of risk for human consumption. In the Lactofermentation test, from 10 samples of raw milk, 5 (five) resulted in a spongy clot, which refers to poor hygiene of the milker's hands and utensils during milking, where it will affect the quality of milk and milk products, increasing the rate of milk contamination.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Chemical Contamination , Milk , Fermentation , Food QualityABSTRACT
RESUMEN Este artículo analiza la percepción social de la exposición humana a los compuestos químicos, y los discursos y las prácticas sobre las fronteras corporales ante la contaminación interna. A partir de una investigación cualitativa e interdisciplinar en Cataluña, se exploran los significados sociales que se atribuyen a los peligros y riesgos ambientales y alimentarios de los compuestos químicos que afectan a la salud humana y el lugar que el cuerpo ocupa en la producción de estos discursos. Entre junio y noviembre de 2011 se realizaron 43 entrevistas semiestructuradas a trabajadores con alguna conciencia sobre contaminantes químicos, en las que se profundizó cómo estas personas (re)interpretan los diferentes discursos existentes sobre la contaminación interna, sus percepciones sobre la introducción de compuestos químicos en el cuerpo y los peligros que estas sustancias representan para la salud.
ABSTRACT This article analyses the social perception of human exposure to chemical compounds and discourses and practices regarding bodily boundaries when faced with internal contamination. Based on qualitative and interdisciplinary research carried out in Catalonia, the social meanings attributed to the environmental and food dangers and risks related to chemical compounds that affect human health, and the place that the body takes in the production of these discourses, were explored. In order to do so, between June and November 2011, 43 semi-structured interviews with workers with some awareness of chemical contaminants were carried out, emphasizing how these people (re)interpret the different existing discourses about internal contamination as well as their perceptions regarding the introduction of chemical compounds into the body and the dangers that these substances pose to health.
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Humans , Social Perception , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Spain , Food Contamination , Risk , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
[ Objective ] To investigate the regulatory loopholes on existence of contamination in food utensils after chemical disinfection. [ Methods] Supervision and inspection was made on meals applianses washing and disinfection in a national restaurant chain enterprise under railway jurisdiction of Shanghai City and Jiangsu Province. [ Results] In the course of inspection,it was seen that the kitchen staff did disinfect the dining utensils according to the "Work Standards", their disinfectant solution contained available chlorine 100 mg/L, soaking 2 min.Their disinfection process was:removing residue-washing-cleaning-drying.Cleaning cloth was regularly disinfected, using the wet cloth with disinfectant the staff were erasing the surface of the work tables on which food was processed. [ Conclusion] In this enterprise,in its disinfection of dining utensils, chlorine concentration preparation, disinfection time and procedures were found not to be consistent with stipulated requirement of"hygienic standard for disinfection of dinner and drinking set", which might lead to the existence of harmful microbes on the surface of dining utensils after disinfection, thus causing new contamination.There were loopholes in daily supervision and inspection of chemical disinfection of dining utensils by food safety supervision personnel.Food supervision on the national railway was not included under the administration of national FDA, and the "Work Standards" for the enterprise was not revised in time, which might lead to the existence of chemical contamination of dining utensils on long-distance passenger trains running in the country's 32 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, and Hong Kong.
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A alta toxicidade de As para homens e animais gera a necessidade de estudos do comportamento químico do arsenato nos solos que possam auxiliar na mitigação de áreas contaminadas com arsênio. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o teor total e a adsorção de As na ausência e presença dos ânions fosfato e sulfato em seis diferentes classes de solos do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os solos alvo deste estudo são: o Neossolo Flúvico (RU), Gleissolo Háplico (GX), Gleissolo Melânico (GM), Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (LVd), coletados em Lavras; Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQ), coletado em Itutinga e o Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (LAd), coletado em Rosário, no estado de Minas Gerais. As amostras de solo foram secas, moídas e peneiradas em peneira de 2,0mm para execução do teste de adsorção e peneiradas em peneira plástica com malha de 1,5mm para determinação do teor de As, o qual foi determinado pelo método 3051A. A adsorção de As foi avaliada na dose de1500µmol L-1 de As, 1500µmol L-1 de As + 1500µmol L-1 de P e 1500µmol L-1 de As + 750µmolL-1 de S, em relação solo:solução final de 1:100, a pH 5,5 e força iônica de 15mmol L-1. Os seis solos apresentaram teor médio de As entre 0,14 e 9,3mgkg-1. A porcentagem adsorvida de arsênio na ausência dos outros ânions seguiu a sequência GM>LVd=RU=LAd=GX=RQ. A adição de fosfato e sulfato reduziu a porcentagem de arsênio adsorvido e, por consequência, houve um aumentou na concentração de arsênio disponível na solução do solo.
The high toxicity of arsenic to humans and animals creates the need to study the chemical behavior of arsenate in soils that can help in the mitigation of areas contaminated with arsenic. This work aimed to evaluate the total content and adsorption in the absence and presence of phosphate and sulfate anions in six different soil classes in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Soils aim of this study are: Fluvic Neosol (RU), Haplic Gleysol (GX), Melanic Gleysol (GM) and Typical Distrophic Red Latosol (LVd) collected in Lavras, MG; Quartzenic Neosol (RQ) collected in Itutinga, MG, and Typical Distrophic Yellow Latosol (Lad) collected in Rosário, MG. Soil samples were dried, ground and sieved through a sieve of 2mm for the test run of adsorption and sieved through a sieve with a mesh of plastic 1.5mm for the As determination. The As content was determined by the method 3051A. The rate 1500µmolL-1As, 1500µmol L-1 As + 1500µmol L-1 P, 1500µmol L-1 As + 750µmol L-1 As were used to evaluate As adsorption, soil solution rate of 1:100, pH 5,5 and ionic force of 15mmol.L-1. The mean As content in the six soils was between 0,14 and 9,3mgkg-1. The adsorpted percentage of As in absence of other anions followed the sequence GM>LVd=RU=LAd=GX=RQ. Phosphate and sulphate addition reduced the percentage of adsorpted arsenic, consequently there was an increase of disponible arsenic in the soil solution.
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Objetivo: Revelar a periculosidade ambiental de pesticidas receitados em uma região divisora das Bacias Amazônica e Platina, na virada para o século XXI. Métodos: O estudo utilizou dados de receitas agronômicas expedidas no biênio 1999-2000, em 24 municípios situados em região divisora das Bacias Amazônica e Platina, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Resultados: Os pesticidas mais utilizados na região de estudo são os das classes II (muito perigoso) e III (perigoso) em número de receitas (N=2.828; 86,8%) e quantidade receitada (N=344.765;90,4%). Na classe III, observou-se uma acentuada inversão nos valores de número de receitas (N=1.274; 39,1%) e de quantidade receitada (N=237.319; 62,2%), indicando que houve um menor número de receitas, mas com maior quantidade receitada. As proporções de receitas de produtos nas várias classes de potencial de periculosidade ambiental (Classificação PPA, utilizada no Brasil) foram diferentes entre anos (c2=20,814; GL=3; p < 0,01). Os 10 produtos (11 princípios ativos) mais receitados foram: glifosato, 2,4-D, sulfluramida, clorimurom etílico, fipronil, diurom, paraquate, metamidofós, carbofurano, clorpirifós e lambda-cialotrina, dentre os quais, sete pertencem às classes de PPA I e II. Conclusões: As proporções de receitas e as quantidades receitadas de pesticidas nas diferentes classes de PPA variam entre os anos agrícolas. Os produtos mais receitados nesta região divisora são os muito perigosos, com variados mecanismos de ação e riscos potenciais aos organismos vivos. Isto sugere a necessidade de definição de políticas específicas e ações cuidadosas para evitar desastres ambientais nesta região.
Objective: To reveal the environmental risk of pesticide prescribed in a border region between the Amazon and Platinum Basins, at the turn of the 21st century. Methods: The study used data of agronomic prescriptions for pesticides issued in the biennium of 1999 - 2000 in 24 cities located in a border region between the Amazon and Platinum Basins, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Results: The most widely used pesticides in the study region are class II (very dangerous) and III (dangerous) in number of prescriptions (N = 2,828, 86.8%) and quantity prescribed (N = 344,765, 90.4%). Among class III pesticides, a strong inversion was observed in the number of prescriptions (N = 1,274; 39.1%) and quantity prescribed (N = 237,319; 62.2%), indicating a lower number of prescriptions, but with higher amount prescribed. The proportion of prescriptions for products amid the various classes of Potential of Environmental Dangers (PPA ranking model, apllied in Brazil) changed over the two years (c2=20,814; DF=3; p < 0,01). The 10 most prescribed products (11 active compounds) were: glyphosate, 2,4-D, sulfluramid, chlorimuron ethyl, fipronil, diuron, paraquat, methamidophos, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin, and seven of them were ranked as PPA class I or II. Conclusions: The ratio between the number o pesticide prescriptions and the quantities prescribed among the various classes of PPA showed alteration over crop years. The most reported products in this border region were classified as the most dangerous ones, with diverse mechanisms of action and potential risks to living organisms. This suggests the need to define specific policies and carefully designed strategies to prevent environmental disaster in this region.
Subject(s)
Amazonian Ecosystem , Chemical Contamination , Environmental PollutionABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Determinar las concentraciones de compuestos petroquímicos en las fuentes de agua de consumo para comunidades cercanas a campos petrolíferos del Chaco Boliviano. MÉTODOS: Se recogieron datos sobre concentraciones de hidrocarburos totales de petróleo (HTP), 16 hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP), incluidos el benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno y xilenos (BTEX), y 22 metales en muestras de 42 fuentes de agua de consumo humano situadas a menos de 30 km de un campo de extracción de petróleo. Se analizó la distribución de la concentración y el cumplimiento de los estándares definidos en las normativas boliviana, europea y estadounidense, así como en las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. RESULTADOS: En 76,19 por ciento de las muestras se halló algún contaminante petroquímico en concentraciones superiores a alguna de las cuatro normativas de referencia. Las muestras de agua que presentaron mayor contaminación fueron las provenientes de grifos y ríos. Los contaminantes más frecuentes fueron HTP, HAP, aluminio, arsénico, manganeso y hierro. CONCLUSIONES: Las comunidades del Chaco Boliviano ubicadas en un radio de 30 km alrededor de los campos de extracción de petróleo consumen agua con concentraciones de HTP, HAP y metales muy por encima de los niveles permitidos por la normativa boliviana y los estándares internacionales, poniendo en grave riesgo la salud pública de sus habitantes.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentrations of petrochemical compounds in the drinking water sources of communities located near oil-producing fields in the Bolivian Chaco region. METHODS: Data were collected on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), and 22 metals in samples from 42 sources of water for human consumption located less than 30 km from an oil-producing field. Distribution of the concentration and adherence to the standards contained in the Bolivian, European, and United States regulations, as well as the recommendations of the World Health Organization, were analyzed. RESULTS: In 76.19 percent of the samples, some petrochemical contaminant was found in concentrations higher than permissible in any of the four sets of regulations mentioned. The water samples with the highest contamination levels were from faucets and rivers. The most common contaminants were TPH, PAH, aluminum, arsenic, manganese, and iron. CONCLUSIONS: Communities within a 30 km radius of the oil-producing fields in the Bolivian Chaco region consume water with TPH, PAH, and metal concentrations well above the levels permitted in the Bolivian regulations and international standards, putting the public health of their residents at serious risk.