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The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of pesticide residues in bovine milk and associated health risks in human. To assess the pesticide residues, a total of 200 milk samples were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Photo Diode Array Detector (PDA).The residues of carbaryl, 4’4’ DDT and deltamethrin pesticides were found in the 27.5%, 11% and 5% milk samples, respectively. The spatial distribution of pesticide residues in milk samples indicated that carbaryl was wide spread over the entire study area. The non-significance differences in mean residual concentrations of all three pesticides in cow and buffalo milk samples were recorded. The human health risk assessment in terms of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health hazard was calculated based on both lower bound [LB (mean residue levels)] and upper bound [UB (95th percentile level)] limits at current levels of pesticides in bovine milk samples. The estimated average daily dietary intake (EADDI) of studied pesticides was found below the acceptable dietary intake (ADI) for both adult and children, at mean as well as 95th percentile upper bound (UB) levels. The values suggesting lower carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk to adult however children are at greater health risk.Keywords: Bovine milk, carbaryl, deltamethrin
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Background: Sickle cell disease hemoglobinopathy gets inherited in autosomal recessive pattern. In sickle cell disease substitution of amino acid valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position on beta globin chain takes place resulting in sickled hemoglobin which is a hemoglobin tetramer.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Sickle Cell Institute, Raipur, India, and Department of Pharmacology in collaboration with Department of Biochemistry, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, from February 2018 to June 2018. Patients included were in the steady state for a long period of time without any symptoms related to sickle cell disease or any other diseases which could affect hematological parameters. Subjects transfused in the last three months were excluded. Student t test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient test was done on stat pages and socscistatistics calculators. P-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: A total of 50 subjects of sickle cell disease homozygous (SS) were studied for hematological parameters. The mean age盨D of 50 subjects were 13.3�24 years. Out of 50 subjects, 35 were males and 15 were females. Total RBC count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was low in present study. Significant inverse correlation was found in females between HbA2 and HbF, p=0.01, while it was insignificant and negatively correlated in males being 0.23.Conclusions: Sickle cell disease homozygous is a common and challenging health problem of Chhattisgarh population.
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Background: Oral mucous membrane is an integral part of the complex oral cavity which is associated with maintenance of oral as well as general body health. Oral mucosal lesion (OML) is one of the most prevalent diseases in India, which is caused by consumption of smokeless and smoked forms of tobacco. Aim: To assess the prevalence of OMLs and their association with pattern of tobacco use among patients visiting dental institution in Bhilai. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 872 participants who visited the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rungta College of Dental Science and Research, and fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and the study was carried out from July to September 2016. Self-designed proforma was used for recording demographic details, and WHO Assessment Form for Oral Mucosal Diseases was used to record the tobacco use status and findings of the clinical and laboratory investigation. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 23, and the mean, frequency, and percentage were calculated. Results: Among the 872 participants, 69.26% were male and 30.74% were female. The mean age of the study population was 46.19 ± 12.33 years. The prevalence of tobacco use among study participants was 51.26% and that of the OML was 36.36%. Aphthous ulcer was the most prevalent OML followed by oral submucous fibrosis and leukoplakia. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the harmful effects of tobacco use toward oral mucous membrane and also serves as a path for future tobacco cessation programs that would be helpful to prevent OML.
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Present work was conducted to determine the total aerobic plate count of raw chicken meat samples, isolation of the Listeria spp. and determining their pathogenicity along with antibiotic susceptibility pattern. The 100 raw chicken meat samples, collected from different retail outlets in and around Durg district of Chhattisgarh, revealed mean APC of 23.67×105 cfu/g (6.374 log10 cfu/g). Cultural examination of raw chicken meat samples showed an overall 37% prevalence of Listeria spp., comprising of L. monocytogenes (16%), L. grayi (11%), L. welshimeri (5%), L. ivanovii (3%) and L. innocua (2%). All the Listeria isolates exhibited a typical β-heamolysis with narrow zone on sheep blood agar and enhancement of hemolytic zone in CAMP test. The haemolytic Listerial isolates developed kerato conjunctivitis in Anton’s test and stunting as well as hemorrhages in liver and heart along with conspicuous thickening of CAM in chicken embryos. Results of antibiotic susceptibility testing of all Listerial isolates further revealed that most of isolates were multidrug resistance to antibiotics. The present work revealed that the raw chicken meat may act as an important source of Listeria for human being. The presence of multiple drug resistance among Listeria spp. isolates provides a evidence of the emergence of multi drug resistant Listeria strains, pointing to an increase in the potential threat to human health
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Background: Human influenza virus was recognized as a pandemic in 2009 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since then many newer incidences was recognized in India, but there was no sufficient data from all state of India. This study will provide data from the Chhattisgarh state of India.Methods: It was a retrospective observational study from December 2015 to November 2017. All patient samples with suspected influenza infection were collected and analysed by Real-time reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results: 341 patients’ sample was collected and analysed; among these samples, 07.9% of patients have all three serotype of influenza positive. Raipur district has the highest incidence of influenza A followed by Durg and Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh. There was no significant difference between male and female who was affected by the influenza virus.Conclusions: The incidence of Human influenza virus is lesser in Chhattisgarh as compare to the average states of India and the state capital has a higher rate of sample collection as well as positive influenza infection.
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Background: Knowledge regarding danger signs has been found helpful to reduce delays in seeking, reaching and obtaining care during obstetric emergencies. Aims & Objectives: To assess the awareness regarding obstetric and newborn danger signs among pregnant and recently delivered mothers residing in urban slums of Raipur city. Material & Methods: Observational study was conducted among 160 pregnant and 70 recently delivered women residing in urban slums. The assessment of awareness regarding danger signs was done by adding the marks obtained in various phases. Appropriate statistical tests were applied for any association between knowledge score and socio-demographic variables. Results: Subjects knowing at least one key danger sign during pregnancy, labour, postpartum and newborn period was 54.3%, 51.9%, 7.4%, and 11.3 % respectively. Those with age more than 20 years (p value 0.000), joint family (p value 0.000), educated more than 5 years (p value 0.009), and having married and getting first time pregnant after 20 years (p values 0.001 and 0.022 respectively) were found to have significantly more knowledge about danger signs. Conclusions: Knowledge regarding danger signs should be given at the time of every ANC visit and also at follow up visit after delivery.
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Background: Poor outcomes of cataract surgery are a major problem in developing countries, including India which affects the demand and uptake of cataract surgical services. The present study was aimed to assess the visual outcomes after cataract surgery and identify factors associated with it, among persons aged 50 year and above in urban slums of Raipur.Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in15 randomly selected clusters (urban slums) of Raipur from June 2012 to March 2013. Interviews, Visual Acuity measurements and ocular examinations were performed on all persons aged 50 year and above through house to house visits. Details about surgical intervention i.e. date, setting, type of cataract surgery were obtained from cataract operated persons, for each eye that had cataract surgery. Collected data were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The chi- square test was used to determine the associations of different cataract related parameters with visual outcomes in cataract operated eyes.Results: Of the 870 participants, 203 persons (329 eyes) had undergone cataract surgery. Among all operated eyes, visual outcome was good (VA ?6/18) in 84.5%, borderline (VA <6/18 and ?6/60) in 12.5%, and poor (VA <6/60) in 3% of eyes with available correction. Visual outcome of cataract surgery was significantly associated with age at time of surgery, literacy, type of surgery, place of surgery and time since surgery.Conclusions: The visual outcomes of cataract surgery were excellent in study area; it can be further improved by appropriate refractive correction, provision of glasses and adequate follow up after cataract surgery.
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Purpose: The aim of the study was to present the level of knowledge and practice patterns regarding exposure keratopathy in mechanically ventilated patients among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) nurses in Chhattisgarh state. Methods: A previously validated semi-structured questionnaire was administered in the ICU of six multispecialty hospitals in Chhattisgarh in 2014–2015. Demography included age, gender, level of education, and months of working in ICU. Most of the questions dealt with frequency of eyelid closure assessment, frequency of cleaning of eyes with saline gauze, using a protocol-based approach for eye care, and documentation of ophthalmic complications. Common barriers to delivery of eye care such as shortage of time and too much writing tasks were also inquired. Results: Our study included 120 nurses. They worked for mean 22.9 ± 17.8 months in ICU. Knowledge about high risk of exposure keratopathy in ventilated patient was present in 93% (78%; 95% confidence interval [CI]) nurses. Only six nurses (5%) followed a strict protocol for eye care, 52 nurses (43%) checked for eyelid closure in the ventilated patients, and 58 (48%) cleaned the eyes frequently. Those who were aware of exposure keratopathy checked eyelid closure (73% vs. 48%) and cleaned eyes with saline gauze more frequently (24% vs. 4%). Nurses in cardiac ICU were significantly lesser aware of exposure complications compared to medical ICU nurses (40% reduction in awareness, 95% CI = 0.37–0.98, P = 0.04). Conclusion: Although there is high awareness, practice patterns of ICU nurses were less than desired. Educational initiatives should focus on weaknesses in knowledge and practice noted to improve eye care of patients in ICU.
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Background: Rational drug prescribing can be defined as appropriate drugs prescribed in the right dose, at correct time intervals and for a sufficient duration. Irrational drug use is a common problem in many countries of the world.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted, total 300 patients attending various outpatient departments of tertiary health care rural hospital in Rajnandgaon district were interviewed and their prescriptions were analysed.Results: Total 350 drugs were prescribed 60 (17.14%) were prescribed by generic name and the rest 290 (82.86%) were prescribed by brand name. Only 18 (5.14%) drugs were not prescribed from hospital formulary. 264 (75.43%) drugs were dispensed from hospital pharmacy. On the basis of rationality score 53% prescriptions were rational, 30% semi rational and 17% irrational.Conclusions: In a rural hospital, where hospital formulary is based on WHO Essential medicine list, hundred percent utilization of hospital pharmacy service doctors and patients would ensure rational prescribing benefits of the patients coming from rural and uneducated background.
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Background: Despite rapid economic development along with increase in food production in recent decades and several nutritional intervention programmes in operation since the last three decades, childhood under nutrition remains an important public health problem in India. The burden of under nutrition appears particularly high among rural and Indigenous tribal populations. “Birhor” tribal community of Dharamjaigarh block, Raigarh district has long remained a separate entity in terms of the demographic, health and socioeconomic characteristics. By any standard measurement of social improvement the “Birhor” tribal communities can be registered as one of the most vulnerable section of society. The social and economic backwardness has always been responsible for poor health status, high incidence of low birth weight, infant and child mortality among these groups. In India, many recent studies have been conducted on the nutritional status of preschool children and have revealed a high rate of malnutrition. With the above background, the present study was conducted to assess the nutritional status in tribal children’s in the study area. Methods: The present cross sectional study was carried out in Dharamjaigarh block of Raigarh district. The study was conducted from January 2013 to June 2014. 63 children of 0-3.5 year’s age group from 148 families of 15 villages of Primitive Birhor Tribe were randomly selected where the population of Birhor tribe is more as shown in map. Pretested structured questionnaire was used to gather data from parent/head of family by door to door visit of every household Nutritional assessment was done by clinical examination and anthropometric measurement using standard equipment and procedures. As per Pretested structured proforma general information of every child was noted. Age was confirmed either by calendar of local events or from registers of aganwadi worker and recorded in complete month. Other relevant information was also noted. Results: Out of 63 children studied Over all 16(51.6 %) of female children were malnourished when compare to 10 (31.3%) of male children. Out of total malnourished children 19 (30.2%) found moderately malnourished and 7 (11.1%) severely malnourished. Most of the cases of stunting were >1 year of age 29/38 (76.3%).Most of the cases of stunting were females (60.5%). Most of the wasting cases were above 12 months of age 9(90%), p<0.0001, statistically significant. Most of the wasting cases were females (60%) than males (40%). Conclusions: Present study demonstrates that children in this tribe are at very high risk. Steps are needed to improve the same.
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Background: To address the acute shortages of health workers in underserved, remote, and difficult-to-access areas, the Government of Chhattisgarh and the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) launched the Chhattisgarh Rural Medical Corps (CRMC) in 2009. CRMC has enabled provisions such as financial incentives, residential accommodation, life insurance, and extra marks during admission at the postgraduate (PG) level to eligible doctors for the attraction and retention of health workers, i.e., doctors, staff nurses, auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs), and rural medical assistants (RMAs) in underserved areas. Objectives: This study aims to understand the CRMC scheme in terms of implementation, challenges, gaps, and outcome in achieving the attraction and retention of health workers in the remote and difficult-to-access areas of Chhattisgarh. Materials and Methods: The study adopts a mix of both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The purposive sampling method was used for the selection of three districts having normal, difficult, and inaccessible areas. Data were collected through key informant (KI) interviews with beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of CRMC or district and state government officials, and reviews of document were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: CRMC has made positive outcome as 1319 health workers, including doctors, have joined the service in 2010-11, reducing the vacancy of doctors from 90% to 45%. The scope of CRMC was primarily limited to payment of monthly financial incentives. The fund utilization rate of CRMC has increased (from 27% in 2009-10 to 98% in 2011-12), though there are delays in payment of incentives. The majority of staff lack awareness about CRMC during job applications. The payment of incentives based on facility performance has demotivated staff. Conclusions: Establishment of a performance management system, activating the CRMC cell to make it functional, and wide publicity of CRMC benefits are likely to improve attraction and retention of staff.
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Background: Amputation is among the oldest operation known to man. It is the surgical removal of a limb or body part and performed to remove diseased tissue or relieve pain. Amputation is associated with some complications. Infection and failure of stump to heal are major complications. The Diabetes related Lower Extremity Amputation (LEA) is likely to be associated with a worse outcome as compared to the non-diabetic amputations because of the presence of several risk factors which hamper the wound healing process. Amputees with diabetes are more likely to undergo amputation at a younger age and need higher-level amputations when compared with patients without diabetes. With this background, the present study was planned to understand the factors that place diabetic patients at increased risk of amputation in the study area so that further morbidity can be prevented. Methods: The current prospective study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Dr. B.R.A.M. Hospital, Pt. JNM Medical College, Raipur (C.G.) India, among 60 patients admitted in the General Surgery wards during January 2013 to August 2014. Study subjects were categorized into those related to diabetes mellitus and those due to other causes. All Investigations relevant to the study (Random blood sugar, Serum albumin, Complete blood count, renal function test and Doppler) were done in all the patients. Postoperatively the cases were examined for various complications of amputation stump in post operative period were noted. Results: Mean age for diabetic cases was 50 years and that for non-diabetic cases was 47 years. In this study, among the diabetic amputations, 84 % were males and 16 % were females. Total 60 amputations were performed in the study. Stump infection (50 % in diabetics and 29 % in non-diabetics) was the most common stump complication. Followed by wound dehiscence (25 % in diabetics and 11 % in non-diabetics) Conclusion: Diabetic amputations are at a higher risk of complications. They need to be carefully screened and selected for appropriate level of amputation and watched meticulously for occurrence of complications.
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Background: Estimation of time since death is one of the most important object of post-mortem examination. Many degenerative changes begin to take place in the body immediately or shortly after death. Kidney is one of the most important excretory organs of human body, its undergo series of gross as well as histological changes. Methods: This study was performed in department of anatomy in close association with the department of forensic medicine & toxicology and pathology, Pt. J. N. M. medical college and DBRAM hospital Raipur (C.G.) India, during study period November 2012 to October 2013. Study was done on 50 human cadavers (Study subjects). Kidney was obtained from dead bodies during post-mortem examination. In each case kidney was studied histologically. Data was compiled in MS excel and checked for its completeness and correctness and then it was analyzed. Results: In 48-60 hour increasing temperature, one case show very severe change was seen. Microscopic changes in kidney were increasing (mild to moderate, moderate to severe, severe to very severe) as temperature increases. Conclusion: In the present study earliest remarkable postmortem histological changes were seen in DCT. Finding of present study will be useful for forensic experts.
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Background: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a useful, safe and cost effective tool that is used in the diagnosis of lesions in various organs. Even though the literature on FNAC of soft tissue masses is relatively scarce, a large amount of interest has developed in this area in the last few years due to the low cost of the procedure, low incidence of complications, feasibility and high therapeutic efficiency. So the present study was undertaken to study the nature of various soft tissue tumors by FNAC and to compare the cytological diagnosis with the results obtained by biopsy. Methods: All cases 713 (Prospective-217 and Retrospective 496) included in present series were taken up for study. Aspiration of soft tissue lesions were performed following the technique of Zajicek et al. Smear was prepared, stained and examined. Histopathological details were available in 140 cases. Data was compiled in MS excel and checked for its completeness, correctness and then it was analyzed. Results: Total number of 11,560 FNAC was done in six and half year’s period from 1st April 2003 to 30th September 2009. Out of the total 713 cases of soft tissue tumors, 71.25% were reported as benign and 28.75% as malignant. Soft tissue tumors were more common in males in comparison to females, with M: F-1.63:1. Accuracy of FNAC for benign and malignant soft tissue tumours was 88.1% and 92.9% respectively. Conclusion: The overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in the present study was found 90%. FNAC is a safe and reliable method of recognizing benign and malignant soft tissue tumors and in most instances histological sub typing is possible. Cytological diagnosis must be based on strict cytological criteria and well controlled ancillary techniques.
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Lifestyle diseases characterized by those diseases whose occurrence is primarily based on the daily habits of people and are a result of an inappropriate relationship of people with their environment. The main factors contributing to lifestyle diseases include bad food habits, physical inactivity, wrong body posture, and disturbed biological clock. Lifestyle diseases are the most common causes of disability, morbidity and premature mortality. They account for 52% of deaths, 43% Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and 62% of total disease burden in India. Life style disease can be prevented through focused and comprehensive public health intervention by establishment of Healthy Life Style Centre (HLSC). HLSC will be a comprehensive approach which will provide health services for Non-Communicable diseases under the one roof. The HLSC will offer consultation, learning, counselling and testing facilities regarding Diabetes and other Non-Communicable diseases (NCD). Life style diseases can be prevented through public health intervention by special task force and policy document related to life style disorders.
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Introduction: Peritonitis secondary to gut perforation is one of the most common surgical emergencies in India and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to recognize the spectrum of perforation peritonitis as managed at Govt. Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences hospital Bilaspur Chhattisgarh, in central India. Method: A retrospective analysis of 618 patients was done,in terms of clinical presentation, duration, seasonal variation, operative findings and post operative morbidity and mortality, admitted at Chhattisgarh Institute of Medical Sciences hospital Bilaspur. Chhattisgarh, over a period of 03 years. All the patients had undergone emergency laprotomy and the site of perforation was identified. Results: The most common site of perforation was prepyloric (393 cases. 63.6%).In 22.16% of the cases the perforation was associated with typhoid fever and in 2.7% cases with abdominal Koch’s. Trauma however showed perforation in only 5.6% cases, mainly jejunal. The overall mortality was 12.13%. Conclusion: Non traumatic upper gastrointestinal perforation peritonitis is common in our place. In contrast to the west, where lower gastrointestinal tract perforations predominate, in India upper gastrointestinal tract perforations constitute the majority of cases.
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The clinical and empirical health benefi ts of yoga and pranayam have been reiterated through research. Yoga is being adopted as a system to alleviate the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) across the globe. The Directorate of AYUSH, Government of Chhattisgarh (DoA, GoCG) conducts annual 5-day-yoga camp across 146 Ayurvedgrams in the State. The present article brings out the AYUSH initiatives the State is taking toward active ageing. A total of 71,096 people participated in the 5-day-yoga camp across the State. A mean participation of 5079 people over 5 days was reported across districts. Such statewide practices need to be promoted and appraised.
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Objective:To explore the cytotoxic activity of the alcoholic extracts of some medicinal plants used traditionally to treat cancer in Chhattisgarh state, India. Methods:In-vitro cytotoxicity of alcoholic extracts of five plants i.e. Artocarpus heterophyllus, Alangium salvifolium, Buchanania lanzan, Sesbania grandiflora and Wrightia tinctoria was studied against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human leukemia (HL-60) tumor cell lines, using the thiazolyl blue test (MTT) assay. Results: Alcoholic extract of Sesbania grandiflora exhibited a prominent inhibitory effect against MCF-7 (IC50 7.00±0.08μg/mL) and HL-60 (IC50 18.50±0.60μg/mL) under in vitro condition. Conclusions:From the result it can be found that the Sesbania grandiflora extract has potent in vitro cytotoxic activity.
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Hematological profile of total 1260 individuals were tested for Sickle Cell Disease who attended CIMS OPD, Bilaspur during a period of May 2008 to October 2009 is presented here. At least 4.44% of the total subjects tested were identified as homozygous for sickle cell gene (SS) and 35% were with sickle cell trait (AS). The patients were confirmed by examining the blood samples for solubility test and hemoglobin electrophoresis using cellulose acetate membrane. Among the SS patients about 58% were males and 42% were females and their ages vary from 7 months to 65 years. The SS patients showed comparatively low level of hemoglobin as well as the RBC count in both the sexes than the AS or normal subjects (AA). PCV was higher in males (31.44±3.1%) than in females (28.62±3.6%). Average MCH and MCHC did not show any significant difference between the sexes. MCV and MCHC were found to be quite higher in SS subjects than AS or AA. Thus in absence of any definite data this investigation may put some insight on the incidence of sickle cell disease in Chhattisgarh.