ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of propofol and etomidate on apoptosis in hippocampal neurons in rats.MethodsOne hundred and forty male 4 weeks old SD rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (n =20 each):control group (group C) ; groups P1,2,3 received intraperitoneal (IP) propofol 50,100 and 200mg/kg and groups E1,2,3 received IP etomidate 10,30 and 60 mg/kg respectively.Arterial blood samples were obtained at 2 h after the animals were fully awake for blood gas analysis.The animals were then sacrificed and their brains removed for microscopic examination of the ultrastructure of neurons in hippocampal CA1 area and detection of Survivin and Caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression in hippocampus by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis.ResultsThere was no significant difference in PaO2,PaCO2,SaO2,HCO3-,BE and pH value among the 7 groups.The neurons in CA1 area were basically normal in groups C,P1 and E1 while condensation of the chromatin of the nucleus and apoptotic bodies were observed in groups P3 and E3.Caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression was significantly up-regulated while Survivin mRNA and protein down-regulated in groups P3 and E3.Conclusion High dose of propofol and etomidate may induce apoptosis in hippocampal neurons in rats by up-regulation of Caspase-3 expression and down-regulation of Survivin expression.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the growth and health care status of children under five years old in project counties of Chongqing and Sichuan, so as to provide evidence for establishing scientific and effective measures for health care of children. Methods: The non-probability sampling method was used to select the children under five years old from 54 villages in 6 project counties in Chongqing and Sichuan. The parents were investigated by questionnaire; the height (length) and weight of children were examined; and the hemoglobin of 6-35 months old children was determined. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the factors influencing the growth status of children under five years old. Results: Totally 1 089 caretakers of children under five years old were investigated; 82. 1% (894/1 089) of them had an educational background of primary school or middle school; and the median net per capita income of their family was 2 500 yuan (RMB) in 2009. For the youngest children in the families, the hospital delivery rate was 86. 6% (933/1 077), the colostrums feeding rate was 96. 4% (1050/1089), and the average of weaning months was (11. 6 ± 5. 6) months. The prevalence of diarrhea of the children was 19. 6% (213/1 089) within the past two weeks, and 264 children had cough (24. 2%). A total of 1 197 children under five years old were investigated, the rates of stunting, underweight and wasting were 17. 4%(200/l 152), 4. 7%(55/l 173)and 2. 2% (25/1 148), respectively. The underweight rate of boys was significantly higher than that of girls(5. 9%[38/645] vs 3. 2%[17/ 528]; χ2 = 4.638,P = 0. 031), and the wasting rate of boys was also significantly higher than that of girls(3. 0%[19/634] vs 1. 2%[6/514]; χ2=4. 460,P = 0. 035). The detection rate of low hemoglobin among the 6-35 months old children was 38. 4% (272/709). Multiple variable logistic regression analysis showed that male sex, born at home, and low birth weight might be the influence factors on the low growth status of children under five years old. Conclusion: The caretakers of children under five years old in rural areas of Chongqing and Sichuan have a low cognitive level on the health care of children, and the children have developmental delay and malnutrition to various extents. Measures should be taken to improve child health care knowledge and health education.