Expectativas de crianza en madres de recién nacidos a término y pretérmino / Raising expectations in mothers of term and preterm newborns

Introducción: cuando la mujer vive la experiencia del nacimiento de un hijo se ve enfrentada a una serie de tareas nuevas relacionadas con el rol de madre; el nivel de seguridad que ella tenga en el inicio de su maternidad puede estar fuertemente ligado a su visión de futuro en la forma de criar a su hijo. Objetivo: determinar las expectativas de crianza en madres de recién nacidos a término y pretérmino. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal realizado durante septiembre de 2013 y enero de 2014. Muestra no probabilística, conformada por 340 madres: 162 (47,65 por ciento) madres de recién nacidos a término y 178 (52, 35 por ciento) madres de recién nacidos pretérmino, nacidos en Bucaramanga (Colombia). La información se recolectó mediante el Inventario de Paternidad para Adultos y Adolescentes. Se utilizó el programa Stata versión 12R para el procesamiento y análisis de la información según instructivo. Resultados: el grupo de madres de recién nacidos pretérmino presentaron mejores expectativas de crianza que el grupo de las madres de recién nacidos a término, cuyos puntajes en las cuatro dimensiones se ubicaron en alto riesgo de negligencia en el cuidado. Conclusiones: el conocimiento de las expectativas de crianza de las madres, tanto de recién nacidos a término como de recién nacidos pretérmino, permitirá establecer intervenciones de enfermería para el fortalecimiento del rol materno(AU)

Introduction: When the woman lives the experience of a child birth, she is confronted with a series of new tasks related to a mother role. The level of safety she has at the beginning of her motherhood can be strongly linked to her vision of the future in the way of raising her child. Objective: To determine the expectations of child raising in mothers of term and preterm infants. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted during September 2013 and January 2014. Non-probabilistic sample, comprising 340 mothers: 162 (47.65 percent) mothers of newborns at term and 178 (52, 35 percent) mothers of preterm newborns, born in Bucaramanga, Colombia. The information was collected through the Paternity Inventory for Adults and Adolescents. The software Stata version 12R was used for processing and analyzing the information according to instructions. Results: The group of mothers of preterm newborns presented better expectations of child raising than the group of mothers of full-term newborns, whose scores in the four dimensions were at high risk of care negligence. Conclusions: The knowledge about the expectations of the mothers' child raising, both for newborns at term and for preterm newborns, will allow the establishment of nursing interventions to strengthen the mother's role(AU)

Rol de las prácticas parentales en la promoción de actividad física en la primera infancia en la ciudad de Cali / As práticas parentais na promoção da atividade física na primeira infância / Role of parental practices in the promotion of physical activity in early childhood in the city of Cali

Objetivo: caracterizar las prácticas parentales para promover hábitos de actividad física en sus hijos de uno a cinco años de edad. El estudio fue realizado durante el año 2014 en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: El estudio tuvo un diseño mixto con dos fases: una fase cualitativa con diseño fenomenológico (con 20 padres) y una fase cuantitativa con diseño transversal correlacional (con 91 padres de diferentes niveles socioeconómicos). Se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad y el cuestionario “Prácticas de crianza para promover hábitos de salud en la primera infancia”. Resultados: En las entrevistas, la mayoría de padres refieren prácticas de promoción de actividad física como la realización conjunta de actividades, la proposición de actividades que impliquen esfuerzo, la explicación de beneficios, el acompañamiento a espacios para realizar ejercicio, el modelamiento y la enseñanza de algún deporte. Los datos cuantitativos señalan que la mayoría de los padres refirió el uso de prácticas responsivas como el monitoreo, la explicación de beneficios y el acompañamiento. Se encontraron diferencias en función del nivel socioeconómico en prácticas como facilitar el acceso a espacios apropiados para realizar actividad física. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio señalan la importancia de involucrar a los padres en la promoción de la actividad física y muestran algunos aspectos a considerar en las intervenciones de este tipo.

Objective: to characterize parental practices to promote physical activity habits in children from one to five years of age. The study was conducted in 2014 in the city of Cali, Colombia. Methods: The study had a mixed-method design in two phases: a qualitative phase with phenomenological design (with 20 parents) and a quantitative phase with correlational cross-sectional design (with 91 parents from different socioeconomic level). In-depth interviews and the “Raising practices to promote healthy habits in early childhood” questionnaire were used as assessment tools. Results: In the interviews, most parents reported physical activity promotion practices such as the joint performance of activities, the proposal of activities that imply effort, the explanation of benefits, the accompaniment to sport places, the modeling and teaching of any sport. Quantitative data showed that most of the parents use responsive practices such as monitoring, explanation of benefits and accompaniment. Differences were found depending on socioeconomic level in practices such as facilitating access to appropriate spaces for physical activity. Conclusions: The results of the study point out the importance of involving parents in the promotion of physical activity and show some aspects to be considered in this kind of interventions.

Objetivo: caracterizar as práticas parentais na produção de hábitos de atividade física em filhos de um a cinco anos. O estudo foi feito durante o ano 2014 na cidade de Cali, Colômbia. Métodos: O estudo teve um planejamento misto com duas fases: uma fase qualitativa com enfoque fenomenológico (com 20 pais) e uma fase quantitativa com enfoque transversal e correlacional (com 91 pais de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos). Utilizaram-se entrevistas com profundidade e o questionário “Práticas de criação na promoção de hábitos de saúde na primeira infância”. Resultado: Nas entrevistas, a maioria dos pais se referiu às práticas de promoção de atividade física como a realização conjunta de atividades, a proposta de atividades que implicam esforço, a explicação de benefícios, o acompanhamento até os espaços de realização de exercícios, o modelamento e o ensino de algum esporte. Os dados quantitativos indicam que a maioria dos pais se referiu ao uso de práticas responsivas como o monitoramento, a explicação de benefícios e o acompanhamento. Encontraram-se diferenças em função do nível socioeconômico em práticas como a facilitação de acesso a espaços apropriados para realizar as atividades físicas. Conclusões: Os resultados do estudo indicam a importância de envolver os pais na promoção da atividade física e mostram alguns aspectos pertinentes para intervenções deste tipo.

Prácticas de Crianza Asociadas a la Reducción de los Problemas de Conducta Infantil: Una Aportación a la Salud Pública / Child Raising Practices Associated to the Reduction of Problematic Child Behavior: A Public Health Approach

El entrenamiento conductual a padres resulta en cambios conductuales que están asociados con la reducción de la conducta problemática de los niños. El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar los componentes de un programa de entrenamiento conductual a padres para cambiar la conducta parental y la de sus hijos. Participaron 84 padres mexicanos de niños con problemas de conducta con edades de entre dos y 12 años. Los padres participaron en un programa de crianza positiva, que consistió en un juego de roles y que los entrenó a responder de forma positiva ante las diferentes conductas del niño con el fin de disminuir su conducta problemática. La conducta de los niños se evaluó mediante cuestionarios de auto-reporte que respondieron los padres. Los resultados mostraron que después del entrenamiento se observó que los padres modificaron su conducta, lo cual redundó en que reportaran que la conducta de sus hijos también se modificó. Los componentes más efectivos del programa fueron la corrección del comportamiento, el elogio, las instrucciones claras, el establecimiento de reglas, la solución de problemas, la interacción social y la reducción en el uso del castigo.

Parent behavioral training results in behavioral changes that are associated with the reduction of a child's problematic behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to identify the most effective components of a parent behavioral training program on both, the observed parents' behavior and their report on the reduction of their child's problematic behavior. Participants were 84 Mexican parents of two to twelve years old children with behavioral problems. Parents attended a positive child raising program based in role playing that trained them to respond in a positive manner to their children's behaviors with the ultimate goal of reducing problematic behaviors. The children's behaviors were assessed using self-report questionnaires answered by the parents. After the behavioral training, a significant change in the parents' behavior was observed. Parents also reported a significant reduction of their child's problematic behavior. The most effective components of the intervention program were behavior correction, praise, giving clear instructions, rule establishment, problem solving, social interaction, and the reduction in punishment.

Difficulties of pregnancy, delivery, and child raising for immigrant women in Japan and their strategies for overcoming them / 国際保健医療

<B>Objectives</B><br>The study aims to clarify the difficulties of pregnancy, delivery, and child raising for immigrant women in Japan and their strategies for overcoming them.<br><B>Methods</B><br>The semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 immigrant women who have experience of delivery or child raising in Japan. The participants were asked about their experiences and difficulties faced during pregnancy, delivery, and child raising, and how they overcame them. The data were analyzed in a qualitative and descriptive manner.<br><B>Results</B><br>Seven core categories of difficulties were extracted:«anxiety about child raising»,«problems with relationships with others»,«socio-economic problems»,«anxiety about pregnancy, delivery, and diseases»,«problems caused by illiteracy»,«lack of understanding about Japanese health system»,«choice of the delivery country». Women's«making efforts to manage»is supported by family members and it leads to«use of the Japanese health system». Getting support from friends and neighbors, and the use of an interpreter also leads to this. Some women try to overcome the difficulties by«using a non- Japanese health system»or«doing nothing».<br><B>Conclusions</B><br>When foreigners access health services, not only literacy but also health literacy, such as understanding medical terms or health systems are necessary. Many immigrant women got support from family and friends to overcome the difficulties. However, some women could not get such support and it is necessary for them to make a support network. Foreign women who take negative strategies and use non-Japanese health systems may be in the process of adjusting to Japanese society. Health providers should not deny such strategies, but understand them as a way of decreasing anxiety.

Home-visit Program for Mothers During Child-raising: Comparing Mothers Who Did and Did Not Receive Home-visit Services / General Medicine

<b>BACKGROUND:</b> Home-visit guidance has the advantage of assisting child-raising while respecting an individual's lifestyle; however, there are many people who refuse it at present due to individual and family privacy concerns. In addition, such medical services involve individual and financial constraints; thus, the beneficial effects of the service should be clearly presented.<br><b>METHODS:</b> During postnatal weeks 16-20, questionnaires were sent by researchers to a group that received home-visit services during postnatal weeks 2-12 to investigate their levels of satisfaction with the services. A different questionnaire was sent to those that did not receive home visits to investigate the reasons for their rejection of the services.<br><b>RESULTS:</b> Home-visit services were highly evaluated by those mothers who received them, especially for primiparas to reduce anxiety about and improve confidence in child-raising. Also, a significant difference was observed between the “home-visit” and the “no home-visit” groups when asked, “How much are you willing to pay for home-visit guidance?” Among the “no-home visit” group, mothers who stated less than 1,000 yen and “free of charge”(59.7%) accounted for 75.8% and among the home-visit group, mothers who stated less than 1,000 yen and “free of charge” (26.0%) accounted for 50.9%, and 35.5% of mothers stated from 1,000 to 3,000 yen.<br><b>CONCLUSIONS:</b> The level of satisfaction of mothers who received home-visits and the reasons for not receiving visits were investigated. Two problems identified were that information about this program is not provided to all mothers and the timing of home-visits does not meet the needs of mothers.

Child raising and education of marriage-based immigrants in Korea: On the focus of infants / 소아과

Due to recent upsurge in international marriages, the socio-cultural adaptation, the reinforcement of family stability, and the social integration support of marriage-based immigrant family have been the major social issues. This paper tries to show the current status of marriage-based immigrants and their children nation-wide. Specifically, it analyzes the statistical trends in international marriages, traits of marriage-based immigrants and their children, their attitudes towards child raising and education, and presents policy measures to enhance their life quality.