Aspectos patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos da polisserosite em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) / Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of the polyserositis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Polisserosites são alterações inflamatórias das serosas viscerais e parietais das cavidades corpóreas. Um tipo especial destas alterações foi identificado em bubalinos abatidos para consumo nos anos 80, sendo associada a infecção por Chlamydia psittaci. Apesar da importância da bubalinocultura no Pará, do caráter zoonótico da C. psittaci e da possibilidade de envolvimento de outros agentes na afecção, são raros trabalhos sobre a enfermidade desde os estudos pioneiros. No presente trabalho casos identificados como polisserosite pelo serviço de inspeção sanitária em búfalos abatidos para consumo foram coletados com objetivo de determinar a frequência e origem dos mesmos e de caracterizar as lesões e pesquisar antígenos de Chlamydia spp. nas mesmas. De um total de 2.887 bubalinos abatidos no período de estudo foram identificados 48 (1,66%) casos. O município de Santa Cruz do Arari na Ilha de Marajó apresentou a maior porcentagem de casos em relação ao número de animais abatidos (6,49%, 5/77). Na macroscopia as lesões se caracterizaram por áreas opacas, branco-amareladas de espessamento das serosas, por vezes com franjas fibrosas na superfície. Os resultados permitem concluir que os casos classificados como polisserosite pelos veterinários da inspeção sanitária nos búfalos abatidos para consumo correspondem na histopatologia a um tipo incomum de polisserosite, caracterizada por infiltrado linfocitário, com ocasionais formações de folículos linfoides terciários ou ectópicos. Foi observado ainda nestas lesões um predomínio de linfócitos T (CD3 positivos) no infiltrado, sendo os linfócitos B (CD79 positivos) presentes em maior número no interior das estruturas foliculares. Não foram demonstrados antígenos de clamídias nas lesões do presente estudo, o que demonstra a necessidade de estudos adicionais relativos a(s) etiologia(s) das lesões.(AU)

Polyserositis are inflammatory changes of the visceral and parietal serous of body cavities. A special type of polyserositis was identified in buffaloes in the 80s, being associated with infection by Chlamydia psittaci. Since these pioneering studies, there are no additional works about the condition. Considering the importance of buffalo in Pará, the zoonotic character of C. psittaci and the possibility of involvement of other agents in polyserositis in buffaloes the present study is proposed. We collected cases identified as polyserositis by sanitary inspection service in buffalo slaughtered for consumption in Belem for a complementary characterization of inflammatory cell and the research of Chlamydia spp antigens in lesions. Of 2.887 buffaloes slaughtered in a period of six months, there were 48 (1.66%) cases of polyserositis and 39 analyzed. Santa Cruz do Arari in Marajó Island was the city with the highest frequency of cases, whereas 6.49% of buffaloes had lesions. However, 50% of the present study cases came from Soure municipality in Marajó Island, which provided about 49% of buffaloes slaughtered in the period. In the macroscopy, there were opaque areas with white-yellow thickening of the serous, sometimes with fibrous fringes on the surface. Histopathology showed connective tissue projections partially lined by cuboid or flattened mesothelial cells. Often in projections there were mononuclear infiltrate of variable intensity, consisting mainly of lymphoid cells, with occasional ectopic or tertiary lymphoid follicles.(AU)

Domestic reptiles as source of zoonotic bacteria: A mini review

Captive reptiles, always more often present in domestic environment as pets, may harbor and excrete a large variety of zoonotic pathogens. Among them, Salmonella is the most well-known agent, whereas there are very scant data about infections by mycobacteria, chlamydiae and leptospirae in cold-blooded animals. However, the investigations that found antibody reactions and/or the bacteria in samples collected from free-ranging and captive reptiles show that herpetofauna may be involved in the epidemiology of these infections. The present review reports the updated knowledge about salmonellosis, mycobacteriosis, chlamydiosis and leptospirosis in reptiles and underlines the risk of infection to which people, mainly children, are exposed.

Domestic reptiles as source of zoonotic bacteria: A mini review

Captive reptiles, always more often present in domestic environment as pets, may harbor and excrete a large variety of zoonotic pathogens. Among them, Salmonella is the most well-known agent, whereas there are very scant data about infections by mycobacteria, chlamydiae and leptospirae in cold-blooded animals. However, the investigations that found antibody reactions and/or the bacteria in samples collected from free-ranging and captive reptiles show that herpetofauna may be involved in the epidemiology of these infections. The present review reports the updated knowledge about salmonellosis, mycobacteriosis, chlamydiosis and leptospirosis in reptiles and underlines the risk of infection to which people, mainly children, are exposed.

Chlamydia psittaci in captive blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) in a triage center of wild animals in Brazil / Chlamydia psittaci em araras-canindé (Ara ararauna) cativas em um Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres no Brasil

Chlamydia psittaci infection stands out due to its zoonotic potential. It was detected in several orders, being Psittaciformes its main reservoir. Our objective was to investigate the occurrence of C. psittaci infection by clinical and environmental examination, as well as agent detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from choanal and cloacal swabs in 46 blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna) allocated at the Triage Center of Wild Animals, Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The frequency of positive detection of the bacteria found was 50% (23/46) by cloacal swab. In this percentual, 26.09% (12/23) were also positive by choanal swab, being the probability of detection 2.83 times higher for cloacal swabs when compared to choanal ones (p<0.05). There was no association between body condition, temperature variations and PCR positivity for C. psittaci, being 34.78% of positive individuals asymptomatic to this disease. Therefore, our findings show agent's dispersion at the squad and high frequency of asymptomatic birds. Considering the possibility of contagion to workers and free living birds, the quarantine in wildlife conservation and support centers, as well as the care with hygiene and individual protection for humans who deal with the animals, should be strictly followed even in the absence of clinical signs.

Infecções por Chlamydia psittaci destacam-se devido ao seu potencial zoonótico. Tal agente foi detectado em diversas ordens, sendo Psittaciformes seu principal reservatório. Objetivando-se demonstrar a ocorrência de tal processo infeccioso, procedeu-se investigação clínica e ambiental, associada à detecção do agente etiológico por Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), a partir de swabs de coana e cloaca de 46 araras-canindés (Ara ararauna) pertencentes ao Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Renováveis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Obteve-se uma frequência de detecção de 50% (23/46) a partir de swabs de cloaca. Entre esses, 26.09% (12/23) foram também positivos por meio de swab de coana, sendo a probabilidade de detecção 2,83 vezes maior a partir de swabs de cloaca que de coana (p<0.05). Não houve associação entre condição corporal, variação de temperatura e detecção do agente por PCR, sendo 34,78% dos indivíduos positivos assintomáticos. Portanto, nossos resultados demonstram a dispersão do agente no plantel e alta frequência de assintomáticos. Devido à possibilidade de contágio para trabalhadores e aves de vida livre, a quarentena nos centros de suporte e conservação da vida silvestre, assim como os cuidados com higiene e proteção individual para com os trabalhadores que lidam com os animais devem ser seguidas rigidamente, mesmo na ausência de sinais ou sintomas nas aves

Serosurvey of Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus and Chlamydophila abortus infection in free-ranging giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) from Brazil / Inquérito sorológico de Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus e Chlamydophila abortus em tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) de vida livre no Brasil

A serological survey for antibodies against Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, and Chlamydophila abortus was conducted in 21 clinically healthy, free-ranging giant ant- eaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) from Parque Nacional das Emas (Goiás State, Brazil; n=6), Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais State, Brazil; n=9), and RPPN SESC Pantanal (Mato Grosso State, Brazil; n=6) between July 2001 and September 2006. Sera were screened for antibodies against 22 serovars of Leptospira interrogans with a microscopic agglutination test. Twelve tested positive for L. interrogansserovars sentot (n=5 in PN Emas, n=2 in PN Serra da Canastra), butembo (n=2 in PN Serra da Canastra), autumnalis, bataviae, and shermani/icterohaemorrhagiae(n=1 each in SESC Pantanal)One adult female tested positive for B. abortus with the buffered plate antigen test. All sera were negative for C. abortususing the complement fixation text. This is the first report of pathogens that may interfere with the reproduction and population dynamics of free-ranging giant anteaters.

Inquéritos sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos contra Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, e Chlamydophila abortus foram realizados em 21 tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) de vida livre do Parque Nacional das Emas (Goiás, Brasil, n=6), o Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais, Brasil, n=9) e RPPN SESC Pantanal (Mato Grosso, Brasil, n=6) entre julho de 2001 e setembro de 2006. Os sor os foram testados para anticorpos contra 22 sorotipos de Leptospira interrogans com um teste de aglutinação microscópica. Doze animais foram considerados positivos para L. interrogans sorovares sentot (n=5 em PN Emas, n=2 em PN Serra da Canastra), butembo (n=2 em PN Serra da Canastra), autumnalis, bataviae e shermani/icterohaemorrhagiae(n=1 para cada sorovar em SESC Pantanal). Uma fêmea adulta testou positivo para B. abortuscom o teste do antígeno tamponado. Todos os soros se mostraram negativos para C. abortusatravés do teste de fixação do complemento. Este é o primeiro relato de patógenos que podem interferir na dinâmica reprodutiva de populações de tamanduás em estado selvagem.

Clinico-pathological Features of Chlamydophila psittaci Infection in Parrots and Genetic Characterization of the Isolates / 대한수의학회지

Avian chlamydiosis is caused by Chlamydophila psittaci and considered as one of an important zoonotic disease throughout the world. Among more than 400 avian species including poultry and pet birds susceptible to the disease, psittacine birds were known to be mostly susceptible hosts. In Korea, no outbreak of the disease and genetic analysis of the agent in poultry and pet birds have been reported. With histopathological findings and genetic identification of a causative agent, avian chlamydiosis was identified in parrots submitted from the same pet bird farm in 2006 and 2009 for the diagnosis. Based on genetic sequences and phylogenetic analysis of ompA gene, the two isolates of Chlamydophila psittaci showed 100% of genetic similarity and belonged to genotype A, suggesting that the same agent might be continuously circulated in the farm. This result indicates that serological survey of the disease in pet bird farms and impact of the disease on significance in public health may be further studied.

Infecção por C. psittaci: uma revisão com ênfase em psitacídeos / C. psittaci infection: a review with emphasis in psittacines

A clamidiose ou ornitose é uma doença infecciosa, causada pela bactéria Chlamydophila psittaci, que acomete aves e mamíferos. Trata-se de uma das principais zoonoses de origem aviária. A transmissão ocorre principalmente por inalação de secreções contaminadas. Os sinais clínicos mais comuns incluem alterações no sistema gastrointestinal, respiratório e ocular, porém é possível encontrar aves infectadas sem sinais aparentes, dificultando a identificação da doença. O diagnóstico definitivo em aves vivas pode ser difícil, devido às características da infecção pela bactéria. Há duas principais abordagens para o diagnóstico, a primeira envolve a detecção direta da bactéria e a segunda implica a detecção de anticorpos anti-Chlamydophila sp. O tratamento é longo e envolve o uso de tetraciclinas, quinolonas ou macrolídeos, durante 21-45 dias, dependendo da espécie e do fármaco de escolha. Atualmente, o Brasil não dispõe de medidas padronizadas que visam a guiar o clínico na identificação, manejo e tratamento para a doença. Tais medidas tornam-se necessárias, bem como a pesquisa de novos métodos diagnósticos e auxiliares para a doença.

Chlamydiosis or ornitosis is an infectious disease which affects birds and mammals caused by the bacteria Chlamydophila psittaci. It is one of the most important avian zoonosis. The transmission occurs through inhalation of infected secretions. The most common clinical signs include problems in the gastrointestinal, respiratory and ocular tracts. However, it is possible to find infected birds with no clinical signs, which hinders the diagnosis. Definitive diagnosis in live birds can be difficult, because of the bacteria's infection characteristic. There are two main approaches to the diagnosis, the first one involves the direct detection of the bacteria, the second one involves the detection of antibodies anti-Chlamydophila sp. The treatment is long and includes the use of tetraciclines, quinolones and macrolides, during 21-45 days, depending of the specie or drug of choice. Currently, Brazil has no standardized procedures to guide clinicians in the identification, management, and treatment of the disease. Such measures become necessary, as well as research on new diagnostic methods.

Seroprevalence of antibodies to chlamydophila abortus in ovine in the state of Alagoas, Brazil

The goal of this study was to perform a seroepidemiological investigation and to identify risk factors associated with infection of Chlamydophila abortus of sheep herds in the Brazilian state of Alagoas. The study was conducted with samples of 274 ewes with ages equal to or higher than 24 months in 25 herds and in 23 towns located in three regions of the state (Sertão, Agreste and Eastern Alagoas). Anti-C. abortus antibodies were detected using the microcomplement fixation test. The risk factors, were determined based on questionnaires consisting of objective questions, about the farmer and general characteristics of the herd like size, sanitary situation and reproductive management. Among 274 sera samples analyzed for C. abortus, 59 (21.5 percent) were positive with titers >32, 187 (68.3 percent) negative and 28 (10.2 percent) suspect with titers >16. In the 23 towns studied, 20 had positive animals. Among herds 21 (77.7 percent) of had positive animals. The only variable which appeared to be significant in the multivariate analysis was the region, and Sertão was the most significant (p<0.001; OR=3.48; T.I. 1.79 - 6.76). Results indicate that infection by Chlamydophila abortus is widespread on sheep farms in the State of Alagoas. Others studies, however, have to be conducted to isolate the agent in order to confirm the role of the bacteria is reproductive disturbances in sheeps. In addition to that, control and prophylactic measures along with health promoting programs have to be encouraged on the studied farms so that infection reates are reduced.