Anatomical and histological characteristics of the nervous system of the Chilean giant mussel, Choromytilus chorus (Molina 1782) (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) / Características anatómicas e histológicas del sistema nervioso del mejillón gigante, Choromytilus chorus (Molina 1782) (Bivalvia, Mytilidae)

The anatomy and histology of the nervous system in the mussel Choromytilus chorus were studied. Juvenile specimens of C. chorus and adult broodstock were collected in Laraquete Cove, Chile (37°09'S; 37°11'O). The juveniles were used for histological analysis and the adults for a macroscopic description of anatomical. The histological description was carried out by Gallego´s trichrome technique. The macroscopic analysis showed that nervous system network includes three pairs of ganglia of orange color and little size (20-40 mm) (cerebral, pedal and visceral) located in the anterior, middle and posterior zone of the specimen, respectively. The histological analysis showed many type de cells inside the ganglia (neurosecretory, granulated and glial cells). The ganglia network could be involving in regulating several physiological processes in the mussels through of their neurosecretions.

Se estudió la anatomía e histología del sistema nervioso en el coro Choromytilus del mejillón. Se recolectaron especímenes juveniles de C. coros y reproductores adultos en Laraquete Cove, Chile (37 ° 09'S, 37 ° 11'O). Los especímenes juveniles se utilizaron para el análisis histológico y los adultos para una descripción macroscópica de anatómica. La descripción histológica se realizó mediante la técnica de tricrómico de Gallego. El análisis macroscópico mostró que la red del sistema nervioso incluye tres pares de ganglios de color naranjo y poco tamaño (20-40 mm) (cerebral, pedal y visceral) localizados en la zona anterior, media y posterior de la muestra, respectivamente. El análisis histológico mostró muchos tipos de células dentro de los ganglios (células neurosecretoras, granuladas y gliales). La red de ganglios podría estar involucrada en la regulación de varios procesos fisiológicos en los mejillones a través de sus neurosecreciones.

Approaches between the roda de capoeira and the dithyrambic chorus in the dionysian rituals of ancient greece / Aproximações entre a roda de capoeira e o coro ditirâmbico nos rituais dionisíacos da grécia antiga

ABSTRACT One of the Brazilian phenomena that presents the most possibilities of interpretation is, without a doubt, the performance art of capoeira. This is because it has a polysemic character that carries marks of dance, of fight, of game, of ritual and spectacle. Our research, based on the philosophical aesthetics perspective, sought to identify similar meanings between the dithyrambic chorus of the Dionysian cults and the practice of the roda de capoeira. We focus our analysis on the relationship between the meanings that may be manifest in the phenomenon of the roda de capoeira and how they resemble certain Dionysian cults. We seek to refer in particular to Nietzsche's analysis, which shows us how the Dionysian rituals represented, for the Greek people, more than mere distraction or religious dogma, becoming a central element in the relationship between man and nature, man and the divine, man and his fellow men. Our interpretations led us to identify mainly three congruences, namely: the breaking of the principle of individuation, a circular aesthetic orientation and a sense of ecstasy. From these possibilities of cross-interpretation we have identified that, although capoeira has suffered consequences on its aesthetic potential, it still maintains elements of its genesis, which presents a Dionysian power.

RESUMO Um dos fenômenos brasileiros que reserva mais possibilidades de interpretação é, sem dúvida, a arte performática da capoeira. Isso por ela adquirir um caráter polissêmico que possui características da dança, da luta, do jogo, do ritual e do espetáculo. Nossa pesquisa, fundamentada no método estético filosófico, buscou identificar sentidos semelhantes entre os coros ditirâmbicos do culto a Dioniso e o fenômeno da roda de capoeira. Buscamos referência, em especial, na análise de Nietzsche (1844 - 1900), que nos mostra como os rituais dionisíacos representavam, para o povo grego, mais do que mera distração ou dogma religioso, configurando-se como um elemento central na relação entre o homem e a natureza, o homem e o divino, o homem e seu semelhante. Nossas interpretações nos levaram a identificar principalmente três congruências, a saber: uma orientação estética circular, um sentido do ecstasis da cena e, como ponto chave, a quebra do princípio de individuação. Por essas possibilidades de interpretações cruzadas, identificamos que, por mais que a capoeira tenha sofrido transformações acerca do seu potencial estético, ela ainda mantém elementos que apresentam características próximas à potência dionisíaca.

Evaluation of the Chorus Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM Assay for the Serological Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection / 임상검사와정도관리

BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most frequent cause of respiratory tract infections in school-aged children and adolescents. M. pneumoniae infection has variable clinical manifestations and is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, making correct diagnosis important. We evaluated the newly introduced Chorus M. pneumoniae IgM (DIESSE Diagnostica, Italy) assay for early diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection. METHODS: The Chorus M. pneumoniae IgM and particle agglutination (PA) (Fujirebio, Japan) assays were tested on 75 serum specimens from 52 hospitalized children at a tertiary-care hospital between September 2011 and November 2011. A positive PA result was defined as an antibody titer of > or =1:40. The concordance of the Chorus M. pneumoniae IgM and PA results and the correlation of the Chorus M. pneumoniae IgM Index with the PA titer were analyzed. Furthermore, the Chorus M. pneumoniae IgM and PA results (PA-patient positive/negative) based on the clinical cutoff of the PA assay were compared in acute-phase specimens. RESULTS: The concordance rate of the Chorus M. pneumoniae IgM and PA results was 90.7% (kappa value= 0.5), and the Chorus M. pneumoniae IgM Index and PA titer correlated well (Spearman's correlation coefficient, 0.872, P < 0.001). However, 82.6% (19/23) of patients who were negative for M. pneumoniae by PA using the clinical cut-off were Chorus M. pneumoniae IgM-positive. CONCLUSIONS: The Chorus M. pneumoniae IgM assay is convenient and gives objective results. However, to make Chorus suitable for routine laboratory use, additional validation studies are required to determine the criteria for use in convalescent specimens.