ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción: la hipertensión arterial crónica durante el embarazo se asocia al incremento de complicaciones obstétricas y perinatales. Objetivo: caracterizar a las gestantes hipertensas crónicas en el Hospital Provincial Ginecobstétrico Docente José Ramón López Tabrane. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo prospectivo efectuado mediante la revisión de las historias clínicas, interrogatorios y el examen de gestantes que ingresaron al Hospital Provincial Ginecobstétrico Docente José Ramón López Tabrane, entre septiembre de 2020 y septiembre de 2021, con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial crónica. Se identificaron ocho variables y se estimó la prevalencia de estas mediante frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: se estudiaron 126 gestantes, de las cuales 86 tenían 35 años o más, la mayoría clasificadas como hipertensas leves. En el 70,6 % de los casos se presentó alguna enfermedad asociada; 25,4 % presentó una ganancia de peso normal; en el 81 % de las pacientes se utilizó la cesárea como vía para concluir la gestación. Las principales complicaciones fueron: parto pretérmino (27,1 %), preeclampsia (16,7 %), oligoamnios (16,7 %) y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (13,5 %). Ocurrieron cuatro muertes neonatales. La evolución posparto fue insatisfactoria en 24 casos. Conclusiones: la gestante hipertensa fue generalmente mayor de 35 años, con anemia como entidad asociada. Predominó la hipertensión arterial crónica leve, con ganancia de peso excesiva. La vía de terminación del embarazo de elección fue la cesárea, la que predominó en gestaciones a término. Las principales complicaciones fueron el parto pretérmino y la preeclampsia sobreañadida, el oligoamnios y la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino.
ABSTRACT Introduction: chronic arterial hypertension during pregnancy is associated with an increase in obstetric and perinatal complications. Objective: to characterize chronic hypertensive pregnant women at Provincial Teaching Gynecobstetric Hospital José Ramón Lopez Tabrane. Materials and methods: descriptive-prospective study carried out by reviewing the medical records, interviews and examination of pregnant women who were admitted to the Provincial teaching Gynecobstetric Hospital José Ramón López Tabrane, between September 2020 and September 2021, with a diagnosis of chronic arterial hypertension. Eight variables were identified and their prevalence was estimated using absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 126 pregnant women were studied, 86 of whom were 35 years old or older, most classified as mild hypertensive. In 89 cases, some associated disease was present. 25.4 % presented normal weight gain. In 81 % of patients, cesarean section was used as a way to end the pregnancy. The main complications were: preterm delivery (27.1 %), preeclampsia (16.7 %), oligohydramnios (16.7 %) and intrauterine growth restriction (13.5 %). Four neonatal deaths occurred. Postpartum evolution was unsatisfactory in 24 cases. Conclusions: the hypertensive pregnant woman was generally older than 35 years, with anemia as an associated entity. Chronic mild arterial hypertension prevailed, with excessive weight gain. The way of ending pregnancy of choice was cesarean section, which prevailed in full-term pregnancies. The main complications were pre-term deliveries and overadded preeclampsia, oligohydramnios and intrauterine growth restriction.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To describe the case profile of maternal death resulting from hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and to propose measures for its reduction. METHODS: The Committee on Maternal Mortality of São Paulo City has identified 609 cases of obstetric maternal death between 1995 and 1999 with an underreporting rate of 52.2 percent and a maternal mortality rate of 56.7/100,000 live births. Arterial hypertension was the main cause of maternal death, corresponding to 142 (23.3 percent) cases. RESULTS: Ninety-five (66.9 percent) of the deaths occurred during the puerperal period and 34 (23.9 percent) occurred during pregnancy. The time of death was not reported in 13 (9.2 percent) cases. Seizures were observed in 41 cases and magnesium sulfate was used in four of them. The causes of death were ruled to be cerebrovascular accident (44.4 percent), acute pulmonary edema (24.6 percent), and coagulopathies (14.1 percent). Cesarean section was performed in 85 (59.9 percent) cases and vaginal delivery in 15 (16.0 percent). CONCLUSION: Complications of arterial hypertension are responsible for the high rates of pregnancy-related maternal death in São Paulo City. Quality prenatal care and appropriate monitoring of the hypertensive pregnant patient during and after delivery are important measures for better control of this condition and are essential to reduce disorders in pregnancy.
OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil dos casos de morte materna decorrente de complicações da hipertensão arterial e propor medidas para sua redução. MÉTODOS: De 1995 a 1999 o Comitê de Mortalidade Materna da Cidade de São Paulo identificou 609 casos de morte materna obstétrica, com uma subnotificação de 52,2 por cento e um CMM=56,7/100.000 Nascidos Vivos. A hipertensão arterial foi a principal causa de óbito materno, correspondendo a 142 (23,3 por cento) casos. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram 95 (66,9 por cento) de óbitos no puerpério e 34 (23,9 por cento) durante a gestação. Em 13 (9,2 por cento) casos não se teve referência ao momento do óbito. Houve relato de crises convulsivas em 41 casos com a utilização de sulfato de magnésio em quatro deles. As principais causas determinantes do óbito foram: o acidente vascular cerebral (44,4 por cento), o edema agudo de pulmão (24,6 por cento) e as coagulopatias (14,1 por cento). A cesárea foi realizada em 85 (59,9 por cento) casos e o parto vaginal em 15 (16,0 por cento). Em 28 (19,7 por cento) casos não foi realizada nenhuma conduta para interromper a gravidez e em 14 (9,8 por cento) não se obteve relato do procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: As complicações da hipertensão arterial no ciclo gravídico-puerperal determinam altos índices de mortalidade materna na cidade de São Paulo. A realização de um pré-natal de qualidade e o atendimento apropriado da gestante hipertensa no parto e no pós-parto são medidas de fundamental importância para um melhor controle desse evento, sendo primordial para a redução dessas ocorrências.