Características clínico - epidemiológicas y necesidad de tratamiento de los pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Estomatología de Pacientes Especiales en un periodo de 2 años / Clinical and epidemiological features and dental care need of patients attended at Estomatología de Pacientes Especiales in a period of 2 years

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar las características clínico - epidemiológicas y necesidad de tratamiento de los pacientes especiales que recibieron atención en el Servicio de Estomatología de Pacientes Especiales de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia en el periodo de abril del 2016 a marzo de 2018. Material y Métodos: Se analizaron las variables procedencia, género, edad, diagnóstico sistémico y necesidad de tratamiento mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 1 735 historias clínicas que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El 87,9% de pacientes viven en Lima Metropolitana y el 63 % proviene de Lima norte. El 62,2% fue de género femenino y el 37,8% de género masculino. La edad promedio de atención fue de 52,97 ± 25,92 años y el 50,26% fueron mayores de 60 años. Se obtuvo una media de 1,97 ± 1,21 diagnósticos sistémicos, con mayor prevalencia de las enfermedades que afectan al aparato circulatorio (35,3%) y las enfermedades endocrinas, metabólicas y nutricionales (26,4%). En cuanto a necesidad de tratamiento, destacaron la operatoria dental (75%), la rehabilitación oral (59,4%), y el tratamiento quirúrgico (36,7%). Conclusiones: La mayoría de la población especial atendida provino de la zona norte de Lima metropolitana, fue de género femenino y perteneció al grupo del adulto mayor. Además, las enfermedades más prevalentes fueron la hipertensión arterial (29,51%) y la diabetes mellitus (14,98%), necesitando principalmente tratamiento de operatoria dental y de rehabilitación oral.

SUMMARY Objective: Determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and need for dental care in the population of special patients that received attention in EPE - CEC - UPCH since April from 2016 to March 2018. Material and Methods: We analyze variables, such as the origin, gender, age, systemic diagnoses and need for treatment through descriptive statistics. Results: The sample were 1735 clinical files that met the inclusion criteria. The 87.9% live in Lima city and 63% in the northern zone, 62.2% were female and 37.8% male. The average age was 52.97 ± 25.92 years old, and 50.26% were older than 60 years. Special patient has 1.97 ± 1.21 systemic diagno-ses, with a higher prevalence of circulatory system diseases with 35.5% followed by endocrine, metabolic and nutritional diseases with 26.4%. Regarding the need for dental care, the main treatments were dental restorations (75%), oral rehabilitation (59.4%), and dental surgery (36.7%). Conclusions: Most part of the special population attended, came from the northern zone of Lima city, was female gender and belonged to the older adult group. In addition, the most prevalent diseases were arterial hypertension (29.51%) and diabetes mellitus (14.98%); and the main treatments were dental restorations and oral rehabilitation.

Correlation of family function and the quality of life of young adults with chronically-ill siblings / The Health Sciences Journal

INTRODUCTION@#Chronically-ill patients are known to pose an impact on the family function (FF) and quality of life (QoL) of their family caregivers and pediatric siblings. However, there is limited literature on the relationship between FF and QoL. This study aimed to determine the correlation of FF and QoL among healthy young adults with siblings with chronic diseases. @*METHODS@#This was an analytical cross-sectional study among young adults, selected by purposive sampling, with chronically-ill siblings. The CAPGAR and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires were used for data collection. Spearman’s correlation coefficient r was used to determine the correlation between FF and QoL.@*RESULTS@#More than half (53.9%) of the respondents had highly functional families. Majority of the participants (66.5%) had fair QoL. There was a weak but significant positive correlation (r = 0.27, p < 0.001) between FF and QoL.@*CONCLUSION@#There is a weak but significant positive correlation between family function and quality of life among healthy young adults with a sibling suffering from a chronic debilitating illness.

Oral management of patients with cancer / Manejo oral de pacientes con cáncer

Abstract The oral management of individuals affected by medical conditions, including those with a current cancer diagnosis, is often complex and as such should be provided by either experienced dentists or dental specialists (e.g. Special Needs Dentists) with adequate training and experience. Patients with cancer need early dental intervention as the cancer itself or its therapy may place them at increased risk of systemic and oral complications. In Colombia, Special Needs Dentistry (SND) has not been formally recognized as a specialty and does not form part of the current dental curricula suggesting a paucity of suitably qualified dentists to provide complex oral care for oncology patients. While it is accepted that general dentists will provide the bulk of care to these individuals, their knowledge base is unclear. This paper aims to improve the knowledge base around complex SND by addressing the oral complications faced by this patient cohort and how to prioritize treatment, together with proposing a simple protocol to streamline coordination of care between the dental, allied health and medical teams, that is, through a multidisciplinary approach. It is important to acknowledge that dentists have a role at all three levels of the multidisciplinary management of cancer patients: pre- treatment evaluation and preparation, oral care during treatment and post-treatment care.

Resumen El manejo oral de las personas afectadas por condiciones médicas, como el cáncer, a menudo es complejo y como tal debe ser proporcionado por dentistas experimentados o especialistas en áreas dentales (por ejemplo, dentistas que atienden necesidades especiales) que cuenten con la formación y la experiencia adecuadas. Los pacientes con cáncer necesitan una intervención dental temprana, ya que el cáncer en sí o su terapia pueden ponerlos en mayor riesgo de complicaciones sistémicas y orales. En Colombia, la Odontología de Necesidades Especiales (ONE) no ha sido reconocida formalmente como una especialidad y no forma parte de los planes de estudios de las escuelas de odontología, lo que indica que hay una escasez de dentistas adecuadamente calificados para proporcionar atención oral compleja para pacientes oncológicos. Si bien se considera que los dentistas generales pueden proporcionar la mayor parte de la atención a estas personas, su base de conocimiento no es clara. Este documento tiene como objetivo mejorar la base de conocimientos en torno a la ONE abordando las complicaciones orales a las que se enfrenta este grupo de pacientes y cómo priorizar el tratamiento, junto con la propuesta de un protocol simple para agilizar la coordinación de la atención entre los equipos médicos, dentales y personal de apoyo, es decir, a través de un enfoque multidisciplinario. Es importante anotar que los dentistas cumplen un papel en los tres niveles del manejo multidisciplinario de los pacientes con cáncer: evaluación y preparación previa al tratamiento, cuidado oral durante el tratamiento y atención postratamiento.

Perfil demográfico y epidemiológico de pacientes con Hemofilia y von Willebrand atendidos en el Área de Estomatología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Demographic and epidemiological profile of patients with Hemophilia and von Willebrand treated in the Stomatology Area of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las alteraciones hereditarias de la hemostasia son patologías raras, dentro de estas se encuentran: Hemofilia A, Hemofilia B y von Willebrand. La hemofilia es un trastorno hereditario, ligado al cromosoma X, causado por ausencia o actividad reducida del factor VIII o IX. La enfermedad de von Willebrand es causada por la deficiencia del factor VIII. OBJETIVO. Determinar el perfil demográfico y epidemiológico de pacientes con Hemofilia y von Willebrand. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. La población de estudio fueron 133719 con una muestra de 144 pacientes, los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes de ambos sexos entre 2 a 88 años de edad, con diagnóstico de Hemofilia A, B, von Willebrand. Atendidos en la consulta externa del Área de Estomatología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín, en el periodo 2015-2018. Datos obtenidos del sistema AS400, analizados en el programa International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Versión 22.0. RESULTADOS. El 77,0% (111; 144) perteneció al género masculino. El rango de edad fue entre 23 y 33 años con 24,0% (34; 144). Tuvieron Hemofilia A 62,0% (93; 144); Hemofilia B 6,0% (9; 144); von Willerbrand 28,0% (42; 144). El 50,0% (77; 144) recibieron tratamientos odontológicos; preventivos 15,0% (21; 144) y curativos 13,0% (18; 144); siendo la mayor patología caries dental. CONCLUSIÓN. Se determinó el perfil demográfico y epidemiológico de los pacientes con Hemofilia y von Willebrand que permitió brindar un tratamiento integral, interdisciplinario y oportuno.

INTRODUCTION. Hereditary abnormalities of hemostasis are rare pathologies, within these are: Hemophilia A, Hemophilia B and von Willebrand. Hemophilia is an inherited disorder, linked to the X chromosome, caused by absence or reduced activity of factor VIII or IX. Von Willebrand's disease is caused by factor VIII deficiency. OBJECTIVE. Determine the demographic and epidemiological profile of patients with hemophilia and von Willebrand. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study population was 133719 with a sample of 144 patients, the inclusion criteria were: patients of both sexes between 2 and 88 years of age, with a diagnosis of Hemophilia A, B, von Willebrand. Attended in the external consultation of the Stomatology Area of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital, in the period 2015-2018. Data obtained from the AS400 system, analyzed in the International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program, Version 22.0. RESULTS 77,0% (111; 144) belonged to the male gender. The age range was between 23 and 33 years with 24,0% (34; 144). They had hemophilia at 62,0% (93; 144); Hemophilia B 6,0% (9; 144); von Willerbrand 28,0% (42; 144). 50,0% (77; 144) received dental treatments; preventive 15,0% (21; 144) and curative 13,0% (18; 144); being the biggest dental caries pathology. CONCLUSION. The demographic and epidemiological profile of patients with Hemophilia and von Willebrand was determined, which allowed to provide a comprehensive, interdisciplinary and timely treatment.

Aspectos epidemiológicos del síndrome de inmunosupresión, inflamación y catabolismo persistente en pacientes crónicos críticamente enfermos / Epidemiological aspects of the syndrome of immunosuppression, inflammation and persistent catabolism in critical chronic ill patients / Aspectos epidemiológicos da síndrome de imunossupressão, inflamação e catabolismo persistente em pacientes crônico em estado crítico

Resumen: Los pacientes crónicos críticamente enfermos mantienen un ambiente inflamatorio persistente, inmunidad reducida y consumo progresivo de reservas fisiológicas. Se caracterizan por ingresos hospitalarios con estadías más prolongadas, mayor mortalidad y costos. Objetivo general: Describir las características del síndrome de inflamación, inmunosupresión y catabolismo persistente en pacientes críticos crónicamente enfermos hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General La Villa. Con el fin de conocer los aspectos epidemiológicos. Material y métodos: Estudio clínico prospectivo, descriptivo y observacional, analítico. Se ingresaron 25 pacientes con criterios de PICS acorde a la escala NUTRIC y cuadro clínico de enero-abril de 2018. Se realizaron pruebas de estadística descriptiva para variables cualitativas y para cuantitativas se utilizaron medidas de tendencia central. Pruebas inferenciales para contrastar variables cualitativas y para cuantitativas tablas de 2 x 2 para el cálculo de la odds ratio. Resultados: 25 pacientes cumplieron criterios de PICS, incidencia de 37.9%, la distribución por sexos fue 60% hombres y 40% mujeres. Edad promedio fue 48.8. Los diagnósticos más comunes fueron choque hipovolémico (28%), choque séptico (16%), 68% de los pacientes tenían un riesgo nutricional bajo y 32% riesgo alto, 84% de los pacientes requirieron algún tipo de soporte, el más común fue ventilación mecánica, Las complicaciones más comunes fueron las infecciosas (80%) principalmente NAVM. La mortalidad fue de 20%. Conclusiones: Los resultados en este estudio no difieren de los reportados en la bibliografía a nivel internacional, el síndrome de PICS se presenta en pacientes con mayor edad, mayor estancia hospitalaria y carencias nutricionales superiores en quienes las reservas biológicas no son suficientes para evitar la inmunosupresión que conlleva y genera el círculo vicioso que finalmente conduce a la muerte no sólo dentro de la UCI.

Abstract: Critically ill chronic patients maintain a persistent inflammatory environment, reduced immunity and progressive consumption of physiological reserves. They are characterized by hospital admissions with longer stays, higher mortality and costs. General objective: To describe the characteristics of the syndrome of inflammation, immunosuppression and persistent catabolism in critically ill critically ill patients hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of the La Villa General Hospital. In order to know the epidemiological aspects. Material and methods: Prospective, descriptive and observational clinical, analytical study. Patients were admitted with PICS criteria according to the NUTRIC score and clinical features from January-April 2018. Descriptive statistics tests were performed for qualitative variables, quantitative measures were used for quantitative central. Inferential tests to compare qualitative variables and for quantitative 2 x 2 tables for calculating the odds ratio. Results: 25 patients met criteria of PICS, incidence of 37.9%, the distribution by sex was 60% men and 40% women. Average age was 48.8. The most common diagnoses hypovolemic shock (28%), septic shock (16%), 68% of patients had a low nutritional risk and 32% high risk, 84% of patients required some kind of support the most common was ventilation mechanical, the most common complications were infectious (80%) mainly VAP. The mortality was 20%. Conclusions: The results in this study do not differ from those reported in the literature at the international level, the syndrome of PICS is presented in patients with older age, longer hospital stay and higher nutritional deficiencies in which biological reserves are not sufficient to avoid immunosuppression that leads to and generates the vicious circle that ultimately leads to death not only within the ICU.

Resumo: Os pacientes crônicos em estado crítico mantêm um ambiente inflamatório persistente, imunidade reduzida e consumo progressivo de reservas fisiológicas. Eles são caracterizados por internações hospitalares com estadias prolongadas, maior mortalidade e custos. Objetivo geral: Descrever as características da síndrome de inflamação, imunossupressão e catabolismo persistente em pacientes críticos cônicos internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Geral La Villa, com a finalidade de conhecer os aspectos epidemiológicos. Métodos: Estudo clínico prospectivo, analítico, descritivo e observacional. Foram admitidos 25 pacientes com critérios da PICS segundo a escala NUTRIC e quadro clínico de janeiro a abril de 2018. Realizou-se testes estatísticos descritivos para variáveis qualitativas e medidas de tendência central foram utilizadas para variáveis quantitativas. Testes inferenciais para comparar variáveis qualitativas e para quantitativas tabelas 2 x 2 para calcular o Odds Ratio. Resultados: 25 pacientes preencheram os critérios da PICS, incidência de 37.9%. A distribuição por sexo foi de 60% homens e 40% mulheres sendo que a idade média foi de 48.8 anos. Os diagnósticos mais comuns foram: choque hipovolêmico (28%) e choque séptico (16%) sendo que 68% dos pacientes apresentaram baixo risco nutricional e 32% risco elevado. 84% dos pacientes necessitaram de algum tipo de suporte sendo o mais comum a ventilação mecânica. As complicações mais comuns foram infecciosas (80%) principalmente a PAVM. A mortalidade foi de 20%. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo não diferem dos relatados na literatura a nível internacional. A síndrome PICS ocorre em pacientes com idade avançada, maior tempo de internação e deficiências nutricionais graves em que as reservas biológicas não são suficientes para evitar imunossupressão. Isso implica e gera o círculo vicioso que finalmente leva à morte não apenas dentro da UTI.

Hospital and oncological dental care: a series of cases / Assistência odontológica hospitalar e oncológica: uma série de casos

ABTRACT Hospital dental care is an educational and health care strategy whose purpose is to intervene, in a multidisciplinary way, in the health-disease process of vulnerable individuals, as unsatisfactory oral health is a risk factor for local and systemic infections. Patients in cancer treatment usually present oral manifestations because of the antineoplastic therapies to which they are submitted. Chemotherapy, radiation and cancer surgery, when the latter held in the head and neck region, have the potential to generate side effects in the oral cavity. These oral manifestations can be serious and interfere with the results of medical therapy, leading to important systemic complications, which can increase hospital stay, treatment costs, and affect the quality of life. In view of this reality, the incorporation of the dentist into the multiprofessional team in oncology is essential to guarantee the patient's integral care in all stages of therapy. This article then proposes to report a series of cases of patients attended at the Dentistry Service of the Oncology Center of the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital of the University of Pernambuco, that exemplify the dental surgeon performance in a hospital environment, participating as an active member of a multidisciplinary team in oncology.

RESUMO O atendimento odontológico hospitalar é uma estratégia educativa e assistencial que tem como objetivo intervir, de forma multidisciplinar, no processo saúde-doença de indivíduos vulneráveis, uma vez que a saúde bucal insatisfatória é um fator de risco para infecções locais e sistêmicas. Pacientes em tratamento oncológico geralmente apresentam manifestações orais por causa das terapias antineoplásicas às quais são submetidos. Quimioterapia, radioterapia e cirurgia oncológica, quando realizadas na região da cabeça e pescoço, têm o potencial de gerar efeitos colaterais na cavidade bucal. Essas manifestações orais podem ser graves e interferir nos resultados da terapia medicamentosa, levando a importantes complicações sistêmicas, que podem aumentar a permanência hospitalar, os custos do tratamento e afetar a qualidade de vida. Diante dessa realidade, a incorporação do cirurgião-dentista na equipe multiprofissional em oncologia é fundamental para garantir a integralidade do cuidado em todas as etapas da terapia. Este artigo se propõe a relatar uma série de casos de pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Odontologia do Centro de Oncologia do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz da Universidade de Pernambuco, que exemplificam possibilidades de atuação do cirurgião-dentista em ambiente hospitalar, participando como membro ativo de uma equipe multidisciplinar em oncologia.

The use of general anesthesia to facilitate dental treatment in adult patients with special needs

General anesthesia is commonly used to facilitate dental treatment in patients with anxiety or challenging behavior, many of whom are children or patients with special needs. When performing procedures under general anesthesia, dental surgeons must perform a thorough pre-operative assessment, as well as ensure that the patients are aware of the potential risks and that informed consent has been obtained. Such precautions ensure optimal patient management and reduce the frequency of morbidities associated with this form of sedation. Most guidelines address the management of pediatric patients under general anesthesia. However, little has been published regarding this method in patients with special needs. This article constitutes a review of the current literature regarding management of patients with special needs under general anesthesia.

Evaluation of oral diseases in a population of special needs patients / Avaliação das doenças orais em uma população de pacientes com necessidades especiais

Objective: To evaluate the oral health status of a population of patients with special needs cared for in the specialization course of the Brazilian Association of Dentistry, Ceará Branch. Methods: In this cross-sectional, descriptive study the indexes DMFT and CPI were used to evaluate dental caries and periodontal disease, respectively, from August 2009 through March 2010. The need for dental treatment and other soft tissue lesions were also investigated. Results: 88 patients selected by convenience sampling were examined intraorally, and the mean age was 43.8 ± 16. Most of the patients fell within the group of systemic diseases (68.1%), especially cardiovascular diseases (15.9%). The mean DMFT index was 17.54 ± 7.13, and 87.5% of patients presented active dental caries. According to the highest degree of periodontal condition observed in the individual, the dental tartar (index 2) was present in a greater number of patients (50.9%). Regarding the need for dental treatment, 68.1% of patients needed restorative treatment, 43.1% of patients needed surgery (extractions) and 21.5% of patients needed endodontic treatment. There were no soft-tissue abnormalities in most patients (89.7%). Conclusion: The examined patients showed a high prevalence of oral diseases such as dental caries and gingivitis/periodontitis, and therefore a great need for dental treatment. Given the results, it becomes important to stimulate dental care and preventive practices focused on this segment of the population.

Objetivo: Avaliar a condição de saúde bucal de uma população de pacientes com necessidades especiais atendida no curso de especialização da Associação Brasileira de Odontologia, Seção Ceará.Métodos: Nesse estudo de natureza descritiva e transversal utilizou-se os índices CPO-D e IPC para avaliação das doenças cárie e periodontal, respectivamente, entre os meses de Agosto de 2009 e Março de 2010. Necessidades de tratamento dentário e outras lesões em tecidos moles orais também foram investigadas. Resultados: Realizaram-se exames bucais em 88 pacientes selecionados por conveniência, sendo a média de idade correspondente a 43,8 ± 16 anos. A maioria se enquadrava no grupo de doenças sistêmicas (68,1%), destacando-se as diseases cardiovasculares (15,9%). O índice CPO-D médio foi 17,54 ± 7,13, com 87,5% dos pacientes apresentando cárie ativa. Segundo o maior grau de condição periodontal observado no indivíduo, o cálculo dental (índice 2) foi o que esteve presente em um maior número de pacientes (50,9%). Quanto às necessidades de tratamento dental, 68,1% deles necessitaram de tratamento restaurador, 43,1% de tratamento cirúrgico (exodontias) e 21,5% de tratamento endodôntico. Não foram encontradas anormalidades em tecido mole na maioria dos pacientes (89,7%). Conclusão: Os pacientes examinados possuíam alta prevalência de doenças orais, como cárie e gengivite/periodontite e, conseqüentemente, grande necessidade de tratamento odontológico. Diante dos resultados, torna-se importante motivar a atenção odontológica e as práticas preventivas voltadas para essa parcela da população.

Ética y bioseguridad en la atención estomatológica al paciente con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana / Ethics and Biosafety in Dental Care for Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Fundamento: la única forma de contraer el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana durante el tratamiento estomatológico es a través del contacto de la sangre de un paciente seropositivo con la piel o mucosa no intacta del profesional, lo cual demanda medidas de bioseguridad para reducir el riesgo de infección cruzada así como el cumplimiento de aspectos bioéticos a tener en cuenta en la asistencia a dichos pacientes. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimientos de estomatólogos sobre bioseguridad y el principio bioético de justicia en el tratamiento a pacientes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a 45 profesionales que laboraron en consultorios estomatológicos de tres parroquias en Caracas, Venezuela, durante enero a diciembre de 2010. Se analizó: conocimientos sobre bioseguridad (mecanismos de transmisión de la enfermedad, medidas de control, flujograma de esterilización, medidas ante un accidente de trabajo) y sobre el principio bioético justicia (momento y lugar de tratamiento, instrumental a utilizar, tiempo a dedicar al paciente). Resultados: se obtuvo como nivel de conocimiento sobre el principio bioético de justicia: bueno el 40 %, regular el 37,7 % y malo el 22,2 %. En relación con las medidas de bioseguridad: bueno el 26,6 %, regular el 24,4 % y malo el 48,8 %. Conclusiones: el nivel de conocimientos sobre el principio bioético de justicia y sobre las medidas de bioseguridad para tratar a pacientes que viven con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana es insatisfactorio en más de la mitad de los estomatólogos encuestados.

Background: the only way of contracting human immunodeficiency virus during dental treatment is through contact with the blood of an HIV-positive patient with non-intact skin or mucosa of the professional. This requires biosecurity measures to reduce the risk of crossed infection and ensure compliance of bioethical aspects to be considered when treating these patients. Objective: To determine knowledge levels of dentists on biosafety and bioethical principle of justice in the treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: A cross sectional and descriptive study was conducted involving 45 professionals who worked in Stomatological clinics of three parishes in Caracas, Venezuela, from January to December 2010. The following were analyzed: knowledge on biosafety (mechanisms of disease transmission, control measures and flowchart sterilization measures before an accident) and the justice bioethical principle (time and place of treatment, instruments used and time to devote to patient). Results: The knowledge level according to the bioethical principle of justice was assessed: 40% for good, 37.7% for average and 22.2% for bad. For biosecurity measures it was obtained: 26.6% good, 24.4% average and 48.8% bad. Conclusions: knowledge level on the bioethical principle of justice and biosecurity measures to treat patients living with human immunodeficiency virus is unsatisfactory in more than half of the dentists surveyed.

Soporte social a cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica en Cartagena / Social Support for Family Caregivers of Chronically Ill Persons in Cartagena / Suporte social para cuidadores familiares de pessoas com doença crônica em Cartagena

Objetivo: determinar el soporte social percibido en cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica en la ciudad de Cartagena, Colombia. Método: estudio descriptivo en 222 cuidadores de familiares, entre octubre de 2009 y octubre 2010; se utilizó el instrumento "inventario" de soporte social en enfermedad crónica, propuesto por Hilbert, integrado por cinco categorías. Los datos se expresan por medio de la estadística descriptiva. Resultados: el 91.4% de los cuidadores son mujeres, 54,35% con edades comprendidas entre los 36 y 59 años y una edad promedio de 43,7 años. Los cuidadores presentaron una percepción de apoyo social satisfactoria, con una media de 148.97 y una desviación estándar de 33.94, la puntuación mínima obtenida fue de 35 puntos, la máxima de 204. En mayor proporción el apoyo a los cuidadores fue brindado por los hermanos (24%), la pareja (22,2%) y los hijos (17.6%). Conclusión: los cuidadores están satisfechos con el apoyo social percibido, especialmente en las categorías: "interacción personal" y "educación e información", recibida por quienes integran su red. Se requieren propuestas innovadoras desde la enfermería para apoyar a las personas en situación de enfermedad crónica y sus cuidadores.

Objective: Determine the social support perceived by family caregivers of chronically ill persons in the city of Cartagena, Colombia. Method: A descriptive study of 222 persons serving, during the period from October 2009 to October 2010, using the social support in chronic illness "inventory" tool proposed by Hilbert, which consists of five categories. The data are expressed through descriptive statistics. Results: 91.4% of the caregivers are women, 54.35% are between 36 and 59 years of age, and their average age is 43.7 years. The caregivers displayed a satisfactory perception of the social support they receive, with a mean of 148.97 and a standard deviation of 33.94. The lowest score was 35 points and the highest was 204. The most support for caregivers was provided by their siblings (24%),spouses (22.2%) and sons and daughters (17.6%). Conclusion: Caregivers are satisfied with their perceived social support, especially in the categories of "personal interaction" and "education and information" received from those who make up their network. Innovative proposals from nursing are required to support chronically ill persons and their caregivers.

Objetivo: determinar o suporte percebido em cuidadores familiares de pessoas com doença crônica na cidade de Cartagena, Colômbia. Método: estudo descritivo, em 222 cuidadores familiares durante outubro de 2009 a outubro de 2010. Utilizou-se o instrumento "inventário" de suporte social em doença crônica, proposto por Hilbert, integrado por cinco categorias. Os dados se expressam por meio da estatística descritiva. Resultados: 91,4% dos cuidadores são mulheres; 54,35% com idade compreendida entre 36 e 59 anos e uma idade média de 43,7 anos. Os cuidadores apresentaram uma percepção de apoio social satisfatória, com uma média de 148,97 e uma desviaçao padrão de 33,94; a pontuação mínima obtida foi de 35 pontos, e a máxima de 204. Em maior proporção, o apoio aos cuidadores foi oferecido pelos irmãos (24%), pelo companheiro (22,2%) e pelos filhos (17,6%). Conclusão: os cuidadores estão satisfeitos com o apoio social percebido, especialmente nas categorias "interação pessoal" e "educação e informação", recebida pelos que integram sua rede. Requerem-se propostas inovadoras da enfermagem para apoiar as pessoas em situação de doença crônica e seus cuidadores.

Mucosite oral: perspectivas atuais na prevenção e tratamento / Oral mucositis: recent perspectives on prevention and treatment

A mucosite oral é resultante de toxicidade e um dos efeitos colaterais mais comuns da radioterapia e da quimioterapia, no tratamento oncológico e para o transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas. Clinicamente estas alterações se caracterizam por atrofia epitelial, edema, eritema e pelo aparecimento de ulcerações, que podem acometer toda a mucosa bucal, gerando dor e desconforto, prejudicando a fala, a deglutição e a alimentação. Além da importante sintomatologia, as ulcerações aumentam o risco de infecção local e sistêmica, comprometem a função oral e interferem no tratamento antineoplásico, podendo levar à sua interrupção. O diagnóstico, prevenção e estratégias terapêuticas de suporte à mucosite oral são de competência do cirurgião-dentista. Através de análise crítica da literatura, o presente trabalho busca apresentar a mucosite oral, sua etiopatogenia, características clínicas e tratamentos propostos nos dias atuais para a sua resolução ou controle, destacando a importância da atuação do cirurgião-dentista no manejo desta entidade.

Oral mucositis is a result of toxicity and one of the most common side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment and in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clinically these changes are characterized by epithelial atrophy, edema, erythema and the appearance of ulcerations that can affect the entire oral mucosa, causing pain and discomfort, impairing speech, and swallowing food. In addition to the major symptoms, the ulcers increase the risk of local and systemic infection, compromising function and interfering with oral antineoplastic treatment and may lead to it being discontinued. The diagnosis, prevention and therapeutic strategies in providing support in cases of oral mucositis are the dentist's responsibility. Through critical analysis of literature, the aim of this article is to present oral mucositis, its pathogenesis, clinical features and treatments offered today to address or control the condition, highlighting the importance of dentist's role in its management.

The attitude of chronically ill patients and personnel of Siriraj Hospital to a recreational therapy service.

A study of the attitudes of 507 patients with chronic illnesses and 961 personnel working with these patients towards a recreational activity service was performed using a questionnaire. Most of them agreed that the hospital should arrange recreational activity for patients with chronic illnesses in addition to physical treatment (95.6, 99.0 percent of patient and personnel groups respectively). Both groups evaluated the benefit of recreational activity with a score of 7.93 ฑ 2.09 and 8.71 ฑ 1.42. Activities ranked first were reading books, watching television or a video, gardening and singing/listening to music. Concerning health professionals willingness to join these activities, 80% of the nurse group (registered nurses and practical nurses) were willing to do so whereas only 51.4 percent of the doctor group were available due to different working styles. Most of the personnel accepted that the recreational therapist should be the one who arranges this service. Both groups agreed that a recreational activity service should be free of charge (45.2-51.4 percent). From the results of this study, we can conclude that patients and personnel appreciate a recreational activity service for chronically ill patients, so we should develop and distribute this service to patients in order to improve their quality of life and the quality of our service.

Correspondencia entre la formación académica del estomatólogo relacionado con pacientes especiales y la práctica estomatológica integral

Se realiza una actualización bibliográfica sobre la atención a pacientes especiales (aquel que presenta signos y síntomas que lo alejan de la normalidad, sea de orden mental o sensorial, así como de comportamiento). Se observó que en España y otros países de Europa las instituciones académicas poseen programas de estudios universitarios de pre y posgrado, donde se adquieren conocimientos y habilidades para la atención de pacientes especiales. Se clasifican los pacientes en 4 grupos, según las afecciones que presentan: grupo I, pacientes con enfermedades crónicas degenerativas, como diabéticos, cardiópatas, nefrópatas, discrasias sanguíneas, epilépticos y otros; grupo II, pacientes con enfermedades que provocan déficit motor, donde se incluyen pacientes parapléjicos, cuadripléjicos, hemipléjicos y otros; grupo III, pacientes con enfermedades que provocan déficit sensorial como ciegos, sordos, sordomudos y otros; grupo IV, pacientes con retraso mental según clasificación de fronterizos, ligeros, moderados, severos y profundos. Se describen las características de las enfermedades bucales en pacientes especiales. Se concluye que en el futuro, para realizar tratamientos bucales en este tipo de pacientes, se requerirá de personal especializado y con medios adecuados. Habrá que capacitar y formar a los profesionales de la estomatología para poder responder a esta demanda y se deben realizar estudios epidemiológicos con enfoque de riesgos y atención clínica con enfoque de familia, de tal forma que se involucre, se comprometa y se responsabilice con la atención a este tipo de persona, para los que resulta fundamental el apoyo de la familia.

A bibliographical updating on care to special patients (that patient presenting signs and symptoms that are far from being within the normal mental, sensorial or behavorial limits) is made. It was observed that in Spain and other European countries the academic institutions have pre-graduate, graduate and post-graduate courses where knowledge and abilities are acquired to give attention to these special patients. The patients are classified in 4 groups, according to their affections: group 1, patients with chronic degenerative diseases, such as diabetics, cardiopaths, nephropaths, blood dyscrasias, epileptics and others; group II, patients with diseases that cause motor deficit, where paraplegics, quadriplegics, hemiplegics and other patients are included; group III, patients with diseases that produce sensorial deficit, such as the blind, the deaf, the deaf-mute and others; group IV, patients with mental retardation according to the classification of mild, moderate, severe and deep mentally retarded. The characteristics of the oral diseases in special patients are described. It is concluded that in the future specialized personnel with adequate tools will be required for the oral treatments of this type of patients. Stomatological professionals will have to be trained to meet this demand. Epidemiological studies with risk approach should be conducted and clinical care should take the family into consideration, so that the stomatologists feel themselves committed and responsible for the attention to this type of person, for whom family support is essential.

Therapeutic Factors in the Long-Term Outpatient Group Psychotherapy with the Chronically Mentally Ill / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The long-term outpatient group psychotherapy with the chronically ill is an effective, expedient therapeutic modality that makes patients maintain medication and improve their symptoms, helps patients resolve emotional conflict, and corrects their maladaptive interpersonal relationship. Therefore, we performed weekly the semi-opened, heterogeneous, long-term(open-ended), outpatient group psychotherapy to be applicable effectively for the chronically ill. The objectives of this study are as follows; first, we introduce therapeutic principles and management methods of the group psychotherapy to be applicable in the clinical environment with the chronically ill; second, we examine the therapeutic factors in each group development stage which are helped by participants, and analyze the characteristics showed in the process of study; third, we verify the appropriateness and the validity of this group psychotherapy and then establish the base of the effective long-term outpatient therapy for the chronically ill that will be settled down as a applicable treatment modality economically and efficiently in the present medical environment of Korea. METHODS: This study was performed in the subject of the chronically ill who attended at the day care program of Community Mental Health Center in Hanam city from January 1998 to June 1999. The participants were 27 patients, but we dropped 7 patients who attended under 6 months because of long-term group. So the last subjects were 20 patients (12 males and 8 females) who attended for 18 months. The 13 therapeutic factors scale was filled out by participants just after each session and the self-report total assessment questionnaire was performed at the time of study-termination and patient-termiation. RESULTS: The ranks of 13 therapeutic factors scale are as follows: in the forming stage, the upper ranks of therapeutic factors were existential factor, guidance of therapists, instillation of hope, altruism, and catharsis in order. And in the storming stage, the upper ranks of therapeutic factors were existential factor, instillation of hope, guidance of therapists, catharsis, and group cohesiveness in order. Lastly in the norming stage, the upper ranks of therapeutic factors were existential factor, altruism, corrective recapitulation, interpersonal learning, and catharsis in order. According to the total assessment questionnaire about group psychotherapy reported by the participants 90% of them were helped, 80% of them had an idea to recommend this program to other patients actively, and 75% of them had an opinion to attend again this program if given for them. And they evaluated positively about the structure of this program and the therapist. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term outpatient group psychotherapy would be applicable effectively to the chronically ill as a economic, efficient therapeutic modality for rehabilitation. It is much more effective for therapist to perceive in detail the therapeutic factors in each group develop-ment stage when he perfoms the group psychotherapy.

Estilos de afrontamiento: un estudio preliminar en cuidadores familiares de enfermos crónicos / Ways of coping: a preliminary study in caregivers of chronically ill patients

Los objetivos de este trabajo son:1) describir cualitativa y cuantitativamente los estilos de afrontamiento del cuidador frente a la enfermedad crónica de un familiar y 2) analizar la probable relación existente entre la relación de parentesco y los distintos tipos de enfermedad crónica con los estilos de afrontamiento del cuidador. Para evaluar la situación de cuidado del enfermo crónico se construyó un cuestionario integrado por 15 preguntas abiertas y cerradas con alternativas fijas. Para evaluar los estilos de afrontamiento del cuidador se seleccionó una versión abreviada del Cuestionario de estilos de afrontamiento (Ways of Coping Checklist) de Lazarus y Folkman, obtenida por Vitaliano. Se aplicaron cinco análisis de variancia de dos factores. Es posible concluir que la variable relación de parentesco sólo influye en los puntajes obtenidos en el Factor 4: Pensamiento fantasioso y que ellas no se diferencian entre sí en los distintos estilos de afrontamiento de acuerdo al tipo de enfermedad crónica que padece el enfermo.

The purpose of this paper is 1) to describe quantitatively and qualitatively the coping mechanisms of the caregiver that faces the chronic illness of a relative. 2) Analyze the relationship between kind of kinship and the different types of chronic illness with the coping mechanisms of the caregiver. In order to evaluate the caregiving of the chronically ill patient we built a questionnaire of 15 open and close items. To asses the coping mechanisms of the caregiver we chose the short version of Ways of Coping Checklist (Lazarus and Folkman) developed by Vitaliano. We made five analyses of variance of two factors. We can conclude that the variable kinship is only responsible for the numbers obtained in Factor 4: Fantasy thoughts and that they show no differences in the ways of coping according to the kind of chronic illness.

Maternal Uncertainty in Childhood Chronic Illness / 아동간호학회지

The purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of the maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. The qualitative research method used was grounded theory. The interviewees were 12 mothers who have cared for a child who had chronic illness. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigator over a period of nine months. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. The 34 concepts were identified as a result of analyzing the grounded data. Ten categories were lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity, negative change, anxiety, devotion, normalization and burn-out. Causal conditions included : lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity and change ; central phenomena : anxiety, being perplexed ; context : seriousness of illness, support ; intervening condition : belief ; action/interaction strategies : devotion, overprotection ; consequences : normalization, burn-out. These categories were synthesized into the core concept-anxiety. The process of experiencing uncertainty was 1) Entering the world of uncertainty, 2) Struggling in the tunnel of uncertainty, 3) Reconstruction of the situation of uncertainty. Four hypotheses were derived from the analysis : (1) The higher the lack of clarity, unpredictability, unfamiliarity, change, the higher the level of uncertainty (2) The more serious the illness and the less the support, the higher the level of uncertainty. (3) The positive believes will influence the devoted care and normalization of the family life. Through this substantive theory, pediatric nurses can understand the process of experiencing maternal uncertainty in childhood chronic illness. Further research to build substantive theories to explain other uncertainties may contribute to a formal theory of how normalization is achieved in the family with chronically ill child.

A Model for Quality of Life of Family Caregivers with a Chronically Ill Patient / 간호학회지

This study was designed to construct a model that predicts the quality of life of family caregivers with a chronically ill patient. The hypothetical model wad developed based on the findings from past studies on quality of life and on the family with a chronically ill patients. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 200 family caregivers in Seoul and Kyung Gi-Do, from May 1 to July 21, 1997. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The Linear Structural Relationship(LISREL) modeling process was used to find the best fit model which predicts causal relationships among variables. The results are as follows: 1. The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate [X2=31.54(df=23, p=.11), GFI=.96, AGFI=.91, RMR=.04]. 2. Paths of the model were modified by considering both its theoretical implication and the statistical significance of the parameter estimates. Compared to the hypothetical model, the revised model has become parsimonious and had a better fit to the data expect chi-square value(GFI=.95, AGFI=.91, RMR=.04). 3. Some of predictive factors, especially economic status, physical ability to perform daily-life activity, period after disease-onset, social support and fatigue revealed indirect effect on the quality of life of family caregivers with a chronically ill patient. 4. The factors, burden and role satisfaction revealed significant direct effects on the quality of life of family caregivers with a chronically ill patient. 5. All predictive variables of quality of life of family caregivers with a chronically ill patient, especially economic status, physical ability to perform daily-life activity, period after disease-onset, social support, fatigue, burden and role satisfaction explained 38.0% of the total variance in the model. In conclusion, the derived model in this study is considered appropriate in explaining and predicting quality of life of family caregivers with a chronically ill patient. Therefore it can effectively be used as a reference model for further studies and suggests direction in nursing practice.