STMS markers related to Ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important legume crops and is cultivated in large-scale throughout Türkiye as well as the world. Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungal phytopathogen Ascochyta rabiei, is the leading reason for the highest yield losses among the diseases known for chickpea. The pathogen exhibits high genetic diversity in Türkiye. Therefore, resistancy using Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Site (STMS) markers related with the genes that provide resistant against Ascochyta blight was investigated for the 205 chickpea breeding lines grown in different parts of Türkiye. The analysis for Ascochyta blight resistance was performed using Ta2, Ta146 and Ts54. It was demonstrated that Ta2, Ts54 and Ta146 were the STMS markers having distinguishable features for the detection of Ascochyta blight resistance and were shown to be used in credible fashion for the selection of resistant chickpea breeding lines.

Ecofriendly Management of Seedling Diseases of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

The experiment was carried out in the field of Plant Pathology Department, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh to determine the effect of BARI-biofertilizerand Integrated Pest Management (IPM) biopesticide for controlling foot and root rot diseases of chickpea. It was observed that both BARI-Biofertilizer and IPM biopesticide resulted significantly lower disease incidence of seedlings of the test pulse over the control. Soil treatment with BARI-Biofertilizer resulted the lowest disease incidence of chickpea var. Hyprosola, Binasola-2, Binasola-3 and Binasola-4 at 20 DAS (Days after sowing) that displayed reduction of disease incidence up to 83.77%, 54.48%, 70.76% and 71.45% respectively over control. While at 28 DAS, showedup to 82.82%, 71.92%, 84.72% and 68.39%, respectively, reduction of disease incidence over control. At 35 DAS, exhibited up to 79.91%, 73.18%, 81.32% and 73.44%, respectively, reduction of disease incidence over control. BARI-biofertilizer and IPM biopesticide increased fresh weight of plant, number of nodules per plant and fresh weight of nodules per plant.

Composición nutricional, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante de cascarilla de garbanzo (Cicer arietinum) / Nutritional composition, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) husk

La composición química, minerales, azúcares neutros, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante fueron analizados en la cascarilla de garbanzo. La cascarilla de garbanzo presentó 72% de fibra dietaria, del cual el 24.4% fue celulosa. Los compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante de de la cascarilla de garbanzo fueron evidentes, predominando los taninos condensados totales con 13.28 mgEC/g, donde la fracción soluble fue mayor respecto a la fracción ligada. El contenido de proteína y grasa fue de 4.5 y 0.4%. En conclusión, la cascarilla de garbanzo tiene propiedades nutricionales y funcionales que pueden ser consideradas en el diseño de nuevos productos alimenticios para mejorar la salud de los consumidores(AU)

The chemical composition, minerals, neutral sugars, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were analyzed in the chickpea husk. Chickpea husk presented 72% of dietary fiber of which 24.4% was cellulose. The content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of chickpea husk was evident, predominating condensed tannins with a total content of 13.28 mgECat/g, of which soluble fraction was the higher than bound fraction. The content of protein and fat was 4.5 and 0.4 %, respectively. In conclusion, chickpea husk has nutritional and functional properties that can be considered in the design of new food products to improve the health of consumers(AU)

Antihyperglycemic and analgesic activity studies with boiled Cicer arietinum L. seeds.

In oral glucose tolerance tests, methanol extract of boiled seeds of Cicer arietinum (MECA) significantly and dose-dependently reduced blood glucose levels in glucose-loaded mice by 27.7, 31.9, 36.2, and 42.2%, respectively, at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg per kg in comparison to a standard antihyperglycemic drug, glibenclamide, which reduced blood glucose levels by 48.2% at a dose of 10 mg per kg. In acetic acid induced writhing tests in mice, MECA at the afore-mentioned doses reduced the number of writhings, respectively, by 21.4, 35.7, 39.3, and 46.4% versus the 42.9 and 53.6% reductions observed with a standard analgesic drug, aspirin, at doses of 200 and 400 mg per kg, respectively. MECA thus demonstrated considerable antihyperglycemic and analgesic properties and may be used to alleviate high blood glucose levels and provide relief from pain.

Relações de interferência entre plantas daninhas e a cultura do grão-de-bico / Interference relationships between chick-peas crop and weeds

O grão-de-bico consumido no Brasil é quase que totalmente importado. Considerando que algumas regiões do Brasil apresentam condições favoráveis ao desenvolvimento e alta produtividade do grão-de-bico, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a interferência de seis plantas daninhas (Amaranthus viridis, Bidens pilosa, Raphanus raphanistrum, Cyperus rotundus, Digitaria nuda e Eleusine indica) sobre o desenvolvimento do grão-de-bico. Foram analisados o comprimento da parte aérea, número de folhas, área foliar, teor de clorofila e massa seca das folhas, caule e raíz do grão-de-bico. Observou-se que a convivência com a plantas daninhas afetaram o desenvolvimento da cultura competindo e interferindo no desenvolvimento vegetativo. Dentre as seis espécies estudadas, três (D. nuda, E. indica e A. viridis) mostraram-se mais agressivas evidenciando a necessidade de controle precoce quando no cultivo em áreas com histórico de alta densidade dessas plantas daninhas. Também foi possível verificar que a principal característica afetada pela interferência das plantas daninhas foi a área foliar do grão-de-bico, afetando significativamente o crescimento e desenvolvimento da cultura.

The grains of chickpea consumed in Brazil are almost entirely imported. Considering that chickpeas presents conditions to be cultivated in some regions of Brazil, this study aimed to study interference of six weed plants (Amaranthus viridis, Bidens pilosa, Raphanus raphanistrum, Cyperus rotundus, Digitaria nuda and Eleusine indica) on the vegetative development of chickpeas. Thus, we evaluated the shoot length, number of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll content and dry weight of leaves, stem and root of chickpeas. We observed a significant interference on the chickpeas' development in coexistence with weeds. Among the weeds, D. nuda, E. indica and A. viridis were the most aggressive, highlighting the need for early control of weeds when in cultivation of chickpeas in areas with a history of high density of these weeds. The leaf area of chickpeas was the most affected trait by the coexistence with weeds, affecting the development of the crop.

DPPH radical scavenging activity and contents of H2O2, malondialdehyde and proline in determining salinity tolerance in chickpea seedlings.

The involvement of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and contents of H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline was investigated in determining salinity tolerance among seedlings of thirty chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes having different pedigrees. Chickpea genotypes, including cultivars and advanced lines were grown for 7 days under control and salt stress (50 mM NaCl) conditions. The genotypes showed differential response to salt stress in terms of growth, DPPH radical scavenging activity and contents of H2O2, MDA and proline in seedlings. On the basis of seedling growth, the genotypes having better performance under stress conditions had reduced levels of H2O2 and MDA contents, but increased levels of proline and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Stress tolerance index for these parameters was also determined. Agglomerative hierarchal clustering by Pearson correlation coefficient grouped the genotypes into two major clusters — MC I and MC II. MC II and A1-1 sub-cluster of MC-I comprised mainly of genotypes that showed higher stress resistance levels for the respective parameters in comparison to genotypes in other sub-clusters. Thus, it is possible to identify salt-tolerant genotypes on the basis of above parameters without a field trial.

Effect of Different Organic Amendments on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceri Causing Chick Pea Wilt.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legumes grown in Asia. Though the area under this crop is more, the average yield per hectare is low because of several biotic and abiotic factors. Among them, the wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri is most destructive seed and soil borne disease. (Haware et al., 1986) which threatens successful cultivation of chickpea and causes severe losses in chickpea growing areas. (Grewal et al.,1974b and Singh et al.,1977.) The organic amendments viz., saw dust, ground nut cake, FYM, soybean cake, cotton cake were used in three concentrations 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% . The highest per cent growth of inhibition was observed in soybean cake 0.3% (32.96%), followed by groundnut cake 0.3% (29.63%). The lowest per cent growth inhibition was observed in saw dust 0.1% (06.47%).

Thermal processing effects on in vitro Antioxidant activities of five common Indian Pulses.

Five different types of pulses commonly used in daily cuisine in India, viz. Lentil (Lens culinaris), Green gram (Vigna radiate), Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), Red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Soybean (Glycine max), were analyzed for their in vitro antioxidant profile before and after thermal processing in water. The thermal processing included methods commonly employed in India for cooking, viz. pressure cooking, microwave treatment, boiling in water and boiling after overnight soaking. The assays performed included ABTS radical decolorization assay, DPPH radical decolorization assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. The antioxidant profile of the five pulses improved significantly after microwave treatment as evident from all assays except DPPH assay. In case of Bengal gram, improvement was also observed after pressure cooking. In case of soybean, however, apart from microwave treatment, no significant improvement was observed. Enhanced activity of the pulses shown after thermal processing in water might be due to enhanced extraction of polyphenols like gallo-ellagitannins, phenolic acids or flavonoid glycosides, which have less solubility in normal water but enhanced solubility in hot water. The study indicated a systematic approach to ascertain antioxidant quality of pulses after thermal treatment with water.

Morphological response of Cicer arietinum exposed to paper mill effluent.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of different concentrations (control, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of paper mill effluent on some morphological characters of Cicer arietinum. Result showed maximum growth promotion i.e., root length (3.8 cm), shoot length (10.0 cm) and increase in chlorophyll content (1.004 mg gm-1) at 50% effluent concentration after 21 days. However, at higher effluent concentration growth parameters started decreasing. The study suggests that the effluent can be used safely for Cicer arietinum cultivation only after proper dilution up to a certain extent.

Bacterial exopolysaccharide and biofilm formation stimulate chickpea growth and soil aggregation under salt stress

To compensate for stress imposed by salinity, biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide production are significant strategies of salt tolerant bacteria to assist metabolism. We hypothesized that two previously isolated salt-tolerant strains Halomonas variabilis (HT1) and Planococcus rifietoensis (RT4) have an ability to improve plant growth, These strains can form biofilm and accumulate exopolysacharides at increasing salt stress. These results showed that bacteria might be involved in developing microbial communities under salt stress and helpful in colonizing of bacterial strains to plant roots and soil particles. Eventually, it can add to the plant growth and soil structure. We investigated the comparative effect of exopolysacharide and biofilm formation in two bacterial strains Halomonas variabilis (HT1) and Planococcus rifietoensis (RT4) in response to varying salt stress. We found that biofilm formation and exopolysaccharide accumulation increased at higher salinity. To check the effect of bacterial inoculation on the plant (Cicer arietinum Var. CM-98) growth and soil aggregation, pot experiment was conducted by growing seedlings under salt stress. Inoculation of both strains increased plant growth at elevated salt stress. Weight of soil aggregates attached with roots and present in soil were added at higher salt concentrations compared to untreated controls. Soil aggregation was higher at plant roots under salinity. These results suggest the feasibility of using above strains in improving plant growth and soil fertility under salinity.

Biomanagement of root knot nematode through non edible oil seed cakes infesting cicer arietinum L.

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different oil cakes against the root knot nematode. Root knot nematodes are the major agricultural pest of wide range of crops worldwide. Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., family Fabaceae, is a high yielding proteinaceous pulse crop with India being the leading producer. Root knot nematodes are one of the major biological constraint that reduces per capita yield of this pulse crops. In the present investigation, studies were made to determine the efficacy of different oil cakes viz. Azadirachta indica (Neem), Brassica campestris (Mustard) and Gossypium hirsutum (Cotton). Two doses (50 and 100 g) of each neem, mustard and cotton oil cakes were applied to reduce nematode infestation in chickpea. Results revealed that root gall development due to Meloidogyne incognita were significantly reduced in all the treatments and enhance all the plant growth characters of C.arietinum. Higher dose of neem oil cake was found to be most effective as compared to other treatments. Hence, it may be concluded that oil cakes are better substitute against nematicide for the effective control of root-knot nematode and reduce environmental hazards for ecologically safe environment.

Inheritance of pod and seed traits in chickpea.

A 4 x 4 full-diallel cross was studied to estimate the gene effects and genetic parameters of pod and seed traits. According to Hayman’s method, additive genetic variance was significant for pod length and seed length and width, also, both additive and dominance genetic variance were significant for pod thickness and width. As additive gene effects were significant for pod and seed traits, it is suggesting the selection of this traits early generations. Partial dominance was important for traits. The high narrow sense heritability of pod and seed traits was between 86 and 97%.

Qualidade das sementes de diferentes genótipos de grão-de-bico produzidas no norte de Minas Gerais / Quality of the seeds of different genotypes of chickpea produced in the north of Minas Gerais

A expansão das áreas para o cultivo de grão-de-bico depende da produção de sementes detentoras de qualidade superior. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as principais características físicas, fisiológicas e sanitárias em sementes de seis genótipos de grão-de-bico produzidas em Montes Claros, Norte de Minas Gerias. As variáveis analisadas foram o grau de umidade, a pureza física, a massa de mil sementes, a uniformidade, a porcentagem de germinação, a primeira contagem do teste de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação e de emergência, a massa seca da parte aérea das plântulas e a ocorrência de microrganismos e de pragas de armazenamento nas sementes. A qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária das sementes foi afetada pelos diferentes genótipos de grão-de-bico analisados. As variações quanto à qualidade física das sementes entre os genótipos de grão-de-bico não estão relacionadas à qualidade fisiológica e sanitária destas. De maneira geral, as sementes do genótipo CNPH 08-04 apresentaram qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária superior à qualidade das sementes dos demais genótipos.

The expansion of the areas for chickpea culture depends on the production of seeds of superior quality. In this study, it was evaluated the main physical, physiological and sanitary characteristics in seeds of six genotypes of chickpea produced in Montes Claros, North of Minas Gerais. The analyzed variables were the moisture content, the physical purity, the mass of a thousand seeds, the uniformity, the percentage of germination, the first count of the test germination, the rate of speed germination and emergency, the dry mass of the aerial part of the seedling and the occurrence of microorganisms and plagues in seed storage. The physical, physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds was affected by different genotypes of the chickpea analyzed. The variations in relation to the physical quality of the seeds between the genotypes of chickpea are not related to sanitary and physiological quality of them. In general, the seeds of genotype CNPH 08-04 showed physical, physiological and sanitary superior quality in relation to the seeds of other genotypes.

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficiency on the uptake and mobilization of ions in Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum).

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficiency reduced the uptake of 32Pphosphate, 35S-sulphate, 24Na-, 42K-, 45Ca-, MMn-, 59Fe- and 65Zn- by Cicer arietinum (Bengal gram) cv B-75. Root length, leaf area and dry weight of the tissues were also reduced. Since in several cases, the total contents of the radio nucleides both on per plant and per unit dry weight basis were curtailed, the decrease in uptake of several ions cannot be entirely due to reduced growth rate. The reduction in 32P-phosphate uptake was more severe with nitrogen deficient plants than that in phosphate deficient ones; potassium deficient plants, however, took up 42K- as avidly as the control plants. Simultaneously the uptake of 35SO4 2 – and other cations was affected particularly by nitrogen deficiency. The distribution of radionuclides between the root and shoot portions was also disturbed in several cases by deficiency conditions. The radionucleides taken up accumulated in the young regions as in the case of pea and other dicotyledonous plants. Mobilization of 32P and 35S in the reproductive plants was most markedly affected by nitrogen and potassium-deficiency.