Sleeping quality in civil aviation pilots and associated influence factors / 环境与职业医学

Background Civil aviation pilots are actual operators of civil aircraft. Their job operations are directly associated with passenger safety and flight safety. Unsafe aviation operations are related to fatigue caused by poor sleep quality. Recently, with the promotion of China's air transportation business, irregular working hours of civil aviation pilots rise gradually. However, there is still a lack of relevant research on the influence of working conditions on sleep quality in this group. Objective To explore potential impact factors of sleep quality among civil aviation pilots, for the purposes of improving sleep quality and health level of this group and ensuring aviation flight safety by formulating health management suggestions in a targeted manner. Methods All pilots of an aviation company were approached when they visited the Shanghai Hospital of Civil Aviation Administration of China for their health examinations. After informed consent, an online questionnaire survey was conducted. Self-made questionnaires were used to collect information on general conditions, lifestyle, and subjective work stress levels. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. A total of 1204 valid questionnaires were recovered. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 software. Results There were 410 pilots (16.8%) who reported sleep disorders, including insufficient sleep time, difficulty falling asleep, and poor sleep quality, and 894 pilots (74.3%) who reported moderate to severe work stress. Associations were identified between sleep quality of pilots and work stress or lifestyle indicators (P<0.05), while work stress showed the strongest association (r=0.28). Further multiple-factor analysis results showed that severe work stress (OR=4.25, 95%CI: 2.89, 6.30) and alcohol use (OR=1.72, 95%CI: 1.31, 2.27) associated with an increased risk of sleep disorders. Regular breakfast (OR=0.62, 95%CI: 0.42, 0.91) and physical exercise (OR=0.68, 95%CI: 0.45, 1.03) associated with a lower risk of sleep disorders. Conclusion A certain degree of sleep disturbance is reported in the civil aviation pilot group, which is closely related to work stress and lifestyle indicators. Targeted measures must be taken to effectively improve the quality of their sleep.

Study on the status and influencing factors of hypertension in civil aviation pilots / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of hypertension among civil aviation pilots. METHODS: A total of 1 169 civil aviation pilots in Northern China were selected into the study by the method of convenient sampling. Physical examination, laboratory test and questionnaire survey were conducted. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension in Northern China was 4.7%(55/1 169). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the relative risk factors ranking from high to low were, age over 30 years [odds ratio(OR)=6.81, 95% confidence interval(95%CI) 3.57-12.98)], total flight hours over 1 000 hours(OR=4.24, 95%CI 2.14-8.41), flight hours over 500 hours in the past year(OR=2.91, 95%CI 1.57-5.40), obesity(OR=2.50, 95%CI 1.08-5.81), fasting blood glucose(OR=2.24, 95%CI 1.21-4.13), and frequent long-distance flight(OR=2.38, 95%CI 1.24-4.58). These factors were the risk factors of hypertension in civil aviation pilots(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Age, total flight hours, flight hours in the past year, obesity, fasting blood glucose, frequent long-distance flight are related to the prevalence of hypertension in civil aviation pilots.

Analysis on the intervention of dry eye disease in aircrew members / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of using artificial tears and eye exercise for intervention of dry eye disease in aircrew members. METHODS: A accidental sampling method was used and 86 patients diagnosed with dry eye disease were selected as study subjects. Artificial tears or artificial tears plus eye exercise were used in patients. Symptoms of dry eye disease were investigated. RESULTS: of break up time( BUT) and schirmer I test( SIT) were recorded.RESULTS: The main symptoms of these 86 aviators diagnosed with dry eye disease were visual fatigue( 82. 6%),dry feeling( 60. 5%),and itchy eyes( 29. 1%). Among them,28 patients( 32. 6%) were treated with artificial tears only( artificial tears group) and 58 patients( 67. 4%) were treated with artificial tears plus eye exercise( combined treatment group). The duration of treatment of less than 4 weeks,4-weeks,and 6-9 weeks were 25,36 and 25 cases,respectively.After treatment,the symptoms improved in 71 patients( 82. 6%). All patients of these two groups showed improved SIT and BUT compared with the same group before treatment( P < 0. 01). There was no significant difference in the change of SIT and BUT between the artificial tears group and the combined treatment group after treatment( P > 0. 05). There was statistical significance in the change of SIT in the main effect of treatment time( P < 0. 01),but no significant difference in the main effect of treatment measures and the interaction effect( P > 0. 05). There was no statistical significance in the change of BUT in the main effect of treatment measures,treatment time and the interaction effect( P > 0. 05).CONCLUSION: The intervention using artificial tears or artificial tears combined with eye exercise improved the subjective symptoms of dry eye disease in aircrew members. The SIT and BUT also improved after intervention.

Influencing factors of job satisfaction of civil aviation pilots in a airline / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the job satisfaction status and its influencing factors in civil aviation pilots in a domestic airline. METHODS: A total of 422 civil aviation pilots of an airline were selected by the stratified random sampling method and investigated by Civil Aviation Pilots' Job Satisfaction Scale. Their job satisfaction situation and influencing factors were analyzed. RESULTS: The total score of job satisfaction of research objects was( 3. 0 ± 0. 5). The median and the quartile of the work arrangement,physical environment,salary and relationship with colleague were 2. 0( 1. 2),2. 2( 1. 0),3. 4( 1. 0) and 4. 0( 1. 0) respectively. The results of ordered multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the salary satisfaction in pilots with length of service over 10. 0 years was higher than that of pilots with service length over1. 0 year( P < 0. 05),while the satisfaction of physical environment and work arrangement in pilots with service length over10. 0 years were lower than those with service length over 1. 0 year( P < 0. 01). The salary satisfaction of captain and captain instructors were higher than that of pilots and copilots( P < 0. 05),while the satisfaction of physical environment and work arrangement captain and captain instructors were lower than that of pilots and copilots( P < 0. 05). The satisfaction of work arrangement in married pilots was lower than that of unmarried pilots( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: The marital status,service length and job title were the major influencing factors of job satisfaction in civil aviation pilots.

Fatores e erros humanos na inspeção de segurança da aviação civil brasileira / Human factors and errors in the brazilian civil aviation security inspection / Los factores y errores humanos en la inspección de seguridad de la aviación civil brasileña

A área de security, e especificamente de security no canal de inspeção de segurança da aviação civil brasileira, apresenta carência de estudos quanto à identificação, à quantificação, à causa e ao impacto de fatores e erros humanos. Este estudo teve o objetivo de identificar os fatores e erros humanos envolvidos no processo de inspeção de segurança da aviação civil brasileira. Empregando-se a teoria do sistema geral de modelagem do erro - GEMS "Generic Error-Modelling System"- e os quatro eixos temáticos sobre fatores humanos preconizados pela Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional (OACI), elaborou-se o instrumento da pesquisa constituído por 60 questões. A amostra foi composta por 602 (seiscentos e dois) profissionais AVSEC (segurança da aviação civil contra atos de interferência ilícita) que laboram no canal de inspeção, distribuídos em 18 (dezoito) aeroportos brasileiros. Os resultados foram retratados por meio de estatística descritiva e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Os principais pontos da etapa descritiva fazem referência ao tempo de serviço majoritário no canal de inspeção, ao grau de escolaridade e ao de rendimento mensal bruto. Após as etapas da ACP, 46 itens do questionário foram categorizados em 7 (sete) componentes principais, os quais representaram 42, 04% da proporção total da variância explicada dos dados, isto é, dos erros e fatores humanos pesquisados. Concluiu-se, a partir da ACP, que há incidência de fatores e erros humanos no processo de inspeção de segurança, cujos percentuais são retratados neste artigo.

This study aimed at identifying human factors and errors that may exist in the Brazilian civil aviation security inspection process. Employing the theory of the Generic Error Modeling System (GEMS) and the four themes about human factors recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organization - ICAO, the research instrument was formulated, being composed of 60 questions. The sample was composed of six hundred and two (602) AVSEC professionals (civil aviation security against acts of unlawful interference) who work in security check points, covering eighteen (18) Brazilian airports. The results were presented using descriptive statistics and Principal Components Analysis - PCA. The main points of the descriptive stage related to the preponderant length of service, level of education, and monthly income. After the PCA steps, 46 questionnaire items were categorized into seven (7) principal components, which represented 42.04% of the total variance being explained by the data. It was concluded from the PCA that there is incidence of human factors and errors in the security inspection process, whose percentages are described in this article.

El área de la seguridad, y, específicamente, en el canal de inspección de seguridad de la aviación civil brasileña, muestra carencia de estudios sobre la identificación, cuantificación, causas e impacto al respecto de errores y factores humanos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores y los errores humanos que intervienen en el proceso de inspección de seguridad de la aviación civil brasileña. Al emplearse la teoría del sistema de modelación del error -GEMS "Generic Error - Modelling System- y de las cuatro áreas temáticas de los factores humanos recomendados por la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI), se elaboró un instrumento de investigación constituido de 60 preguntas. La muestra consistió en 602 (seiscientos dos) profesionales AVSEC (seguridad de la aviación civil contra actos de interferencia ilícita), que trabajan en el canal de inspección de seguridad, repartidos en dieciocho (18) aeropuertos. Los resultados fueron retratados a través de estadística descriptiva y Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP). Los puntos principales de la etapa descriptiva se refieren al tiempo de servicio en el canal de la inspección, el nivel de escolaridad y el ingreso bruto mensual. Tras los pasos de la ACP, 46 ítems del cuestionario fueron clasificados en 7 (siete) componentes principales, que representaron el 42.04% de la proporción total de varianza explicada de los datos. Se concluyó, a partir de la ACP, que hay incidencia de factores y errores humanos en el proceso de inspección de seguridad, cuyos porcentajes son retratados en este artículo.

Ultra-long distance transport of donor lung for lung transplantation by civil aviation:a report of 6 cases / 器官移植

Objective To explore the feasibility of ultra-long distance transport of lung from donation after cardiac death (DCD)or donation after brain death (DBD)by civil aviation for lung transplantation.Methods Clinical data of 6 cases with lung transplantation through ultra-long distance transport of lung from donors by civil aviation in Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from February to March in 201 5 were analyzed retrospectively.Results There were 6 donors who were DBD or DCD.It spent 5.0 ~8.5 h from lung removal,transport to lung transplantation in the operation room,including 2.0 ~3.0 h (mileage > 1 500 km)for flight.Five cases received sequential double lung transplantation.One case received right single lung transplantation.The operation was conducted successfully,with the lung's cold ischemia time of 7-1 2 h.After operation,all patients received ventilator assisted breathing,and suspended after 2-4 d.As of the date of submission,6 cases recovered well.Conclusions Long distance transport is feasible in the case of conducting sequential double lung transplantation with donor lung from DCD or DBD,if there are direct flights between the two cities of the donor and recipient,and the flight time is within 3 h.

Reliability and validity of job content questionnaire vs effort-reward imbalance questionnaire in job stress evaluation for civil aviation staff / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To compare the reliability and validity of job content questionnaire (JCQ1.0) and effort-reward imbalance (ERI) questionnaire in job stress study for civil aviation staff. Methods One hundred and ten individuals were investigated by JCQ1. 0 and ERI questionnaire for job stress, and their reliability and validity were evaluated. Results In JCQ1. 0, high-strain, active, passive,and low-strain workers accounted for 23.6%, 20. 9%, 24. 5%, and 30. 9%. Job stress was found in 59. 1% in ERI. The internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach α) of the 3 dimensions in JCQ1.0 ranged from 0. 10 to 0. 51, and the split-half reliability was 0. 50; however, the internal consistency reliabilities ( Cronbach α) of the 3 dimensions in ERI ranged from 0. 35 to 0. 79, and the split-half reliability was 0. 78.Most items of both questionnaires showed good construct validities. In factor analysis, total variance contribution was 64. 62% ( JCQ1. 0 ) and 58.08% ( ERI ), respectively. Conclusion ERI may be a reliable and valid tool of job stress assessment; however, JCQ1.0 seems to need further modification.

Investigation of incidence of hyperlipaemia and fatty liver in civil aviation pilots / 中国基层医药

Objective To study the incidence of hyperlipaemia and fatty liver in civil aviation pilots,and provide evidence for enhancing physical quality of the civil aviation pilots.Methods Aecording to the physical exam-ination results.the incidence of hyperlipaemia and fatty liver in civil aviation pilots was analyzed.The incidence of hy-pedipaemia and fatty liver was compared.Results The incidence of hyperlipaemia and fatty liver of the civil aviation pilots showed increasing trend year by year,the incidence of group 41～50 years old was the highest.Conclusion It was necessary to detect and intervene hyperlipaemia and fatty liver in civil aviation pilots,so as to enhance physical quality of the civil aviation pilots,and prolong the flight life.

Research on Development of "Psychological Stress Questionnaire of China Civil Aviation Pilots" / 航天医学与医学工程

Objective To develop "Psychological Stress Questionnaire of China Civil Aviation Pilots(PSQ-CCAP)"according to their vocational characteristics.Methods Firstly based on literature reviews,expert interviews and open questionnaire investigations,the preliminary psychological stress questionnaire,with 47 items,was developed.Preliminary test data(N1=144) were processed with factor analysis,reliability and validity detection.Secondly 180 questionnaires were sent to various airline civil aviation pilots,165 were back.Formal test data(N2=315) were checked with factor analysis.Results "PSQ-CCAP" consisted of work load,colleague relation,career development,requirements of aviation safety,work environment and life event stresses,6 dimensions,total with 32 items.Good reliability and validity(with c coefficient 0.706~0.897) met the requirements of PSQ-CCAP.Conclusion "PSQ-CCAP" is developed.It can be applied to psychological stress measurement of China civil aviation pilots and further related researches.