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Resumo Introdução: O acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico tem como tratamento a terapia trombolítica, aplicada ainda na fase aguda, promovendo melhora importante nas sequelas acarretadas por este agravo. Considerando a complexidade da terapia trombolítica, torna-se necessário que os enfermeiros compreendam suas competências para auxiliar no cuidado. Objetivo: Identificar evidências científicas acerca das competências do enfermeiro no cuidado a pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral elegíveis à terapia trombolítica. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa composta por seis etapas em seis etapas (elaboração da questão, busca na literatura, coleta de dados, análise, discussão e apresentação da revisão), realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase e CINAHL. A busca foi realizada entre agosto e setembro de 2022 adotando como critérios de inclusão estudos primários; gratuitos, disponíveis eletronicamente na íntegra; nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Foram obtidos inicialmente 2.830 estudos, os quais passaram por uma seleção, onde foram incluídos aqueles que atendiam os critérios previamente estabelecidos. Resultados: Com base nos doze estudos incluídos nesta revisão identificaram-se competências voltadas à três atividades do cuidado: gestão do cuidado como trabalho em equipe, códigos, fluxos e protocolos, assistência ao paciente antes, durante e após a utilização da terapia trombolítica e educação em saúde para equipe, pacientes e familiares. Conclusão: Os achados desta revisão puderam evidenciar as competências do enfermeiro no cuidado aos pacientes elegíveis a terapia trombolítica, as quais perpassam diferentes áreas de atuação do enfermeiro. Para este estudo prevaleceram as competências assistências, seguida por competências gerenciais.
Resumen Introducción: El accidente cerebrovascular isquémico se trata con terapia trombolítica, aplicada incluso en la fase aguda, que promueve una mejoría significativa de las secuelas provocadas por este padecimiento. Considerando la complejidad de la terapia trombolítica, es necesario que las personas profesionales de enfermería comprendan sus competencias para ayudar en el cuidado. Objetivo: Identificar evidencias científicas sobre las competencias del personal de enfermería en el cuidado de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular elegibles para terapia trombolítica. Metodología: Revisión integradora que consta de seis etapas (elaboración de la pregunta, búsqueda bibliográfica, recolección de datos, análisis, discusión y presentación de la revisión), realizada en las bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase y CINAHL. La búsqueda se realizó entre agosto y septiembre de 2022. Los criterio de inclusión fueron: estudios primarios, gratuito, disponible electrónicamente en su totalidad, en inglés, portugués y español. Inicialmente se obtuvieron 2830 estudios, los cuales fueron sometidos a un proceso de selección, que incluyó aquellos que cumplían con los criterios previamente establecidos. Resultados: A partir de los doce estudios incluidos en esta revisión, se identificaron competencias centradas en tres actividades asistenciales: gestión del cuidado como trabajo en equipo, códigos, flujos y protocolos, atención a pacientes antes, durante y después del uso de la terapia trombolítica y educación en salud para personal, pacientes y familias. Conclusión: Los hallazgos de esta revisión pudieron resaltar las competencias de las personas profesionales en enfermería en el cuidado de personas elegibles para terapia trombolítica, que abarcan diferentes áreas de actuación del personal de enfermería. Para este estudio, prevalecieron las habilidades asistenciales, seguidas de las competencias gerenciales.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Ischemic stroke is treated with thrombolytic therapy, applied even in the acute phase, promoting a significant improvement in the after-effects caused by this condition. Considering the complexity of thrombolytic therapy, it is necessary for nurses to understand the skills required to assist in care. Objective: To identify scientific evidence about the competencies of nurses in the care of patients with stroke who are eligible for thrombolytic therapy. Methodology: An integrative review consisting of six stages (elaboration of the question, literature review, data collection, analysis, discussion, and presentation), conducted in MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF, IBECS, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL databases. The search was carried out between August and September 2022 using primary studies as the inclusion criteria: free of charge, fully available electronically, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Initially, 2.830 studies were obtained, which underwent a selection process that included only those studies that met the previously established criteria. Results: Based on the twelve studies included in this review, competencies focused on three care activities were identified: care management such as teamwork; codes; flows and protocols; patient care before, during, and after the use of thrombolytic therapy; and education health education for staff, patients, and families. Conclusion: The findings of this review highlighted the nurses' competencies in the care of patients eligible for thrombolytic therapy, which encompass different areas of the nurse's work. For this study, assistance competencies prevailed, followed by management competencies.
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Humans , Thrombolytic Therapy/nursing , Stroke/nursing , Nursing CareABSTRACT
Introduction: The mínimum number of procedures required to be performed during anesthesia training has not been officially defined in Colombia. Although a number is no guarantee of acquired competencies, it does indicate the level of opportunity offered by the different programs. This study describes the practical training afforded to residents in a graduate anesthesia program in Colombia, and compares its results with international standards. Objective: Describe exposure to procedures performed by residents enrolled in a three-year anesthesia specialization program in Colombia between 2015 and 2020, and compare with the standards proposed by ASCOFAME and ACGME. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study which included residents who did their specialization in a Colombian anesthesia program between 2015 and 2020. Complexity, anesthesia techniques, invasive monitoring and airway approach were described. Finally a descriptive comparison was made with the published references of the Colombian Association of Medical Schools (ASCOFAME) and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Results: The results for 10 residents were included. Each resident had a median of 978 cases (IQR 942-1120), corresponding to 25 surgical specialties, the most frequent being general surgery (18%), orthopedics (16%), pediatric surgery (19%), and obstetrics (10.8%). According to the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) classification, the majority of patients were ASA II (39.63%) and ASA III (28.4%). Adequate exposure was achieved in 11 of the 15 categories proposed by ACGME and in 6 of the 15 proposed by ASCOFAME. Conclusions: A detailed description of the practice component acquired by the residents during their three years of training was obtained. This baseline provides insight into the national landscape and allows to describe the relationship with international standards.
Introducción: En Colombia no se encuentra oficialmente definido el número mínimo de procedimientos que se deben realizar durante el entrenamiento en anestesiología. Aunque el número no garantiza la adquisición de competencias de la especialidad, sí es un indicador de la oportunidad ofertada por parte de los programas. Este estudio describe el entrenamiento práctico que tienen los médicos residentes en un programa de posgrado de anestesiología en Colombia y compara sus resultados con estándares internacionales. Objetivo: Describir la exposición a procedimientos realizados por los médicos residentes de un programa de especialización en anestesiología de tres años en Colombia, entre 2015 y 2020, y compararlo con los estándares propuestos por ASCOFAME y el ACGME. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal; se incluyeron los residentes que cursaron su programa de especialidad en un programa colombiano de anestesiología entre 2015 y 2020. Se describieron la complejidad, técnicas anestésicas, monitoría invasiva y abordaje de la vía aérea. Finalmente, se compararon los resultados de manera descriptiva con lo referenciado por la Asociación Colombiana de Facultades de Medicina y el Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Resultados: Se incluyeron los resultados de 10 médicos residentes. El número de casos por residente tuvo una mediana de 978 casos (RIQ942-1120), correspondientes a 25 especialidades quirúrgicas; cirugía general (18 %), ortopedia (16 %), cirugía pediátrica (19 %) y obstetricia (10,8 %) fueron las más frecuentes. Según la clasificación de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiología (ASA), la mayoría de los pacientes tenían ASA 2 (39,63 %), ASA 3 (28,4 %). Se alcanzó una exposición adecuada en 11 de las 15 categorías propuestas por el ACGME y en 6 de las 15 propuestas por la Asociación Colombiana de Facultades de Medicina. Conclusiones: Se obtuvo una descripción detallada del aspecto práctico de los residentes de anestesiología durante sus tres años de formación. Esta línea de base permite ampliar el panorama a escala nacional y describir la relación con estándares internacionales.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on cataract surgery by residents who had mandatory surgical simulator training during residency. Methods: In this retrospective, observational analytical study, the total number of cataract surgeries and surgical complications by all senior residents of 2019 (2019 class; prepandemic) and 2020 (2020 class; affected by the reduced number of elective surgeries due to the COVID-19 pandemic) were collected and compared. All residents had routine mandatory cataract surgery training on a virtual surgical simulator during residency. The total score obtained by these residents on cataract challenges of the surgical simulator was also evaluated. Results: The 2020 and 2019 classes performed 1275 and 2561 cataract surgeries, respectively. This revealed a reduction of 50.2% in the total number of procedures performed by the 2020 class because of the pandemic. The incidence of surgical complications was not statistically different between the two groups (4.2% in the 2019 class and 4.9% in the 2020 class; p=0.314). Both groups also did not differ in their mean scores on the simulator's cataract challenges (p<0.696). Conclusion: Despite the reduction of 50.2% in the total number of cataract surgeries performed by senior residents of 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of surgical complications did not increase. This suggests that surgical simulator training during residency mitigated the negative effects of the reduced surgical volume during the pandemic.
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Abstract Objective: To identify the factors affecting clinical performance among dental students and to help addressing these problems. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study in which students of third and final year of dentistry participated. Data was collected from June 2022 till September 2022. Data was collected from the third and final year dental students of both public and private dental colleges within the Pakistan using a purposive sampling technique. Results: A total of 372 dental students participated in this study. Thirty eight (31.9%) students belonged to third year while 81 (68.1%) were final year students from government college. For the private dental college, 121 (47.8%) were third year students while 132 (52.2%) were final year students. Majority of the participants were males from both the colleges. 42.9% of government dental students and 26.5% of private dental students agreed on well-preparedness of clinical instructors. 5.5% from private and 21.0% from government dental colleges agreed that adequate personal protective equipment were present in clinical departments. Conclusion: From this study, it is concluded that there should be focus more focus on the factors to enhance clinical skills, supervision of students in clinical practice to help addressing the problems faced during learning and performance in a clinical environment, to produce self-confident, motivated, knowledgeable, skillful and a professional dental graduates.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Students, Dental , Occupational Health , Employee Performance Appraisal , Pakistan/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Problem-Based LearningABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Medical specialties have recognized that breaking bad news assists clinical practice by mitigating the impact of difficult conversations. This scenario also encourages various studies on breaking bad news in ophthalmology since certain ocular diagnoses can be considered bad news. Thus, the objective is to review the scientific literature on breaking bad news in ophthalmology. The literature databases like MEDLINE/PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS, SCOPUS, COCHRANE, and SCIELO, were screened for related research publications. Two independent reviewers read all the articles and short-listed the most relevant ones. Seven articles, in the formats of original article, review, editorial, oral communication, and correspondence, were reviewed. Conclusively it reveals that ophthalmologists are concerned with communicating bad news effectively but lack related studies. Nevertheless, there is a growing realization that training in breaking bad news can increase physicians' confidence during communication, thus, benefiting the therapeutic relationship with the patient and his family. Therefore, it would be valuable to include breaking bad news training in the curriculum of residencies.
RESUMO O reconhecimento sobre a comunicação de más notícias como mitigadora de conversas difíceis por outras especialidades médicas, incentiva o estudo desta temática na oftalmologia. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo é revisar a produção de pesquisas científicas sobre a comunicação de más notícias em oftalmologia. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura. As bases de dados utilizadas foram MEDLINE/PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS, SCOPUS, COCHRANE e SCIELO. Dois revisores independentes leram todos os artigos e selecionaram a amostra final. Sete artigos foram escolhidos nos formatos de artigo original, revisão, editorial, comunicação oral e correspondência. Os oftalmologistas estão preocupados em comunicar as más notícias de forma eficaz, mas faltam estudos sobre o tema. No entanto, há uma crescente percepção de que o treinamento de comunicação de más notícias aumenta a confiança dos médicos na comunicação, beneficiando a relação terapêutica. Portanto, seria valioso incluir este treinamento no currículo das residências.
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Resumen La evaluación es un proceso sistemático que resulta en un juicio de valor para tomar decisiones. Los instrumentos empleados para obtener datos sobre el desempeño de los estudiantes requieren de un proceso sistemático y objetivo para su implementación. El mini-CEX es un instrumento de observación directa que ha sido empleado para la evaluación de la competencia clínica en los estudiantes de pre y posgrado desde su invención en 1955. Cuenta con diferentes evidencias de validez para su uso en distintos contextos educativos y clínicos. Permite realizar evaluaciones rápidas, acompañadas de realimentación y que proporcionan información relevante del desarrollo de la competencia clínica. El objetivo de este escrito es exponer la experiencia de la implementación del mini-CEX en el pregrado médico para la evaluación formativa de los estudiantes utilizando la simulación con pacientes estandarizados. Para lograr este objetivo se empleó la siguiente secuencia: búsqueda, planeación, integración y aplicación. Posterior a estos pasos se dan una serie de recomendaciones para la implementación del mini-CEX. Se concluye que la evaluación de la competencia clínica es importante para la mejora continua y permanente de los estudiantes de pre y posgrado. Es necesario sistematizar la evaluación ajustada siempre a objetivos y necesidades específicas de la evaluación.
Abstract Evaluation is a systematic process that results in a judgment to make decisions. The instruments used to obtain data on student performance require a systematic and objective process for their implementation. The mini-CEX is a direct observation tool that has been used for the evaluation of clinical competence in undergraduate and postgraduate students since its invention in 1955. It has different validity evidence for use in different educational and clinical contexts. It allows rapid evaluations, accompanied by feedback and providing relevant information on the development of clinical competence. The objective of this paper is to expose the experience of the implementation of the mini-CEX in the medical undergraduate for the formative evaluation of students using simulation with standardized patients. To achieve this goal, the following sequence was used: search, planning, integration, and application. After these steps we make some recommendations for the implementation of the mini-CEX. Its is concluded that the evaluation of clinical competence is important for the continuous and permanent improvement of undergraduate and graduate students. It is necessary to systematize the evaluation always adjusted to objectives and specific needs of the evaluation.
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El examen clínico objetivo estructurado (ECOE) es una herramienta válida para medir competencias clínicas. En el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 se debieron adaptar las evaluaciones, habitualmente presenciales, a un formato virtual. El objetivo de este artículo es comunicar la experiencia de utilizar una modalidad virtual del ECOE para residentes de primer año de pediatría durante la pandemia por COVID-19. El ECOE comprendió 12 estaciones utilizando casos simulados en línea y consultas virtuales a distancia. Participaron del ECOE 115 residentes, aprobaron 110 (95,7%) y solo 17 participantes aprobaron el 100% de las estaciones. Las estaciones con mejor rendimiento fueron las referidas a alimentación complementaria, abordaje del traumatismo encéfalo craneano, interpretación de resultados de laboratorio y de imágenes radiológicas. El menor rendimiento se observó en uso de equipo de protección personal y vacunas. La encuesta de satisfacción fue respondida por 80/115 participantes (69,5%). El 91% de los participantes encontró fácil de utilizar la plataforma virtual. La mayoría (73/80) consideró que los temas fueron acordes al nivel de formación. La estación de pautas madurativas fue identificada como la más difícil. El 57% refirió que el ECOE les resultó útil para identificar puntos débiles en su formación. La implementación de una modalidad virtual del ECOE fue posible y presentó buena aceptación de los participantes.
The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a helpful tool for assessing clinical competencies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, assessments usually carried out in person had to be adapted to a virtual format. We aim to report our experience using a virtual OSCE administered to first-year pediatric residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The OSCE included 12 stations, including online simulated cases and virtual remote consultations. In total 115 residents participated in the OSCE; 110 (95.7%) passed the test, but only 17 participants passed all stations. The stations with the highest performance were related to complementary feeding, management of traumatic head injury, interpretation of lab test results and imaging. The lowest performance was observed using personal protective equipment and checking vaccine schedules. The user satisfaction survey was completed by 80 out of 115 participants (69.5%); 91 % of the participants found the virtual platform easy to use. Most of the residents (73/80) considered the topics to be appropriate for their training level. The station related to child development guidelines was identified as the most challenging. 57% reported that the OSCE was helpful for identifying weaknesses in their training. Conclusion: the implementation of a virtual OSCE was feasible and it was well accepted by the participants.
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Introducción: Las competencias profesionales son cualidades humanas que permiten una visión personalizada en un individuo, el cual se desempeña en un contexto único y, a la vez, cambiante, buscando desarrollar los recursos personológicos que debe utilizar en su vida laboral. Objetivo: Valorar la implementación de un modelo para el desarrollo de competencias profesionales específicas en la atención a pacientes con enfermedades estomatognáticas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio en educación médica en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas en Santiago de Cuba, durante el curso 2018-2019. La población estuvo constituida por los 59 residentes que cursaban el primer año de la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral, en quienes se aplicó un modelo para el desarrollo de competencias profesionales específicas. Durante la investigación se usaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, así como estadísticos, particularmente la distribución de frecuencias absoluta y relativa y la prueba de McNemar para determinar el nivel de desarrollo después de implementado el modelo. Resultados: Se obtuvieron opiniones positivas en el taller de socialización luego de la implementación práctica del modelo. De los residentes en estomatología, 96,4 % aprobó su pertinencia, mientras que 83,1 % estuvo muy satisfecho con él. Conclusiones: Luego de aplicado el modelo propuesto, se evidenció el desarrollo de las competencias profesionales específicas en la atención a pacientes con afecciones odontológicas.
Introduction: Professional competencies are human qualities that allow a personalized vision in an individual, who performs his functions in an unique, and at the same time, changing context, and seeks to develop the personological features that he must use in his working life. Objective: To assess the implementation of a model for the development of specific professional competence in the care of patients with stomatognathic diseases. Methods: A study in medical education was conducted at the Faculty of Dentistry in the University of Medical Sciences from Santiago de Cuba, during the 2018-2019 academic year. The population consisted of the 59 residents who were in the first year of the specialty of Comprehensive General Dentistry, in whom a model for the development of specific professional competence in dental care was applied. During the investigation theoretical and empirical methods were used, as well as statistics, particularly the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies, and McNemar test to evaluate the level of development after the model has been implemented. Results: In the socialization workshop, after the practical implementation of the model, positive opinions were obtained. Among the residents in dentistry, 96.4% approved the relevance of the model, while 83.1% were very satisfied. Conclusions: After applying the proposed model, the development of specific professional competence in the care of patients with dental conditions was evidenced.
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Introducción: La creciente aparición del cáncer bucal en etapas avanzadas revela la necesidad de egresar profesionales preparados que contribuyan a su prevención y diagnóstico precoz. Objetivo: Evaluar un sistema de tareas docentes para el desarrollo de la habilidad en el diagnóstico precoz del cáncer bucal. Métodos: Se realizó un preexperimento en 32 estudiantes y 10 profesores vinculados al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Población de la carrera de Estomatología en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Guantánamo, en el curso escolar 2022-2023. A tal efecto, se determinó la variable el desarrollo de la habilidad para el diagnóstico precoz del cáncer bucal, con sus dimensiones e indicadores, y se comprobó la significación de un sistema de tareas docentes para este fin a través de la prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados: De acuerdo con los rangos de Wilcoxon, el sistema de tareas docentes resultó confiable para contribuir al desarrollo de la habilidad objeto de estudio (p<0,05). Los estudiantes consideraron que dicho sistema constituye la vía idónea para su preparación en el tema; de igual forma, todos los profesores coincidieron en cuanto a su pertinencia, factibilidad, efectividad, utilidad práctica y relevancia. Conclusiones: El sistema de tareas docentes aplicado durante la práctica preprofesional de los estudiantes de estomatología demostró ser factible para el desarrollo de la habilidad en el diagnóstico precoz del cáncer bucal.
Introduction: The increasing appearance of advanced oral cancer reveals the need of graduating professionals, prepared to contribute to its prevention and early diagnosis. Objective: To evaluate a system of teaching tasks for the development of competence in oral cancer early diagnosis. Methods: A pre-experiment was carried out with 32 students and 10 professors, who were involved in the teaching-learning process of the subject Comprehensive Dental Care for the Population of Dentistry degree in the University of Medical Sciences from Guantánamo, in the 2022-2023 academic year. For this purpose, the development of competence in oral cancer early diagnosis was determined as the variable, with its dimensions and indicators, and the significance of a system of teaching tasks for this objective was verified through the Wilcoxon test. Results: According to the Wilcoxon ranks, the teaching task system was reliable in contributing to the development of the competence under study (p<0.05). The students considered that this system is the ideal way for their training on the subject; in the same way, all teachers agreed regarding the relevance, feasibility, effectiveness, and practical utility of the teaching task system. Conclusions: The teaching task system applied during pre-professional practice of dentistry students proved to be feasible for the development of competence in oral cancer early diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Mouth Neoplasms , Early Detection of CancerABSTRACT
Fundamento: El estudio teórico, el diagnóstico realizado y la experiencia de los investigadores, posibilitan formular como problema de la presente investigación: limitaciones en el desarrollo de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades dermatológicas en los residentes de la especialidad de Dermatología del Hospital General Provincial Docente "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" de Ciego de Ávila. Objetivo: Elaborar una concepción didáctica del proceso de formación interdisciplinar de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades dermatológicas en los residentes de la especialidad de Dermatología, a partir de la caracterización del estado actual de esta habilidad. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación educativa con un componente descriptivo en el Hospital General Provincial Docente "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" de Ciego de Ávila, en los cursos escolares desde 2016 al 2020. La población de estudio fueron los 16 residentes de 1.er año que matricularon la especialidad de Dermatología en el período de estudio. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico y empírico. Resultados: La caracterización realizada reveló limitaciones en el desarrollo de la habilidad diagnosticar enfermedades dermatológicas en los laboratorios de Anatomía Patológica, Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, por los residentes (100 %). La concepción didáctica del proceso de formación interdisciplinar de la habilidad diagnosticar orienta el proceso desde las actividades docentes-atencionales y prácticas de laboratorio en una consecutividad lógica y sistematización desde las diferentes formas de enseñanza y tipologías de clase. Integra la interdisciplinariedad y la utilización del método investigativo establecido en las ideas rectoras. Conclusiones: La concepción didáctica como aporte de la investigación resuelve la contradicción dialéctica entre la aplicación del método clínico y los procedimientos en la práctica de laboratorio que se da en ese proceso formativo y constituye un soporte didáctico que respalda las actividades prácticas en los laboratorios para cumplir con los objetivos del Plan de estudio de la especialidad.
Background: The theoretical study, the diagnosis conducted and the experience of the researchers make possible to formulate the problem of the present research: limitations in the development of the ability to diagnose dermatological diseases in residents of the Specialty of Dermatology of the General Provincial Teaching Hospital "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" of Ciego de Avila. Objective: To elaborate a didactic conception of the interdisciplinary training process of the ability to diagnose dermatological diseases in residents of the specialty of Dermatology, based on the characterization of the current state of that ability. Methodology: An educational research with a descriptive component was conducted at the Provincial General Teaching Hospital "Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola" of Ciego de Avila, in the 2016-2020 school years. The study population consisted of the 16 first-year dermatology residents who enrolled in the specialty during the study period. Results: The characterization conducted showed limitations in the development of the ability to diagnose dermatological diseases in anatomic pathology laboratories, Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, by residents (100%). The didactic conception of the interdisciplinary training process of diagnostic ability focuses on teaching and learning activities and laboratory practices in a logical consecutiveness and systematization from the different forms of teaching and class typologies. It integrates the interdisciplinary and the use of the research method that is established in the guiding ideas. Conclusions: The didactic conception, as a research contribution, resolves the dialectic contradiction between the application of the clinical method and the procedures in laboratory practice that occurs in this formative process which is a didactic support that backs up the practical activities in the laboratories in order to achieve the objectives of the study plan of the specialty.
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Clinical Competence , Dermatology/education , Education, Medical/methods , Interdisciplinary Placement/methods , Medical StaffABSTRACT
By replacing bedside clinical training with online lectures and simulation-based case scenarios, the Covid-19 pandemic has transformed the healthcare and medical education system of India. The compromise in clinical competency, patient interaction, coping strategies, and lack of resources and preparedness were the major constraints in delivering quality healthcare services during the pandemic. The pandemic taught us key lessons on empathy, preparedness and patience. Here is my experience as a student from the batch of MBBS students who had received their final year training through online lectures and then, as an intern having my first hospital posting amidst the second wave of Covid-19.
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Historically, death has been socially accepted, but for the last decades it has been hidden in hospitals, transforming physicians into "death specialists". Thus, medical graduates should feel prepared to assume this responsibility accompanying the patient and their family through the process. With this in consideration, the present work explores students' and graduates' perceptions of preparation to face a patient's death (SPEM) in a Chilean Medical school and identifies SPEM-associated characteristics. An observational study was performed using a digital form sent by email to interns and 2018 and 2019 graduates of the Facultad de Medicina CAS-UDD, in which they were asked about their SPEM and possible SPEM-related variables. The results showed that 63% and 31% of interns and graduates reported feeling inadequately prepared or unprepared to address a patient's death, respectively. During the first two years of their profession, 71% of graduates faced a patient's death. There was a significant correlation between the SPEM and death-facing training. Considering these results and the previous evidence of the positive impact that classes and courses have on SPEM, it is suggested that an obligatory course should be added to improve SPEM in medical students.
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Introducción: el electrocardiograma constituye un examen de gran utilidad clínica. Por tal motivo, se necesita lograr en los estudiantes habilidades que permitan su interpretación correcta. Objetivo: caracterizar la preparación de los estudiantes de Medicina para la identificación de las alteraciones electrocardiográficas durante la educación en el trabajo. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en el Hospital General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola, Ciego de Ávila, en el curso escolar 2020-2021. La población de estudio fue de 21 estudiantes de tercer año de Medicina del Grupo Básico de Trabajo asignado a la Sala de Cardiología, a quienes se aplicó una encuesta de autoevaluación. Resultados: el 52 % se autoevaluaron de Mal, y el 43 % de Regular, en la identificación del electrocardiograma normal y patológico. En cuanto a la relación entre método clínico e interpretación del electrocardiograma para el diagnóstico de diferentes enfermedades cardiovasculares, un 48 % se evaluaron de Regular y un 43 % de Mal. En la precisión al reconocer el origen de cada onda, segmentos e intervalos, y cada una de sus desviaciones patológicas, el 71 % se evaluó de Mal y el 29 % de Regular. En la precisión para el diagnóstico de síndromes electrocardiográficos potencialmente vitales, el 91 % se evaluó de Mal; de igual manera lo hizo el 95 % en el reconocimiento de los criterios electrocardiográficos para el diagnóstico de las hipertrofias de las cavidades. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico reveló dificultades, demostradas en las autoevaluaciones de los estudiantes, de Regular y Mal en todos los indicadores.
Introduction: electrocardiogram is a very useful clinical examination. For that reason, it is necessary to achieve in the students skills allowing its correct interpretation. Objective: to characterize the training of Medicine students for identifying electrocardiographic alterations during their education at work. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out at the General Teaching Hospital Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola, of Ciego de Avila, during the 2020-2021 school year. The study population was 21 third-year Medicine students from the Basic Work Team assigned to the Cardiology Ward, to whom a self-assessment survey was applied. Results: 52% of students self-evaluated Unsatisfactory, and 43% Acceptable in the identification of normal and pathological electrocardiogram. Regarding the relationship between the clinical method and the interpretation of the electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of different cardiovascular diseases, 48% was evaluated Acceptable and 43% Unsatisfactory. In the accuracy when recognizing the origin of each wave, segments or intervals, and each of their pathological deviations, 71% was evaluated Unsatisfactory and 29% Acceptable. In the precision for the diagnosis of potentially life-threatening electrocardiographic syndromes, 91% was evaluated Unsatisfactory; 95% was also evaluated Unsatisfactory in recognizing the electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of cavity hypertrophies. Conclusions: the diagnosis revealed difficulties assessed as acceptable and unsatisfactory in all indicators, exposed in the students' self-evaluations.
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OBJETIVO: Avaliar o ensino baseado em simulação no desenvolvimento da competência clínica de estudantes. MÉTODO: Estudo quase experimental realizado em uma universidade pública que participaram 62 estudantes. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se um Teste de Conhecimento e um Checklist. Os dados foram apresentados em percentual e comparados com a ANOVA. RESULTADOS: A média do percentual do conhecimento, antes, durante e após as estratégias teóricas (estudo de caso e aula teórica dialogada), foi 67,6%, 76,7% e 88,1% respectivamente e 87,6% após 30 dias. Na simulação, a habilidade "comunicou-se com fala nítida e tom de voz controlado" obteve 93,5% de acertos; "acoplou oxímetro de pulso" e "administrou o antiagregante plaquetário" 100%; 75% dos estudantes classificaram o paciente em um dos três grupos de síndrome coronariana e 83,7% relacionaram com o melhor tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: O ensino baseado em simulação possibilitou o desenvolvimento da competência clínica dos estudantes no atendimento de síndrome coronariana.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate simulation-based teaching in the development of students' clinical competence. METHOD: Quasi-experimental study carried out at a public university with the participation of 62 students. A Knowledge Test and a Checklist were used for data collection. Data were presented as percentages and compared using ANOVA. RESULTS: The average percentage of knowledge, before, during and after the theoretical strategies (case study and dialogued theoretical class), was 67.6%, 76.7% and 88.1% respectively and 87.6% after 30 days. In the simulation, the skill "communicated with clear speech and controlled tone of voice" obtained 93.5% of correct answers; "attached pulse oximeter" and "administered platelet antiaggregant" 100%; 75% of the students classified the patient in one of the three groups of coronary syndrome and 83.7% related it to the best treatment. CONCLUSION: Simulation-based teaching enabled the development of students' clinical competence in treating coronary syndromes.
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Humans , Students, Nursing , Clinical Competence , Acute Coronary Syndrome , Simulation Training , Patient Care , Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to create and validate an instrument to measure pediatric residents' knowledge about development and behavior. Methods: This was a longitudinal study with the consecutive application of questionnaires to validate an instrument of analysis. The modified Delphi technique was used for validation, which involved judges who were selected based on their expertise. Judges, who were renowned for their knowledge of the subject and willing to participate, were chosen from different states of Brazil. A convenience sample was obtained. The original questionnaire included 45 open questions divided into 13 relevant thematic axes on development and behavior. Results: After the third round using the Delphi technique, the whole questionnaire had a validity index of more than 80% on scope and relevance as well as all thematic axes, and the 44 final questions. Conclusions: The whole questionnaire was considered validated by the 14 expert judges who participated in the study.
RESUMO Objetivo: Construir e validar o conteúdo de um instrumento de análise do conhecimento acerca do diagnóstico de transtornos de desenvolvimento e comportamento entre residentes de pediatria. Métodos: Foi realizada uma aplicação consecutiva de questionários, visando à validação de um instrumento de análise. A metodologia utilizada para a validação foi a técnica Delphi modificada. Juízes especialistas procedentes de diferentes Estados do Brasil foram selecionados com base em sua expertise no tema, por meio de uma amostra de conveniência. O primeiro questionário submetido continha originalmente 45 questões de múltipla escolha, divididas em 13 eixos temáticos relevantes, sobre desenvolvimento e comportamento. Resultados: Após a terceira rodada da metodologia, o questionário como um todo obteve mais de 80% de índice de validade de conteúdo sobre abrangência e relevância, assim como todos os eixos temáticos e as 44 questões finais. Conclusões: O questionário como um todo foi considerado validado pelos 14 juízes especialistas que participaram do estudo.
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Resumo Objetivos descrever estratégia de treinamento mediado pela prática supervisionada à beira-leito para enfermeiros na pandemia de COVID-19 e identificar a percepção dos enfermeiros quanto à contribuição do treinamento na aquisição de conhecimentos e habilidades para o atendimento ao paciente crítico. Método estudo observacional, longitudinal, retrospectivo, descritivo e quantitativo, realizado em hospital de grande porte (São Paulo). Dados foram coletados no primeiro semestre de 2021 após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, sob Parecer 5.423.393. Foram selecionados dez procedimentos para supervisão, como aspiração traqueal, sondagem nasogástrica, punção venosa, paramentação, curativo e manuseio de equipamentos. Resultados dos 72 participantes, 87,5% eram mulheres, com idade e tempo médio de atuação de 33 anos a nove meses, respectivamente. Inicialmente, o profissional participou do treinamento institucional padrão de 26 horas e, posteriormente, ao mediado pela prática supervisionada. O tempo médio por procedimento foi de 45 minutos. A mediana de proficiência em oito dos procedimentos foi oito. A maioria dos profissionais se autoavaliou como confiante (98,9%) e satisfeitos com o treinamento (99,4%). Conclusão e implicações para a prática o treinamento possibilitou um processo estruturado de identificação e acompanhamento da prática assistencial, permitindo uma estratégia efetiva para prover profissionais preparados e atuando com segurança.
Resumen Objetivos describir estrategia de formación mediada por la práctica supervisada de cabecera para enfermeros durante la pandemia de COVID -19 y identificar la percepción de los enfermeros sobre la contribución de la formación de cabecera en la adquisición de conocimientos y habilidades para la práctica asistencial en la atención a pacientes críticos. Método estudio observacional de carácter longitudinal, retrospectivo y descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en un hospital privado de gran porte en São Paulo. Los datos recopilados se refieren al período de abril a junio de 2021. La investigación fue aprobada por el por el Comité de Ética en Investigación del Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, bajo el Dictamen 5.423.393. Se seleccionaron diez procedimientos para supervisión, como aspiración traqueal, sonda nasogástrica, venopunción, batas, vendajes y manejo de equipos. El análisis de los datos se basó en estadística descriptiva y pruebas estadísticas. Resultado de los 72 participantes, el 87,5% era mujer, de 33 años de edad promedio y un tiempo promedio de nueve meses de trabajo (50%). Inicialmente, los profesionales participaron de la formación institucional estándar de 26 horas y, posteriormente, de la formación mediada por la práctica supervisada. El tiempo medio por procedimiento fue de 45 minutos. La mediana de competencia en ocho de los procedimientos fue ocho. La mayoría de los profesionales se calificaron como confiados (98,9%) y satisfechos con la formación (99,4%). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica la capacitación posibilitó un proceso estructurado de identificación y seguimiento de la práctica asistencial, posibilitando una estrategia eficaz para brindar profesionales preparados que trabajen con seguridad.
Abstract Objective to describe a strategy of mediated training by bedside supervised practice for nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine nurses' perception about contribution of bedside training for the acquisition of knowledge and skills for healthcare practice in critical care settings. Methods this was an observational, longitudinal, retrospective and descriptive study that used a quantitative approach, conducted at a large private health care facility in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The data collected refer to the period from April to June 2021. The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, under Protocol 5.423.393. Ten procedures were selected for supervision, such as tracheal aspiration, nasogastric tube, venipuncture, donning, dressing and equipment handling. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analyses and statistical tests. Results of the participants (72), 87.7% were women with mean age of 33 years and their mean work experience was 9 months (50%). Initially, professionals participated in the standard 26-hour institutional training and, later, in supervised practice-mediated training. The mean time per procedure was 45 minutes. The median proficiency in eight of the procedures was eight. Most professionals rated themselves as confident (98.9%) and satisfied with the training (99.4%). Conclusion and implications for practice the training enabled a structured process of identification and monitoring of care practice, allowing for an effective strategy to provide prepared professionals who work safely.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Clinical Competence , Education, Continuing/methods , COVID-19/nursing , Inservice Training/methods , Retrospective Studies , Longitudinal StudiesABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction Increasingly occupational therapy programmes have complemented traditional practice placements with Role Emerging Placements (REPs) in settings with no existing occupational therapy provision. Previous research has predominantly explored the student experience of such placements with largely favorable findings. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding the professional practice-based skills students develop within REPs. Objective To measure and compare students' competencies for occupational therapy practice developed within Role Emerging Placements (REP) to those in 'traditional' practice placements. Method A retrospective cohort study design was used to analyze data extracted from the Competency Based Fieldwork Evaluation for Occupational Therapists (CBFE-OT) of MSc pre-registration occupational therapy UK students (n=181). Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis measured and compared student fieldwork competency scores between four placements, one of which was a Role Emerging Placement (REP). Results Students scored significantly higher in 'Communication' and 'Professional Interactions' compared to all other practice competencies but scored significantly less well in 'Clinical Reasoning' and 'Practice Knowledge' regardless of placement model. However, in a REP, students scored significantly higher in 'Performance Management' compared to traditional placements (z=-2.222 p=0.026). Conclusion Students can develop similar skills of competence to practise in a REP as traditional placements and may better develop leadership and time management skills. These additional skills may advantage students in developing their careers and scoping the profession.
Resumo Introdução Os cursos de graduação em terapia ocupacional têm crescentemente complementado os campos de prática tradicional dos estágios com modelos alternativos, nos quais não existem serviços de terapia ocupacional. Pesquisas anteriores exploraram predominantemente a experiência do aluno em tais estágios, com resultados amplamente favoráveis. No entanto, há uma lacuna de conhecimento sobre as habilidades profissionais que tais alunos desenvolvem a partir deste modelo alternativo de estágio. Objetivo Medir e comparar as competências dos alunos para a prática de terapia ocupacional, desenvolvida em modelos de estágios alternativos onde não existem serviços de terapia ocupacional, com os estágios tradicionais. Método Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo no qual se analisou dados extraídos da avaliação "Competency Based Fieldwork Evaluation for Occupational Therapists (CBFE-OT)", utilizada para avaliar o desempenho de 181 alunos de terapia ocupacional de um curso de mestrado em uma universidade pública do Reino Unido. A análise estatística descritiva e inferencial mediu e comparou as pontuações de competência dos alunos em quatro estágios, em que um era o modelo alternativo, onde não havia oferta de serviços de terapia ocupacional. Resultados Os alunos obtiveram pontuações significativamente mais altas em 'Comunicação' e 'Interações profissionais', em comparação com todas as outras competências práticas, mas pontuaram significativamente menor em 'Raciocínio clínico' e 'Conhecimento prático', independentemente do modelo de estágio. No entanto, nos modelos de estágios alternativos, os alunos obtiveram pontuações significativamente mais altas em 'Gestão de desempenho' em comparação com os campos de estágio tradicionais (z = -2,222 p = 0,026). Conclusão Os alunos podem desenvolver habilidades de competência semelhantes para a prática a partir de modelos alternativos de estágio quando comparados com os estágios tradicionais, com melhor desenvolvimento nas habilidades de liderança e gerenciamento de tempo, favorável ao estágio alternativo. Essas habilidades adicionais podem beneficiar os alunos no desenvolvimento de suas carreiras e no escopo da profissão.
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Abstract: Introduction: Typical medical care has been characterized by professional and disease-centered attitudes, with little concern for focusing on the patient's psychosocial context and expectations. However, the medical care that seeks to more globally encompass the patient's perspective has shown to bring greater benefits. Objective: To evaluate the attitudes of medical students regarding the physician-patient relationship. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that evaluated the attitudes of students in the 4th semester of the medical course in relation to patient care based on the application of the Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale and a questionnaire with sociodemographic and curricular characteristics. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software and the Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc, and Chi-square test. Results: A total of 83 medical students participated in the study, with a prevalence of female students (74.7%), and those who declared a family income of less than US$ 2,140 (43.0%), as well as those who professed the Catholic religion (53.0%). The majority of students (85.5%) had attitudes centered on the physician and the disease (mean PPOS scores <4.57), with scores in the caring domain higher than those in the sharing domain. The variables gender, family income, student financial aid, and religion showed a positive association (p≤0.05) with PPOS scores related to patient-centered attitudes. There were no statistically significant associations of PPOS scores with the variables age group, city of origin, undergraduate research activities, extracurricular internships, artistic activities, personal and family history of serious illness, and parental level of schooling. Conclusion: The present study showed that the assessed medical students had attitudes centered on the physician and on the disease, with mean PPOS scores below the range related to attitudes of humanized medicine.
Resumo: Introdução: O atendimento médico usual tem sido caracterizado por atitudes centradas no profissional e na doença, pouco se preocupando em focar o contexto psicossocial e as expectativas do paciente. Entretanto, o atendimento médico que procura abranger mais globalmente a perspectiva do paciente tem se mostrado mais eficiente ao promover maiores benefícios. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as atitudes de estudantes de Medicina a respeito da relação médico-paciente. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal que avaliou as atitudes de acadêmicos do quarto período de Medicina em relação à atenção aos pacientes a partir da aplicação da Escala de Orientação Médico-Paciente (EOMP) e de questionário com características sociodemográficas e curriculares. Os dados foram analisados no software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), e utilizaram-se o teste de Mann-Whitney, o teste de Kruskall-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn e o teste de qui-quadrado. Resultado: Participaram do estudo 83 estudantes de Medicina, com prevalência maior de alunos do sexo feminino (74,7%) e que declararam renda familiar inferior a dez salários mínimos (43,0%), bem como a religião católica (53,0%). A maioria dos acadêmicos (85,5%) apresentou atitudes centradas no médico e na doença (média de escores da EOMP < 4,57), com escores do domínio cuidar superiores aos do domínio compartilhar. As variáveis sexo, renda familiar, bolsa de auxílio financeiro estudantil e religião apresentaram associação positiva (p ≤ 0,05) com os escores da EOMP relacionados às atitudes centradas no paciente. Não foram observadas associações estatisticamente significativas dos escores da EOMP entre as variáveis faixa etária, cidade de procedência, realização de atividades de iniciação científica, estágios extracurriculares, atividades artísticas, antecedentes pessoais e familiares de doença grave, e escolaridade dos pais. Conclusão: O presente estudo demonstrou que os acadêmicos de Medicina avaliados apresentaram atitudes centradas no médico e na doença, com média de escores da EOMP abaixo do intervalo relacionado às atitudes da medicina humanizada.
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ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to assess diagnostic radiology training and exposure during medical school, from the perspective of medical students in Brazil. Methods In this multicenter study approved by the Institutional Review Board, medical students from multiple universities in Brazil filled out an online questionnaire regarding their perception about diagnostic radiology training during medical school, including knowledge and use of the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria and their confidence level in interpreting common radiological findings. Medical students from different regions of Brazil were sent invitations to participate in the anonymous survey through radiology group emails initiated by radiology professors and a group of ambassadors representing different institutions. Informed consent was obtained electronically at the beginning of the survey. Results The survey demonstrated diagnostic radiology is frequently included in preclinical exams; however, radiology training during medical school was considered inadequate from the medical students´ perspective. Overall, radiological imaging teaching was provided by radiologists for more than half of the survey respondents; however, radiological imaging is frequently shown to students by non-radiologist physicians during case discussion rounds. Moreover, few respondents had a mandatory radiology training rotation during medical school. Conclusion This Brazilian medical student survey demonstrated that from the medical students' perspective, diagnostic radiology is an important subject in clinical practice; however, their radiology training and exposure are overall heterogeneous.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to map the necessary steps and components for operationalizing a synchronous and observational telesimulation design in the context of developing clinical competencies aimed at students and health professionals. Method a scoping review supported by the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews: Checklist and Explanation, and by the assumptions of the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviews' manual method. The search was carried out in November 2021 in 13 databases, totaling nine studies in the final sample, which were then analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Results two categories were developed: steps and components for operationalizing a synchronous and observational telesimulation design; and challenges to implement synchronous and observational telesimulation. Conclusion operationalizing a synchronous and observational telesimulation has been supported by a six-step instructional design, characterized by planning, preparation, participation, teledebriefing, learner assessment/feedback collection and additional learning, capable of developing the students' cognitive and affective skills. The relevant challenges to this context were also highlighted, configured by the need to obtain a sufficient technological structure for remotely transmitting the telesimulated scenario and an adequately trained faculty.
RESUMEN Objetivo mapear los pasos y componentes necesarios para la operacionalización de un diseño de telesimulación síncrona y observacional en el contexto del desarrollo de competencias clínicas dirigidas a estudiantes y profesionales de la salud. Método scoping review respaldada por las recomendaciones de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews: Checklist and Explanation y por los supuestos del método manual de Joanna Briggs Institute Reviews. La búsqueda se realizó en noviembre de 2021 en 13 bases de datos, totalizando nueve estudios en la muestra final, analizados mediante Análisis Temático. Resultados se desarrollaron dos categorías: etapas y componentes para la operacionalización de un diseño de telesimulación síncrona y observacional; y desafíos para implementar la telesimulación síncrona y observacional. Conclusión la puesta en funcionamiento de la telesimulación observacional y sincrónica ha sido respaldada por un diseño instruccional de seis pasos, caracterizado por planificación, preparación, participación, teledebriefing, evaluación del alumno/ recopilación de comentarios y aprendizaje adicional, capaz de desarrollar las habilidades cognitivas y afectivas del aprendiz. También se destacaron los desafíos relevantes a este contexto, configurados por la necesidad de obtener una estructura tecnológica suficiente para la transmisión remota del escenario telesimulado y un cuerpo docente adecuadamente capacitado.
RESUMO Objetivo mapear as etapas e componentes necessários para a operacionalização de um design de telessimulação síncrona e observacional no contexto do desenvolvimento de competências clínicas voltadas a estudantes e profissionais de saúde. Método scoping review sustentada pelas recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews: Checklist and Explanation e pelos pressupostos do método Joanna Briggs Institute Reviews' manual. Realizou-se a busca em novembro de 2021 em 13 bases de dados, totalizando nove estudos na amostra final, analisados por meio de Análise Temática. Resultados desenvolveram-se duas categorias: etapas e componentes para a operacionalização de um design de telessimulação síncrona e observacional; e desafios para implementar a telessimulação síncrona e observacional. Conclusão a operacionalização da telessimulação síncrona e observacional vem sendo sustentada por um design instrucional de seis etapas, caracterizadas pelo planejamento, preparação, participação, teledebriefing, avaliação do aprendiz/coleta de feedback e aprendizagem adicional, capazes de desenvolver as habilidades cognitivas e afetivas do aprendiz. Destacaram-se, ainda, os desafios pertinentes a este contexto, configurados pela necessidade de se obter uma estrutura tecnológica suficiente para transmissão remota do cenário telessimulado e um corpo docente adequadamente treinado.