The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Internet Gaming Disorder: Development and Validation for Diagnosing IGD in Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate a Structured Clinical Interview for Internet Gaming Disorder (SCI-IGD) in adolescents. METHODS: First, we generated preliminary items of the SCI-IGD based on the information from the DSM-5 literature reviews and expert consultations. Next, a total of 236 adolescents, from both community and clinical settings, were recruited to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SCI-IGD. RESULTS: First, the SCI-IGD was found to be consistent over the time period of about one month. Second, diagnostic concordances between the SCI-IGD and clinician's diagnostic impression were good to excellent. The Likelihood Ratio Positive and the Likelihood Ratio Negative estimates for the diagnosis of SCI-IGD were 10.93 and 0.35, respectively, indicating that SCI-IGD was ‘very useful test’ for identifying the presence of IGD and ‘useful test’ for identifying the absence of IGD. Third, SCI-IGD could identify disordered gamers from non-disordered gamers. CONCLUSION: The implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.

The identifiability for depressive symptoms of different methods in suicide prevention research / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To compare the identifiability for depressive symptoms using different instruments while interviewing with different respondents in suicide prevention research in China. Methods One hundred and fifty-one suicide death cases (suicide group) and one hundred and twenty suicide attempt cases (attempt group) were recruited. For each identified cases, one family member proxy respondent, and another associate proxy respondent (friend or neighbor) and suicide attempter (only for attempt group) were interviewed separately by qualified psychiatrists. The Di-agnostic Screening Instrument for Depression (DSID) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ Axis Ⅰ Disorders (SCID-Ⅰ) were administered to each respondent to identify the depressive symptoms based on diagnostic criteria for major depressive episode in DSM-Ⅳ. Data collected from family members and associate respondents were merged as proxy data. The concordances of the DSID and SCID-Ⅰfor identifying depressive symptoms, meeting for criteria of Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and Mild and Major Depressive Episode (MMDE), were calculated based on different respondents' data. The prevalence of depressive symptoms, MDE and MMDE, were compared among merged proxy data, family member respondent's data, and associate respondent's data in suicide group and attempt group, and between self-respondent's data and merged proxy data in suicide attempt group. Results In suicide group, based on merged proxy data, the prevalence of MDE was 41.1%(62 cases) for DSID and 41.7%(63 cases) for SCID-Ⅰ, and the Kappa coeffi-cient was 0.77. Based on suicide attempters' self-raported data, the prevalence of MDE was 23.7% (27 cases) and 22.0% (24 cases) for DSID and SCID-Ⅰ respectively, with a Kappa of 0.74. Based on merged proxy report in attempt group, 16 (13.3%) and 15 (12.5%) cases were met for criteria of MDE (Kappa=0.89), using the 2 instruments. In both of the suicide and attempt groups, the merged proxy data got higher prevalence of depressive symptoms, MDE and MMDE than that only based on family respondent's data or associate's respondent's data using both of the 2 instruments (all P<0.05). Compared with merged proxy data, attempters' self-reported data got higher prevalence of MMD and MMDE using both of the 2 instruments (all P<0.05). Conclusions Based on same respondent's data, SCID-Ⅰ performs as well as DSID in identifying depressive symptoms. Collecting data from 2 respondents would get higher prevalence of MDE or MMDE than only from one family member or one associate. In attempt group, the prevalence of MDE or MMDE based on merged proxy data were lower than that based on attempters' self-reported data.

Cómo realizar una evaluación psiquiátrica integral en niños y adolescentes / How to perform a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation in children and adolescents

La prevalencia de trastornos psiquiátricos en niños y adolescentes es alta en nuestro país. La mayoría de los afectados inicialmente suelen tener un primer contacto con el médico de atención primaria, sea este pediatra o médico familiar, de ser necesario, posteriormente estos realizan una derivación al especialista en salud mental. La entrevista y el registro de un examen mental son herramientas que ayudan al clínico a realizar una evaluación psiquiátrica en profundidad. En este contexto clínico, contar con habilidades comunicacionales y tener conocimientos teóricos de cómo llevar a cabo una entrevista psiquiátrica es de suma importancia. La evaluación psiquiátrica de niños y adolescentes, por características propias del desarrollo mental de los afectados, requiere de consideraciones especiales y habilidades particulares que todo evaluador debe tomar en consideración. El propósito de este artículo es revisar desde una perspectiva clínica, integrando los aspectos individuales y relacionales, en qué consiste una evaluación psiquiátrica integral infanto-juvenil y analizar sus complejidades. Pensamos que el artículo puede ser un aporte como material de conocimiento para aquellos que se están formando en la especialidad de psiquiatría infantil, como también para profesionales de la salud mental que trabajan con niños y adolescentes, y que necesitan aprender o perfeccionarse en entrevistas clínicas.(AU)

In Chile there is a high prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. In most cases, they have their first encounters with a primary care physician, such as a pediatrician or a family doctor who refer these patients to mental health specialists when needed. The psychiatric interview and the registration of a mental state examination are skills that aid the clinician to perform a psychiatric assessment in depth. In the clinical context, counting on communication abilities and having a theoretical background about how to perform a psychiatric interview are extremely relevant. Because of the characteristics of mental development in children and adolescents, the psychiatric assessment requires special skills and considerations that every clinician should bare in mind. Acquiring knowledge on how to perform a better psychiatric assessment with our clients brings us closer to determine whether there is or not presence of psychopathology and therefore, a psychiatric diagnosis, which is the aim of the integral psychiatric assessment. The aim of this article is to review from a clinical perspective the aspects of the psychiatric clinical interview applied to children and adolescents and analyze its complexities. We believe this article may be used as a support for those who are training in this speciality as it may be useful for other mental health professionals working with children and adolescents and who seek to improve in clinical interview.(AU)

Sensibilidad y especificidad entre la Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta versión 3. 0 (World Mental Health, CIDI) con la Evaluación Clínica Estandarizada versión I (SCID-I) en la Encuesta de Salud Mental de la ciudad de Medellín, 2012 / Sensitivity and specificity between the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3. 0 (World Mental Health, CIDI) and the Standardised Clinical Evaluation version I (SCID-I) in a mental health survey of the city of Medellin, 2012

Introducción: El abordaje de los problemas de salud mental de la población colombiana hace necesario disponer de instrumentos diagnósticos válidos, fáciles de aplicar y comparables (local e internacionalmente). Objetivo: Comparar la sensibilidad y la especificidad diagnóstica entre el CIDI 3.0 y el SCID-! para el trastorno depresivo mayor, el trastorno afectivo bipolar I y II y el trastorno por dependencia de sustancias. Metodología: Estudio transversal que comparó en 100 sujetos las prevalencias de vida de tres trastornos mentales por medio del CIDI 3.0 y el SCID-I. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética Institucional. Se midieron la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo (con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95%) de las dos entrevistas diagnósticas. Para el análisis de la información se utilizó el software SPSS® versión 21.0. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 43,5 [intervalo intercuartílico, 30] anos. La sensibilidad (Se) y la especificidad (Es) más altas se observaron en el diagnóstico de trastorno por dependencia de drogas -Se, 80% (IC95%, 34,94%-100%); Es, 98,46% (IC95%, 94,7%-100%)-. Conclusiones: El SCID-I y el CIDI 3.0 mostraron diferentes niveles de sensibilidad y especificidad para los tres trastornos estudiados así: altas para el trastorno por dependencia de sustancias, moderadas para el trastorno afectivo bipolar I y II y bajas para el trastorno depresivo mayor.

Introduction: In order to address the mental health problems of the Colombian population it is necessary to have diagnostic tools (local and international) that are valid, easy to apply, and comparable. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity between the CIDI 3.0 and the SCID-I for major depressive disorder, bipolar I and II disorder, and substance dependence disorder. Methodology: Cross-sectional study comparing the life prevalence of three mental disorders in 100 subjects using the CIDI 3.0 and the SCID-I. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. The two diagnostic interviews were performed that measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value with confidence intervals of 95%. The SPSS version 21.0 software was used for data analysis. Results: The median age was 43.5 years, with an interquartile interval of 30 years. The highest sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) was observed for drug dependence diagnosis - with 80%, (95%CI, 34.94-100), and 98.46 (95%CI, 94.7-100), respectively. Conclusions: SCID-I and CIDI 3.0 showed different levels of sensitivity and specificity for the three disorders studied with: high for substance dependence disorder, moderate for bipolar disorder I and II, and low for major depressive disorder.

Estudio de traducción y validez del Sistema de Codificación Etológica para Entrevistas ECSI (Ethological Coding System for Interviews) / Study of the application and validation of the Ethological Coding System for Interviews (ECSI)

Antecedentes El diagnóstico psicoterapéutico se fundamenta en exploraciones verbales y/o pruebas psicológicas. En contraste, a menudo se descuida la relevancia de la comunicación no-verbal. El objetivo del presente artículo es aportar una herramienta para medir y evaluar conductas no-verbales en entrevistas clínicas, basado en el Ethological Coding System for Interviews (ECSI), desarrollado por Troisi (1999), el cual se tradujo y validó en español. Un etograma es un catálogo de conductas o patrones conductuales, operacionalizados y agrupados en categorías, como afiliación, evasión, asertividad, relajación, entre otras. Método Estudio 1. El etograma ECSI fue traducido al español. Tres observadores "ciegos" registraron las frecuencias de los patrones conductuales del paciente. Los registros se realizaron en intervalos de 15 segundos durante los primeros y últimos 10 minutos de la entrevista clínica. Se obtuvo una validez interobservador de r=0.989, p<0.001. Estudio 2. Con base en el primer estudio se consideró pertinente agregar patrones conductuales, así como reacomodar y redefinir las categorías propuestas. Los tres observadores realizaron el mismo procedimiento que en el estudio 1 con una segunda videograbación. Además de las frecuencias de las conductas observadas, se midió la duración de la conducta. Se obtuvo una validez interobservadores de r=0.993, p<0.001. Resultados y discusión Se probó que el ECSI es una herramienta confiable y válida para examinar la conducta no-verbal de pacientes durante entrevistas. Se espera que el ECSI se pueda incluir al proceso diagnóstico durante las sesiones psicoterapéuticas.

Background Psychotherapeutic diagnosis is largely based on verbal explorations and/or psychological tests. In contrast, the relevance of non-verbal communication is often disregarded. Here, we aim to provide a tool to measure and assess non-verbal behavior in clinical interviews, based on the Ethological Coding System for Interviews (ECSI), developed by Troisi (1999), which was translated and validated in Spanish. An ethogram is a catalogue of behaviours or patterns of behaviour, which are operationalized and grouped in categories such as affiliation, flight, assertiveness, relaxation and so forth. Method Study 1. The ECSI was translated into Spanish. Three "blind" observers registered the frequencies of the behavioral patterns of the patient. The recordings were made in 15 seconds intervals during the first and the last 10 minutes of a clinical interview. An inter-observer reliability of r=0.989, p<0.001 was obtained. Study 2. Based on the first study, it was considered pertinent to add behavioral patterns, as well as rearranging and redefining the proposed categories. The three "blind" observers performed the same task as in study 1 with a second video-recording. Aside from the frequency of the observed behaviours, the duration of the behavior was measured. An inter-observer reliability of r=0.993, p<0.001 was obtained. Results and discussion The ECSI has proven a reliable and valid tool for the examination of patients' nonverbal behaviour during interviews. It is hoped that the ECSI can be added to the diagnostic process during psychotherapeutic sessions.

Trastornos neuropsiquiátricos en estudiantes universitarios con bajo rendimiento académico de una universidad privada de Medellín / Neuropsychiatric disorders in a sample of university students with academic lower performance of a private Medellin University

El propósito de ésta investigación fue establecer la frecuencia de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos en estudiantes universitarios con bajo rendimiento académico de la Universidad San Buenaventura de la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia). De una población de 300 estudiantes se calculó una muestra aleatoria de 39 sujetos con problemas académicos de diferentes carreras, lo cual correspondió al 13 % de la población, para detectar trastornos cuya frecuencia fuera superior al 2%, con un nivel de confianza del 95% y un poder del 80%. Se utilizó una entrevista estructurada neuropsiquiátrica para adultos (MINI-Plus). Los trastornos que se presentaron con más frecuencia fueron depresión mayor (10.3%) y riesgo de suicidio (10.3%). El 61.5% de los estudiantes de la muestra no reunió criterios para ningún tipo de diagnóstico psiquiátrico.

The purpose of this research was to establish the frequency of neuropsychiatric disorders in college students with poor academic achievement of San Buenaventura University in Medellin- Colombia. From a population of 300 students, a random sample of 39 subjects with academic difficulties from different undergraduate programs which corresponds to 13% of the population was taken, in order to detect disorders with a frequency upper than 2%, a confidence level of 95 % and a power of 80 %. A neuropsychiatric structured interview for adults (Mini-PLUS) was used. 61.5% did not show any neuropsychiatric diagnosis; however, 10.3% presented major depression criteria, and 10.3% suicide risk.

Considerações preliminares à condução de uma avaliação psicológica / Preliminary considerations for conducting a psychological assessment / Consideraciones preliminares para la realización de una evaluación psicológica

Este texto examina algumas facetas da avaliação psicológica que requerem atenção antes do momento próprio da testagem com as técnicas específicas de exame psicológico no contexto clínico. Como um fenômeno complexo, a avaliação psicológica é o produto de vários fatores convergentes. Enquanto tal, o resultado da avaliação será influenciado pela demanda (explícita ou implícita), pela maneira em que é formulada, pela compreensão que o avaliador adquire dela e pelos objetivos que ele estabelece para a avaliação. Aspectos institucionais podem interferir e afetar o processo. O resultado será influenciado de maneira importante pelo significado que o sujeito atribui à avaliação, pelo seu contexto de vida e pela qualidade da relação entre avaliador e sujeito avaliado. Finalmente, o texto examina a influência de características pessoais do avaliador. Espera-se que o reconhecimento desses fatores possa levar a resultados mais satisfatórios, especialmente se forem tratados em supervisão durante a formação em avaliação psicológica.

This paper examines aspects of psychological assessment that require attention before the testing with specific psychological examination techniques in clinical settings. As a complex phenomenon, it is a product of several converging factors. As such, the assessment will be influenced by the demand (explicit or implicit), by its formulation, by the understanding the evaluator makes of it and by the objectives he sets for the evaluation. Institutional aspects can interfere and affect the process. The result will be significantly influenced by the meaning the subject gives to the assessment, by the context of one´s life and by the quality of one´s relationship with the evaluator. Finally, the influence of the evaluator’s personal characteristics is examined. It is expected that the recognition of these factors can lead to more satisfactory results, especially if highlighted in supervision during training in psychological assessment.

Este artículo examina aspectos de la evaluación psicológica que requieren atención antes del momento propio de las pruebas con técnicas específicas de evaluación psicológica en el ámbito clínico. Como un fenómeno complejo, ella es producto de varios factores convergentes y será influida por la demanda (explícita o implícita), por su formulación, por la comprensión que el evaluador hace de ella y por los objetivos que establece para la evaluación. Aspectos institucionales pueden interferir y afectar el proceso. El resultado se verá muy influenciado por el significado que el sujeto da a la evaluación, por el contexto de su vida y por la calidad de su relación con el evaluador. Por último, se examina la influencia de las características personales del evaluador. Se espera que el reconocimiento de estos factores pueda conducir a resultados más satisfactorios, sobre todo si son tratados en la supervisión durante el entrenamiento en evaluación psicológica.

Caracterização dos sintomas do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) em meninas vítimas de abuso sexual / Characterization of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in girls victims of sexual abuse

O presente artigo descreve a presença de sintomas ou do diagnóstico do Transtorno do Estresse Pós-Traumático (TEPT) em meninas vítimas de abuso sexual. Além disso, buscou-se comparar o uso de dois instrumentos de avaliação diagnóstica do TEPT infantil em duas amostras clínicas. No Estudo I (n=40 meninas), os sintomas foram avaliados através de uma entrevista clínica, baseada no DSM-IV/SCID/TEPT. E no Estudo II (n=15 meninas), através da versão brasileira da K-SADS-PL/TEPT. Os resultados apontaram semelhanças na presença do diagnóstico de TEPT nas duas amostras, próxima a 70 por cento, apesar de os instrumentos indicarem diferenças específicas quanto à manifestação dos critérios C (evitação e entorpecimento) e critério D (excitabilidade aumentada). Pequenas diferenças na estrutura e na forma de aplicação dos instrumentos foram observadas. Conclui-se que ambos se aplicam à pesquisa e à avaliação clínica do TEPT infantil.

The present paper describes the presence of symptoms or diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in girls victims of sexual abuse, through two clinical interviews. Moreover, the use of two instruments of assessment of child PTSD diagnosis in two clinical samples has been compared. In Study I (n=40 girls) symptoms were assessed through clinical interview, based on DSM-IV/SCID/TEPT, and in Study II (n=15 girls) through the Brazilian version of K-SADS-PL/TEPT. The results pointed out similarities concerning the presence of PTSD diagnosis in both samples, around 70 percent, although instruments showed specific differences concerning the manifestation of criteria C (avoidance and numbing) and criteria D (excessive arousal). Small differences in the instruments' structure and application were observed. It has been concluded that both instruments can be applicable to research and to clinical assessment of child PTSD.

False positive rate and false negative rate of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire and related factors / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To evaluate the false positive rate and false negative rate of the Chinese version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the related factors in the epidemiological survey of mental ill-nesses in Zhejiang Province. Method: A total of 15000 subjects were randomly selected from the province-wide using multi-stage stratified cluster randomization. Analyses for this paper were made in the quality control sample,10% of the total 15000 subjects (1510 subjects) in which the Chinese version of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ Axis Ⅰ Disorders (SCID) was used as a golden criterion, and a cutoff score of the GHQ-12 was set to ≥ 3 to define GHQ-12 cases. Results: Totally 1449 subjects (96.0%) completed both the GHQ-12 and the SCID. Adjusted for sampling effects, the false positive and negative rates of the GHQ-12 were respective 14.6% and7.8%. Adjusted for other considered correlates and sampling effects, the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of GHQ-12 false positive with living in less economically developed urban areas (urban type Ⅱ), with self-reportedly poor physical health, with having ever sought help because of mental problems and with being currently married/co-habited were respective 2.23 (95% CI:1.24～4.01), 2.36(1.36～4.10), 1.53 (1.10～2.14) and 0.51 (0.30～0.86) while AORs of GHQ-12 false negative with being aged 35～49 year group and living in less econom-ically developed rural areas (rural type Ⅲ) were respective 2.59 (1.18～5.67) and 2.72 (1.21～6.14). Conclusion:Factors related to the GHQ-12 false positive and negative are different. The cutoff scores of the GHQ-12 should be used based on the characteristics of subjects during identifying or screening mental illnesses.

A Brazilian version of the Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS) / A versão brasileira do Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS)

OBJETIVE: The advance of research in child and adolescent psychiatry in Brazil heavily depends on the existence of instruments for the investigation of psychiatric syndromes adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: This article describes a careful process of translation of the Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes for the purpose of use in research in Brazil. The Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes has a version for parents (P-ChIPs) and a version for children (ChIPS). In this article, the sections of P-ChIPS referring to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder, mania/hypomania, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and psychotic disorders were translated to Brazilian Portuguese. The sections of the ChIPS referring to substance use disorders, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disoder, separation anxiety disorder, post-traumatic disorders and depression/dysthimia were also adapted. Each section was translated by two independent translators and later discussed in a committee composed of experts in the field of Psychiatry and a professional of the field of linguistics. RESULT: A final version containing an interview for the main psychiatric syndromes was defined. CONCLUSION: The translated P-ChIPS is a helpful instrument in children and adolescent clinical evaluation.

OBJETIVO: O avanço em pesquisa em psiquiatria da infância e adolescência no Brasil depende da existência de instrumentos para a investigação de síndromes psiquiátricas adaptadas à Língua Portuguesa. Este artigo descreve um cuidadoso processo de tradução do Childrenïs Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes para o uso em pesquisa no Brasil. MÉTODOS: O Childrenïs Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes tem uma versão para pais (P-ChIPs) e uma versão para as crianças (ChIPs). Nesse artigo, as seções do P-ChIPs referentes ao transtorno do déficit de atenção, transtorno opositivo-desafiador, transtorno de conduta, mania/hipomania, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa e transtorno psicótico foram traduzidas para a língua portuguesa. As seções do ChIPs referentes ao transtorno do uso de substâncias, ansiedade social, fobias específicas, transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo, transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, ansiedade de separação, estresse pós-traumático e depressão/distimia também foram adaptadas. Cada seção foi traduzida por dois tradutores independentes e depois discutida em um comitê composto por especialistas na área de psiquiatria e linguística. RESULTADO: A versão final, abrangendo as síndromes psiquiátricas, foi definida. CONCLUSÃO: O P-ChIPS traduzido é um instrumento que pode ser utilizado na avaliação de crianças e adolescentes.

Effects of Training With Simulated Patient For Dental School Students in Clinical Interviewing / 医学教育

The purposes of this study were to examine scales and to assess the effects of the training in clinical interviewing for dental students. The subjects to examine validity and reliability of the scale were 11 dentists and 25 dental school students. The subjects to assess the effects of the training were 16 dental school students, and were divided into a training group that was given the training and a control group that was not given the training. Kappa statistics revealed moderate agreement. The acceptable level of Cronbach's coefficient alpha for standardized patients in each case was obtained. The significant difference was found in the scores between the dentists and the students. The scores of training group and control group were not significantly different before the training. However, the training group had significantly higher scores than the control group after the training. These results confirmed the reliability and validity of this scale, and suggested that this training using simulated patient was effective for dental school students.