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Background:Methicillin resistant S. aureus(MRSA) has become a major public health predicament worldwide. This is owing to its involvement in the evolution of MDR strains and difficulty in therapeutic management of infected patients. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureusamong patients in two health facilities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.Materials and Methods:Clinical isolates of patients from University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH), Uyo and General Hospital, Ikot Abasi (GHIA) were investigated based on the strategic location of the hospitals. The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Three hundred clinical samples were collected from male and female in and out-patients of all ages and processed using standard bacteriological methods. Detection of Staphylococcus aureusand MRSAstrains were done according to standard protocols while antibiotic susceptibility testing of MRSAisolates was conducted using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted following the CLSI 2021 guidelines. Results:The prevalence of MRSAstrains in this study was 42.9%. Majority of patients with MRSAwere from UUTH (44%) closely followed by patients from GHIA(40%). High antibiotics resistant rates of MRSAwere recorded for ampicillin (96.6%), ciprofloxacin (73.3%), erythromycin (63.3%) and cotrimoxazole (60%). Gentamicin and ceftriaxone sensitivity rates were 53.3% and 63.4%, respectively. Conclusion:Health facilities in the state should institute effective antimicrobial stewardship, intensify surveillance and screening of Staphylococcus aureusfor MRSAstrains to guard against dissemination of multidrug resistant strains in both hospital and community settings because of the clinical implications.
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Staphylococcus aureus , Prevalence , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Therapeutics , Clindamycin , Diagnosis , Health FacilitiesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Environmental surveillance of water sources is important to monitoring viral hepatitis transmission in clinical settings. This study investigated the circulation of hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses in sewage and clinical samples from Argentina. Between 2016 and 2017, 80 raw sewage samples and 86 clinical samples (stool and serum) from suspected cases of hepatitis A and hepatitis E were obtained. HAV and HEV were tested by both real-time and nested PCR. Positive samples were sequenced for genotype determination and phylogenetic analysis. Overall, HAV was recovered in 39% of sewage samples and 61.1% of clinical samples. HEV was detected in 22.5% of sewage samples and 15.9% of clinical samples. HAV was found more frequently in sewage during the winter and in clinical samples in spring; HEV was more prevalent in sewage during summer and in clinical samples in autumn. All HAV isolates belonged to genotype IA and HEV isolates belonged to genotype 3, the most prevalent genotypes in South America. High prevalence of HAV and HEV in environmental and clinical samples in Mendoza, Argentina was observed. These findings reinforce the importance of environmental surveillance and implementation of health strategies to control the spread of HAV and HEV in developing countries.
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Multidrug resistant strain of S. aureusis the most common cause of life-threatening hospital-and community-acquired infections. Multidrug resistant S. aureusinfections contribute to patients’ prolonged stay in the hospital, increase in total healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality.This work was aimed at determining the occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus aureusisolated fromsome clinical samples (blood and urine) in General Hospital, Nasarawa, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. All the 14 samples (7 each for blood and urine) collected in this study yielded positive for S. aureus,which were identified by cultural appearances and confirmed using conventional biochemical tests.The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates indicated that, majority of them exhibited high susceptibility to gentamycin (85.7%), ciprofloxacin (78.6%), vancomycin (71.4%), chloramphenicol (64.3%), teicoplanin (50.0%), and erythromycin (42.9%). All the 14 (100%) isolates tested showed resistance to oxacillin, amoxicillin (85.7%), and cefoxitin (78.6%).
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Introduction: Early diagnosis and accurate treatment ofcandida infected patients helps to reduce the risk of infectionand improves patient outcome. Candida isolation, speciationand its invasiveness can be determined by culture, antigen andantibody estimation, glucan estimation and PCR. The presentstudy aimed at candida isolation, speciation and detection ofbiofilm production among various clinical samples.Material and Methods: Various clinical samples such asurine, pus, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, body fluids, tissue, oraland ear swabs etc. were collected from patients in a sterilecontainer and transported immediately to Microbiologylaboratory and processed according to standard protocols.Results: Out of 64 candida isolates from various clinicalisolates, Majority were Candida albicans (37.5%), followed bycandida tropicalis (32.8%), candida krusei (20.3%), Candidaparapsilosis (6.2%) and Candida glabrata (3.1%).Conclusion: Early diagnosis and accurate treatment ofcandida infected patients helps to reduce the risk of infectionand improves patient outcome. Assessing biofilm productionof candida isolates helps us to plan treatment and identify theniche for production of biofilms
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Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa species can be dangerous opportunistic pathogen because of its tolerance to physical, chemical, antibacterial compounds. In hospitals, P. aeruginosa is a formidable opportunistic pathogen, and therefore, the medical concern with infection of immunologically compromised patients in burns and neonatal units, is well justified. Material and methods: Total 1583 samples like swab, urine, sputum, pus, pleural fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), ascitic fluid and blood samples from different clinical departments were tested at Clinical Microbiology Department of B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat during April 2009 to April 2010. Results: Out of 1583 samples, 807 samples turned culture positive. Out of 807 culture positive samples, 100 were culture positive for P. aeruginosa. The maximum number (68%) of P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained from swab samples. The highest number of such isolates (48%) belonged to surgical ward. P. aeruginosa showed highest sensitivity against Cefepime - Tazobactam (97%). Conclusion: This study showed that P. aeruginosa is acquiring resistance to commonly used antibiotics as well as newer antibiotics. The antimicrobial agents are losing their efficacy because of spread of the resistant organism, indiscriminate use of antibiotics, and unhygienic condition. It is the need of the time that antibiotic policies should be formulated and implemented to resist and overcome this serious problem.
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The aims of this study were to standard and optimize a qPCR protocol with FAM-BHQ1 probe, and to compare its sensitivity against TaqMan qPCR and PCR methods to diagnose shrimp WSD. The FAM-BHQ1 qPCR presented higher clinical sensitivity and showed to be a robust alternative to detect WSSV in clinical samples.
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Animals , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods , Penaeidae/virology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Veterinary Medicine/methods , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Methods such as real time (RT)-PCR have not been developed for the rapid detection and diagnosis of Dermatophilus (D.) congolensis infection. In the present study, a D. congolensis-specific SYBR Green RT-PCR assay was evaluated. The detection limit of the RT-PCR assay was 1 pg of DNA per PCR reaction. No cross-reaction with nucleic acids extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, or Austwickia chelonae was observed. Finally, the RT-PCR assay was used to evaluate clinical samples collected from naturally infected animals with D. congolensis. The results showed that this assay is a fast and reliable method for diagnosing dermatophilosis.
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Animals , Cattle , Actinomycetales/isolation & purification , Actinomycetales Infections/diagnosis , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Fluorescent Dyes , Horse Diseases/diagnosis , Horses , Limit of Detection , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Reproducibility of Results , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/diagnosisABSTRACT
Introducción: la frecuente incidencia de Enterococcus en los hospitales y su creciente resistencia antimicrobiana a nivel mundial, ha incrementado la necesidad de su vigilancia y control intrahospitalario, por lo que resulta imprescindible contar con medios diagnósticos más sensibles y exactos. Objetivo: ampliar la evaluación de la funcionalidad del medio cromogénico CromoCen® ENT para el aislamiento e identificación de Enterococcus spp. procedentes de muestras clínicas. Métodos: se analizaron 150 muestras clínicas (orina, sangre, fecales, exudados vaginales, exudados de lesiones de piel y de catéteres) desde enero hasta abril de 2010, empleando el medio cromogénico y los medios convencionales correspondientes como controles, se evaluó la incidencia de Enterococcus spp. Se identificaron los aislamientos con un conjunto de 12 pruebas bioquímicas. A partir de los datos de la identificación bioquímica se determinaron los indicadores de calidad tanto para el medio CromoCen® ENT como para los medios de referencia. Resultados: el medio cromogénico promovió el crecimiento de Enterococcus spp. en solo 24 h, lo cual permitió su fácil reconocimiento por la coloración rosada de las colonias. Los indicadores de calidad diagnóstico mostraron valores superiores a 95 %. El mayor porcentaje de aislamientos se obtuvo en las muestras de orina. Enterococcus faecalis resultó la especie mayormente encontrada en el total de las muestras. Conclusiones: CromoCen® ENT permitió la correcta y rápida identificación de Enterococcus spp. procedentes de diversas muestras clínicas.
Introduction: the frequent incidence of Enterococci at hospitals and their growing antimicrobial resistance worldwide make the in-hospital surveillance and control a pressing need; consequently, it is indispensable to avail of more sensitive and accurate diagnostic means. Objective: to broaden the evaluation of functionality of CromoCen® ENT chromogenic medium for the isolation and identification of Enterococcus spp. from clinical samples. Methods: one hundred and fifty clinical samples were analyzed (urine, blood, feces, vaginal smears, skin lesion exudates and exudates from catheters) in the January-April period, 2010 by using the chromogenic medium and the corresponding conventional culture media as controls; the incidence of Enterococcus spp was evaluated. The isolations were identified with 12 biochemical tests. From the biochemical identification data, it was possible to determine the quality indicators for both CromoCen® ENT and the reference media. Results: the chromogenic medium encouraged the growth of Enterococcus species in 24 hours, allowing their easy recognition due to the pink coloration of the colonies. The diagnostic quality indicator values were over 95 %. The highest percentage of isolates was observed in the urine samples. Enterococcus faecalis was the mostly found species. Conclusions: CromoCen® ENT allowed quick and accurate identification of Enterococcus spp. from various clinical samples.
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Humans , Culture Media , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/diagnosisABSTRACT
Objective: The study was undertaken to investigate the genomic and phenotypic relationship among E.faecium strains isolated from chicken and clinical sources. Methods: Enterococci were isolated and identified by conventional biochemical methods and the antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion methods. Phenotypes and genotypes of vancomycin resistance were detected by E tests and PCR amplification techniques respectively. Genotyping of the vancomycin resistant E.faecium from two sources were done by RAPD typing. Results: The Vancomycin resistant E.faecium identified was selected for this comparative study. Among the VREF from two sources minor biochemical difference with regards to raffinose fermentation and haemolytic properties was observed. The RAPD tests using random primers also showed polymorphism. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the strains from two different sources were not identical.
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A sensitive and rapid single step real time (rt) RT-PCR was standardized using one-step Brilliant SYBR Green kit(R) for detection and semi-quantitation of peste des petitis ruminants virus (PPRV) using the virus RNA and matrix (M) protein gene-specific primers and compared with established conventional RT-PCR and TaqMan RT-PCR.The assay amplifies a 124 bp fragment of the PPRV M gene with Tm of 78.28 to 78.50.The assay was linear within a range of 50 ng to 0.5 fg total virus RNA with a detection limit (sensitivity) of 0.5 fg.Based on the serial dilution of the live-attenuated PPR vaccine virus,the detection limit was ～0.0001 cell culture infectious dose 50％ units (TCID50).Additionally,swab materials spiked with known titre of vaccine virus were equally well detected in the assay.The standardized rt RT-PCR was easily employed for the detection of PPRV nucleic acid directly in the field and experimental clinical samples.The assay detected the PPRV nucleic acid as early as 3 day post infection (dpi) and up to 20 dpi in swab materials from the experimental samples.The assay was rapid and more sensitive than TaqMan and conventional RT-PCR in the detection of PPRV nucleic acid from the PPR suspected clinical samples of sheep and goats.Therefore,the established,simplified SYBR green rt RT-PCR is an alternative test to the already existing various diagnostic assays and could be useful for rapid clinical diagnosis with advantage in reducing risk of contamination.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Leveduras do gênero Candida são responsáveis pela maioria das infecções fúngicas em humanos. Candida tropicalis tem sido uma das mais comumente isoladas dentre as espécies não-albicans. O objetivo foi analisar a hemólise in vitro promovida por isolados clínicos de C. tropicalis provenientes de sangue e outras amostras clínicas de pacientes internados no Hospital Universitário da UEL, PR-Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi avaliada a hemólise promovida por 28 isolados clínicos de C. tropicalis, sendo os isolados agrupados em classes de acordo com os níveis de hemólise. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos isolados de sangue apresentou hemólise fraca (+), enquanto as classes de hemólise forte (+++) e muito forte (++++) foram as predominantes nos isolados de outras amostras clínicas como urina, lesão de unha e secreção traqueal, embora não tenham sido detectadas diferenças estatísticas (p>0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Isolados de C. tropicalis, obtidos de diferentes amostras clínicas, apresentam capacidade de promover hemólise in vitro.
INTRODUCTION: Yeasts belonging to the genus Candida are responsible for the majority of fungal infections in humans. Candida tropicalis has been one of most commonly isolated non-albicans species. To analyze in vitro hemolysis promoted by clinical isolates of C. tropicalis obtained from blood and other clinical samples from hospitalized patients at the University Hospital of Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: The hemolysis promoted by 28 clinical isolates of C. tropicalis was evaluated, and the isolates were grouped into classes according to the hemolysis levels. RESULTS: The majority of the blood isolates showed weak hemolysis (+), while the classes of strong hemolysis (+++) and very strong hemolysis (++++) predominated among isolates from other clinical samples such as urine, nail lesions and tracheal secretions. However, no statistical differences were detected (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Isolates of C. tropicalis obtained from different clinical samples showed a capacity to promote in vitro hemolysis.