ABSTRACT
El cuestionario de Experiencias en Relaciones Cercanas (ECR) es un instrumento de auto-reporte ampliamente utilizado para evaluar el apego en la adultez, a partir de dos dimensiones: la ansiedad y la evitación asociadas al apego. Este instrumento ha sido adaptado en múltiples contextos, incluyendo el chileno, del cual existe una versión abreviada (ECR-12), objeto de análisis del presente estudio. Si bien existe consenso en que la seguridad en el apego es mejor descrita en términos dimensionales, hay ámbitos, como en la práctica clínica donde contar con valores de referencia podría ser de utilidad. El objetivo de este estudio es proveer valores de referencia para la interpretación de los valores del ECR-12 en el contexto chileno. Para ello, una muestra de 6779 participantes respondió el ECR-12. Se utilizó el método de puntuación z con normalización para obtener los valores de referencia. Los análisis realizados evidenciaron la necesidad de construir baremos diferenciados por edad. Así, para el grupo de 29 años o menos, el punto de corte en la dimensión de ansiedad es de un promedio igual o superior a 4.4 puntos, y para la evitación, el punto de corte es de un promedio igual o superior a 2.5. En cambio, para el grupo de 30 años o más, el punto de corte en la dimensión de ansiedad es de un promedio igual o superior a 4.2, y para la evitación, es de un promedio igual o superior a 2.9. Estos hallazgos pueden ser relevantes no sólo para identificar a personas que puedan presentar niveles sustancialmente altos de ansiedad y/o evitación en el apego, sino, también puede constituirse como una herramienta clínica complementaria en contextos terapéuticos.
The Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) questionnaire is a widely used self-report measure to assess adult attachment, based on two dimensions: attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. This instrument has been adapted in multiple contexts, including the Chilean, for which there is an abbreviated version (ECR-12), that is the object of analysis in the present study. Although there is consensus that attachment security is best described in dimensional terms, there are areas, such as clinical practice, where having reference values could be useful. The aim of this study is to provide reference values for the interpretation of ECR-12 scores in the Chilean context. To do this, a sample of 6779 participants was evaluated using the ECR-12. The z-score normalization method was used to obtain the reference values. The analyzes carried out showed the need to build scales differentiated by age. Thus, for the group of 29 years or less, the cut-off point in the anxiety dimension is an average equal to or greater than 4.4 points, and for avoidance, the cut-off point is an average equal to or greater than 2.5. On the other hand, for the group aged 30 or older, the cut-off point in the anxiety dimension is an average equal to or greater than 4.2, and for avoidance, it is an average equal to or greater than 2.9. These findings can be relevant not only for identifying people who may present substantially high levels of anxiety and/or avoidance in attachment, but also as a complementary clinical tool in therapeutic contexts.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Anxiety/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Object Attachment , Reference Values , Chile , Sex Factors , Analysis of Variance , Self Report , Interpersonal RelationsABSTRACT
Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Confianza Diádica (ECD, Larzelere & Huston, 1980) en personas gays y lesbianas de Chile. Para ello, se evaluó una muestra de 360 personas chilenas gay o lesbianas involucradas en una relación de pareja. Los datos obtenidos proporcionan evidencia de que el instrumento se ajusta de manera aceptable a una estructura unidimensional y que es invariante entre personas gay y lesbianas. Adicionalmente, se identificó que posee una consistencia interna adecuada, así como una asociación inversa entre los niveles de confianza diádica y la ansiedad y evitación del apego. En conclusión, la ECD posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la evaluación de la confianza diádica en personas gays y lesbianas en el contexto chileno.
Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chilean version of the Dyadic Trust Scale (DTS, Larzelere & Huston, 1980). For this purpose, a sample of 360 Chilean gay or lesbian people involved in a couple relationship was evaluated. The data obtained provide evidence that the instrument conforms acceptably to a unidimensional structure and scores are invariant between gay and lesbian persons. Additionally, it has adequate internal consistency, as well as an inverse association between levels of dyadic trust and attachment anxiety and avoidance. In conclusion, the ECD has adequate psychometric properties for the assessment of dyadic trust in gay and lesbian persons in the Chilean context.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The Experiences in Close Relationships (Brennan et al, Attachment theory and close relationships, 1998) questionnaire is one of the most widely used measures of adult romantic attachment. Despite the advantages of the ECR, the length of this measure may discourage its use in clinical and research contexts. Consequently, the goal of this study was to develop a brief Spanish version of the ECR questionnaire and to examine its psychometric properties when administered to six different Spanish-speaking samples from Chile. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the twodimensional structure of the ECR and its invariance across gender. Results also supported the reliability and concurrent validity of our brief Spanish version of the ECR (i.e., Spanish ECR-12), by its association with measures of emotion regulation, dyadic empathy, psychological distress and well-being, and relationship satisfaction. The Spanish ECR-12 can be used by researchers and clinical professionals as an abridged measure of adult attachment.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Psychometrics , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Interpersonal Relations , Object Attachment , ChileABSTRACT
Na nossa cultura, o amor apaixonado é de grande importância, portanto a diminuição ou ausência desse sentimento poderá levar ao distanciamento entre os membros do casal de amantes e até ao término da relação amorosa. Esta investigação buscou evidências de validade de construto para a Escala de Amor Apaixonado. Foram examinadas as respostas de 578 participantes de ambos os sexos por meio de Análise Fatorial Exploratória. Os resultados revelaram que o instrumento adaptado para o idioma brasileiro possui um único fator, que explicou 64,2% da variância comum. Essa medida do amor apresentou excelente consistência interna e correlações de moderadas a fortes com a Escala Triangular do Amor-R e suas subescalas. Neste estudo, foram geradas algumas evidências de validade fatorial, validade convergente e fidedignidade para a versão brasileira da Escala de Amor Apaixonado.
In our culture, is passionate love of great importance, therefore, a reduction or absence of that feeling, can lead to estrangement between members of a couple of lovers until the end of a relationship. This research sought evidence of construct validity for the Passionate Love Scale. The responses of 578 participants of both sexes were examined through Exploratory Factor Analysis. The results revealed that the instrument adapted for the Brazilian language has a single factor, which explained 64.2% of the common variance. This measure showed excellent internal consistency and correlations with the Triangular Love Scale-R and its subscales, which ranged from moderate to strong. In this study some evidence of factorial validity, internal consistency and convergent validity for the Brazilian version of Passionate Love Scale were generated.
En nuestra cultura, es el amor apasionado de gran importancia, por lo tanto, una reducción o ausencia de ese sentimiento, puede conducir a la alienación entre los miembros de una pareja de enamorados hasta el final de una relación. Esta investigación buscó evidencia de validez de constructo de la Escala de Amor Apasionado. Las respuestas de 578 participantes de ambos sexos fueron examinados mediante Análisis Factorial Exploratorio. Los resultados mostraron que el instrumento adaptado a la lengua brasileña tiene sólo un factor que explicó 64,2% de la varianza común. Esta medida mostró una excelente consistencia interna y correlaciones con la Escala de Amor Triangular- R y sus subescalas, que varió de moderado a fuerte. En este estudio, algunas evidencias de validez factorial, índices de consistencia y validez convergente internos se obtuvieron para la versión brasileña da Escala de Amor Apasionado.
ABSTRACT
RESUMOEste estudo buscou verificar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira da Escala de Componentes do Amor reduzida. Participaram 491 pessoas que estavam em relacionamentos amorosos. Análise Fatorial Exploratória extraiu três fatores que explicaram 73,5% da variância comum que não reproduziram a estrutura original. Os fatores extraídos apresentaram correlações de moderadas a fortes entre si e com os componentes da Escala Triangular do Amor reduzida. A solução de Schmid-Leiman indicou a existência de fator de segunda ordem na estrutura da escala. Os Alfas revelaram elevados índices de consistência interna para as dimensões do instrumento. Análise Fatorial Exploratória adicional com o conjunto de itens das duas medidas revelou uma estrutura fatorial indicativa de que estes possam representar os mesmos componentes do amor.
ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the reduced Love Components Scale. Participants were 491 people in loving relationships. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three factors that explained 73.5% of the common variance that did not reproduce the original structure. The factors showed moderate to strong correlations with each other and with the components of the reduced Triangular Love Scale. The Schmid-Leiman solution indicated the existence of a second-order factor. The reliability coefficients revealed a high internal consistency for all dimensions of the instrument. Additional exploratory factor analysis with the set of items of the two measurements revealed structural indications that they may represent the same components of love.
ABSTRACT
The Adult Attachment Revised Scale is a measure of relationship attachment that contains three dimensions: closeness, dependence and anxiety. In Study 1, the scale was translated and applied to a sample of 420 university students in order to assess reliability. In addition, the scale criterion validity was estimated through measures of self-perception and affectivity. The results of Study 1 supported the internal consistency of two dimensions of attachment, but dependence was lower than expected (α = .62). A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and failed to reach a convergent fit, thus demonstrating that two of the items in dependence were considered problematic. In Study 2, difficult items in Study 1 were reworded and the new version of the scale was applied to 81 participants. The results of two subsequent CFAs showed adequate fit of the scale and increased internal consistency with this new wording (α > .73), which replaced the expression "depend on others" by "getting help from others", which is a better construct representation of the meaning of dependence in the context of attachment closeness. Therefore, not only did we adapt the three dimensions of the attachment scale, but also provided evidence of its validity related to locally adapted instruments.
A Escala Revisada de Apego Adulto é uma medida de apego relacional com três dimensões: proximidade, dependência e ansiedade. No Estudo 1, traduzimos a escala e a aplicamos em uma amostra de 420 universitários, visando avaliar sua confiabilidade. Estimamos ainda o critério de validade da escala mediante comparação com medidas de auto-percepção e afetividade. Os resultados do Estudo 1 apoiam a consistência interna inicial de duas das dimensões do apego, porém a da dependência foi mais baixa do que o esperado (α = 0,62). Realizamos uma análise fatorial confirmatória que não atingiu um ajuste convergente, indicando dois itens da dimensão de dependência como problemáticos. No Estudo 2, reformulamos os itens problemáticos do Estudo 1, e aplicamos a nova versão da escala em 81 participantes. Os resultados das duas AFC subsequentes mostraram um ajuste adequado da escala e um incremento da consistência interna com a nova redação (α > 0,73), a qual substituiu a expressão "depender dos demais" por "conseguir ajuda dos demais". Dessa forma, conseguimos não só efetuar uma adaptação dos três construtos da escala, como também encontramos evidências da sua validação por meio da comparação com as outras escalas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Object Attachment , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , Translating , ChileABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The Modified Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-M36) scale was developed for medically ill, older individuals in 2008 (Toronto, Canada, department of psychosocial oncology and palliative care, Princess Margaret Hospital). The scale has displayed satisfactory reliability and validity. This study aimed to test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of Modified Experiences in Close Relationships (K-ECR-M36) questionnaire in female patients with breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 199 post-operative breast cancer patients completed the K-ECR-M36 as well as other psychological measures including the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The reliability and validity of the K-ECR-M36 were evaluated. Explorative factor analysis was conducted to identify the factor structure of the K-ECR-M36. RESULTS: The K-ECR-M36 showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.87) and reasonable test-retest reliability (r=0.752, p<0.001). The total as well as avoidance and anxiety subscales demonstrated construct validity with the RAAS, the HADS, and the WHOQOL-BREF. Factor analysis revealed four-factor structure which was originally proposed by Brennan, Clark, and Shaver (1998). CONCLUSION: These findings support that the K-ECR-M36 has satisfactory reliability, validity and factor structure among patients with breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Anxiety , Breast Neoplasms , Canada , Depression , Palliative Care , Quality of Life , Reproducibility of Results , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
Embora a pesquisa em psicologia do amor no âmbito internacional tenha crescido muito nas últimas décadas, não se tem dados sistematizados que revelem o estado da produção nacional neste assunto. Este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar uma revisão integrativa das publicações científicas sobre esse tema no Brasil. Este tipo de investigação sumariza os artigos de pesquisas e constrói conclusões globais acerca da produção de literatura em um tópico específico em um determinado período de tempo. O presente projeto se concentrou em resgatar os estudos que foram desenvolvidos na abordagem da Psicologia Social experimental. A partir das bases de dados on-line SciELO, IndexPSI e LILACS, foram recuperados e analisados 17 estudos brasileiros publicados em periódicos nacionais no período de 1991 a 2010. As publicações foram classificadas quanto aos procedimentos técnicos adotados nas investigações: revisões teóricas(3), pesquisas descritivas/correlacionais (8) e estudos psicométricos (6). Reproduzindo o cenário da pesquisa internacional, o modelo teórico e os instrumentos de medida criados por Sternberg (1986, 1998) foram mais abordados nos artigos. Além da análise do conteúdo das publicações, notou-se considerável atraso na abordagem dessas teorias e modelos do amor no Brasil. Por outro lado, foi observado um crescimento expressivo do interesse pela psicologia do amor entre os pesquisadores nacionais nos últimos anos (140% maior do que à década anterior). Possivelmente, isso esteja relacionado à evolução dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu nesses 20 anos no país. Contudo, em termos absolutos, ainda representa uma produção muito pequena, se comparada a de outros países.
Although international research into love psychology has increased a lot over the last decades, there are no systematized data revealing the situation of the national production in this field. This study aims at presenting an integrative review of scientific publications about this theme in Brazil. This kind of investigation summarizes research papers and builds global conclusions about the literature production about a specific topic in a particular period. The present project has focused on retrieving studies developed from the perspective of experimental Social Psychology. From the online SciELO, IndexPSI and LILACS databases, 17 Brazilian studies published in national journals from 1991 to 2010 were retrieved. The publications were classified according to the technical procedures adopted in the investigations: theoretical reviews (3), descriptive/ correlation researches (8), and psychometric studies (6). Replicating the scenario of international research, the theoretical model and the measurement instruments designed by Sternberg (1986, 1998) have been the most addressed in the papers. Besides the analysis of the content of the publications, a considerable delay in the approach of these love theories and models has been noticed in Brazil. On the other hand, an expressive increase of the interest of national researchers in love psychology has been observed in the last years (140 percent higher than the preceding decade). This is likely to be related to the evolution of stricto sensu post-graduation programs along the last 20 years in this country. However, in absolute terms, it still means a small production when compared to other countries.
Subject(s)
Humans , Love , Spouses , Emotions , Psychology , Psychology, SocialABSTRACT
A concepção triangular do amor de Sternberg é um modelo teórico no qual o amor é entendido a partir de três componentes: intimidade, paixão e compromisso. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo averiguar os aspectos de validade de construto e indicadores de confiabilidade de uma medida dos componentes do amor numa amostra brasileira. Participaram da pesquisa 1.530 pessoas, sendo 660 destas do sexo masculino e 870 do sexo feminino subdivididas em duas subamostras. Os resultados, a partir de análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória, apontam a confirmação da estrutura triangular da medida e do fenômeno na amostra estudada. Os parâmetros de precisão e confiabilidade foram adequados e superiores a 0,80. Com base nos resultados recomenda-se o uso da medida em estudos sobre o fenômeno...
Evidence of validity of Sternberg's Triangular Love Scale -Short Version (ETAS-R) Sternberg's triangular theory of love is a model in which love is composed by three essential aspects: intimacy, passion and commitment. The aim of the study was to verify the aspects of construct validity and component reliability of a measure and theory of love in a Brazilian sample. 1.530 individuals participated in this study, 660 males and 870 females, divided in two sub-samples. The results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicate the confirmation of the triangular structure of the measure and the phenomenon in this Brazilian sample. The precision and reliability of the scale were adequate and above 0.80. The results of this study recommended the use of the measure to study the phenomenon...
El diseño triangular del amor de Sternberg es un modelo teórico que entiende el amor a partir de tres componentes: intimidad, pasión y compromiso. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar los aspectos de validez de constructo e indicadores de fiabilidad para medir los componentes del amor en una muestra brasileña. Participaron 1.530 personas, siendo 660 hombres y 870 mujeres subdivididos en dos submuestras. Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio confirmaron la estructura triangular de la medida y del fenómeno en la muestra estudiada. Los parámetros de precisión y fiabilidad son adecuados y superior a 0,80. Con base en los resultados, se recomienda el uso de la medida en los estudios sobre el fenómeno...