Modificaciones del segmento anterior ocular tras extracción del cristalino versus iridotomía periférica láser en el cierre angular primario

RESUMEN Introducción: el tratamiento inicial para el cierre angular primario está dirigido a modificar el segmento anterior ocular y a estabilizar la enfermedad. Objetivo: evaluar si existen diferencias entre los pacientes tratados con facoemulsificación o iridotomía periférica láser, en cuanto a mejoría de los parámetros anatómicos del segmento anterior ocular. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental con un grupo de control histórico en la provincia Pinar del Río, entre enero de 2011 y enero de 2020. El mismo incluyó 196 ojos de 144 pacientes con cierre angular primario, tratados con facoemulsificación o iridotomía periférica láser. El análisis estadístico se realizó a través del programa SPSS. Resultados: en el preoperatorio no hubo diferencias significativas para la amplitud de la cámara anterior. En el postoperatorio sí existieron diferencias muy significativas (p < 0,001) entre los dos procedimientos quirúrgicos para ambos ojos. En la amplitud angular también existieron diferencias muy significativas (p < 0,001) entre el preoperatorio y el postoperatorio de ambos grupos. La presencia de sinequias anteriores periféricas fue escasa, sin diferencias entre los valores basales, y a los dos meses en ambos ojos para cada grupo. La evidencia de cierre angular, al final del período, entre el grupo de facoemulsificación y el de iridotomía, fue de 4,9 % vs. 23,2 % (p = 0,029) en el ojo derecho, y de 2,7 % vs. 29,0 % (p = 0,003) en el izquierdo. Conclusiones: tanto la extracción del cristalino como la iridotomía periférica láser mejoran los parámetros anatómicos del segmento anterior, aunque los resultados son superiores en ojos tratados con facoemulsificación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: initial treatment for the primary angle closure is aimed to modify the anterior ocular segment and to stabilize the disease. Objective: to assess if there are differences between patients treated with phacoemulsification or peripheral laser iridotomy, in terms of improvement of the anatomical parameters of the anterior ocular segment. Materials and methods: a quasi-experimental study was led with a historic control group in the province of Pinar del Rio, between January 2011 and January 2020. It included 196 eyes of 144 patients with primary angular closure, treated with phacoemulsification or laser peripheral iridotomy. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS program. Results: in the preoperative period there were not significant differences for the amplitude of the anterior chamber. In the postoperative there were very significant differences (p < 0.001) between the two surgical procedures for both ayes. In angular amplitude there were also very significant differences (p < 0.001) between preoperative y postoperative periods of both groups. The presence of peripheral anterior synechia was scarce, without differences between baseline values, and after two months in both eyes for each group. The evidence of angular closure, at the end of the period, between the phacoemulsification group and the iridotomy one was 4.9 % vs. 23.2 % (p = 0.029) in the right eye, and 2.7 % vs. 29.0 % (p = 0.003) in the left. Conclusions: both, crystalline lens extraction and laser peripheral iridotomy improve the anatomical parameters of the anterior segment, although the results are greater in ayes treated with phacoemulsification.

Efecto de la extracción del cristalino en la presión intraocular de pacientes con glaucoma por cierre angular primario / Effect of crystalline lens extraction on intraocular pressure in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma

Objetivo: Describir el efecto de la extracción del cristalino transparente en la presión intraocular de pacientes con glaucoma por cierre angular primario. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo en la provincia de Pinar del Río, entre enero del año 2013 y diciembre de 2019, que incluyó a 54 ojos de 54 pacientes con glaucoma por cierre angular primario y cristalino transparente, tratados con facoaspiración. El análisis estadístico se realizó a través del programa SPSS. Resultados: Hubo diferencias muy significativas (p< 0,001) en los valores de presión intraocular media entre el preoperatorio y el posoperatorio. El número de medicamentos no mostró diferencias significativas (p= 0,317) y el porcentaje de reducción promedio de la presión intraocular fue de 33,9 ± 4,3. Al final del período de seguimiento el 68,5 por ciento manifestó valores de 18 mmHg o más. El estadio glaucomatoso, la existencia o no de sinequias anteriores periféricas, el valor medio de la presión intraocular preoperatoria y del número de medicamentos mostraron diferencias significativas (p= 0,006; p= 0,001; p= 0,001 y p= 0,045 respectivamente) entre las categorías de control de la presión intraocular. Conclusión: La extracción del cristalino transparente reduce la presión intraocular en pacientes con glaucoma por cierre angular primario, lo que se corrobora a mediano plazo; aunque la mayoría de los ojos tratados no alcanzan un control total y mantienen el número de medicamentos sin variación(AU)

Objective: Describe the effect of clear lens extraction on intraocular pressure in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma. Methods: A prospective longitudinal descriptive study was conducted in the Province of Pinar del Río from January 2013 to December 2019. The study included 54 eyes of 54 patients with primary angle closure glaucoma and clear lens treated with phacoaspiration. Statistical analysis was based on SPSS software. Results: Very significant differences were found (p< 0.001) between preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure values. Significant differences were not observed in the number of drugs indicated (p= 0.317). Average intraocular pressure reduction percentage was 33.9 ± 4.3. By the end of the follow-up period, 68.5 percent displayed values of 18 mmHg or higher. Significant differences were found between the intraocular pressure control categories with respect to the stage of the disease, the existence or non-existence of previous peripheral synechiae, the mean preoperative intraocular pressure value, and the number of drugs (p= 0.006; p= 0.001; p= 0.001 and p= 0.045, respectively). Conclusion: Clear lens extraction reduces intraocular pressure in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma, a fact corroborated in the medium term, though most of the eyes treated do not achieve total control and the number of drugs remains unaltered(AU)

Glaucoma de ângulo fechado devido a síndrome de íris em platô / Primary angle closure glaucoma due to plateau íris syndrome

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever um caso de glaucoma de ângulo fechado devido a síndrome de íris em platô. Descrição do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, de 50 anos de idade, que há 13 meses foi tratada de fechamento angular primário a esquerda com sucesso com iridotomia periféria com Nd:YAG laser, compareceu ao serviço com queixa de embaçamento visual e dor intermitentes no olho esquerdo. Ao exame, observou-se fechamento angular à esquerda que se desfazia à gonioscopia de identação e pressão intraocular (PIO) de 16 e 42mmHg. O exame do ângulo da câmara anterior pela tomografia de coerência óptica evidenciou iridotomia patente em ambos os olhos e à esquerda o fechamento aposicional. Pelo estudo das imagens do ângulo foi possível identificar a configuração íris em platô, caracterizando a síndrome de íris em platô à esquerda. Foi procedida a goniosplastia com laser de argônio em ambos os olhos, o que permitiu a correção da configuração da íris e controle da PIO. Após o tratamento, foi realizado exame de campo visual que foi normal à direita e à esquerda identificou escotoma arqueado superior. O fundo de olho mostrou disco óptico normal a direita (0,2),e glaucomatoso à esquerda (0,6). Um ano após a gonioplastia, a acuidade visual foi de 20/30 sem correção por ambos os olhos, PIO de 12 e 13mmHg, sem medicações, com fundo de olho e campos visuais inalterados. Conclusão: A configuração íris em platô deve sempre ser considerada frente a casos de fechamento angular primário, sendo a tomografia de coerência óptica valiosa ferramenta para corroborar no seu diagnóstico.

Abstract Objective: To present a case of closed-angle glaucoma due to Plateau iris syndrome. Case Description: Female Patient, 50 years old, that 13 months ago was treated for primary angular closure to the left successfully with iridotomy with Nd: YAG Laser. She attended the service complaining of visual haze and intermittent pain in the left eye. On examination, it was observed angle closure in the left that could be openned with identation. Intraocular pressure (IOP) of 16 and 42mmHg respectively. The examination of the anterior chamber angle by optical coherence tomography showed patent iridotomy in both eyes and on the left the apositional angle closure. By studying the angle images it was possible to identify plaeau iris configuration, characterizing the iris syndrome of plateau iris. Gonioplasty with argon laser was performed in both eyes, which allowed the correction of iris configuration and control of IOP. After treatment, visual field examination was performed, which was normal to the right and to the left identified superior arcuate scotoma. The Fundus showed a normal right optical disc (0.2), and glaucomatous left (0.6). One year after gonioplasty, visual acuity was 20/30 without correction by both eyes, PIO of 12 and 13mmHg, without medications, with unaltered visual fields and optic discs. Conclusion: The Iris configuration in Plateau should always be considered in front of cases of primary angle closure, being the optical coherence tomography valuable tool to corroborate in its diagnosis.

Cierre angular agudo bilateral inducido por benzodiazepinas / Bilateral acute angle closure induced by benzodiazepins

El cierre angular agudo o glaucoma agudo como es conocido mundialmente es un cuadro clínico característico producido por un cierre angular brusco, constituye una urgencia oftalmológica que pone en peligro la función visual si no es resuelto satisfactoriamente en las primeras horas de instaurado. El mecanismo fisiopatológico más frecuente es el bloqueo pupilar primario y el tratamiento de elección es la iridotomía láser periférica. Se debe realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con el bloqueo pupilar secundario y con otras causas sin bloqueo pupilar en las que la iridotomía no es suficiente. El cierre angular agudo es generalmente unilateral aunque se puede presentar de forma bilateral desencadenado por el empleo de drogas que producen dilatación pupilar como en el caso clínico que se describe a continuación

The acute angle closure or acute glaucoma as it is worldwide known is a characteristic clinical picture that is caused by sudden angle closure, It represents ophthalmological emergency that endangers the visual function if not satisfactorily solved in the first hours of occurrence. The most frequent physiopathological mechanism is primary pupil blocking and the treatment of choice is peripheral laser iridotomy. The differential diagnosis must be made with the secondary pupil blocking and with other causes without pupil blocking in which iridotomy is not enough. The acute angular closure is generally unilateral, although it may appear bilaterally and be caused by the use of drugs that give rise to pupil dilation like the clinical case which was described here

Phacoemulsification versus Combined Phacotrabeculectomy in Closed-Angle Patients with Re-Elevated Intraocular Pressure after Peripheral Iridotomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical courses between phacoemulsification (PE) and PE with combined trabeculectomy (phacotrabeculectomy, PETL) in closed-angle patients with re-elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) after laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). METHODS: Closed-angle patients whose IOP re-elevated between 19 and 38 mm Hg after LPI were included. Medical records of 26 patients in the PE group and 21 patients in the PETL group who were followed for more than 12 months after surgery were reviewed for clinical course. RESULTS: The IOP courses after surgery showed no statistical difference during the study period except at 1 and 7 days after surgery, in which IOP in the PETL group were lower than that in the PE group. The number of anti-glaucoma drugs also showed no significant difference except at 6 months, when the number was greater in the PE group. Success rates for IOP below 18 mm Hg at 3 years were 96.2% in the PE group, higher than the 69.8% in the PETL group (Log Rank test, p = 0.015). Postoperative complications were found in 2 patients in the PE group and in 8 patients in the PETL group (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that PE is a viable surgical alternative to PETL in closed-angle patients who have mildly re-elevated IOP after LPI.