Presentations of pulmonary embolism in COVID-19: An Indian case series

The prevalence of pulmonary embolism (PE) among COVID-19 infections is significantly high. However, in resource-limited settings, appropriate computed tomography (CT) imaging is not possible for all COVID-19 patients. Very sick patients suspected of a PE may not be fit to be shifted to the CT room. Hence, it is likely that PE is underdiagnosed in Indian COVID-19 patients. Coexisting PE should be considered in all patients with influenza-like illnesses who have a Type 1 respiratory failure out of proportion to the severity of COVID-19 radiology. In this case series, we discuss the different presentations of PE in patients with COVID-19.

Coagulopatías por consumo en el paciente con cáncer / Consumptive Coagulopathies in the Patient with Cancer

Introducción: Los trastornos de la coagulación durante el perioperatorio de pacientes oncológicos, son eventos más frecuentes de lo que se conoce en realidad, debido a que un gran número de estos transitan de forma inadvertida. Objetivo: Describir los factores fisiopatológicos que propician la ocurrencia de las coagulopatías adquiridas por consumo durante el perioperatorio del paciente oncológico. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa, en idiomas español e inglés, se utilizaron como fuente de búsqueda las bases de datos Ebsco, SciElo, Pubmed, Cubmed, Hinary, durante el período de enero a marzo de 2022, y el referenciador Zotero versión 5.0. Resultados: Para comprender qué pasa en el paciente con cáncer en relación con las coagulopatías por consumo es necesario entender la fisiología de los mecanismos de la coagulación. En este sentido, se pueden observar tanto trastornos trombóticos como hemorrágicos, por el incremento del factor tisular que determina la formación de trombina y el fallo de los mecanismos antifibrinolíticos. También, factores como la radioterapia, la quimioterapia y la transfusión de hemocomponentes, aumentan el riesgo de padecerlas. Conclusiones: la coagulopatía por consumo en el paciente oncológico es una entidad multifactorial, compleja y dinámica, en la que se debe pensar y diagnosticar para evitar complicaciones graves en el período perioperatorio.

Introduction: Coagulation disorders during the perioperative period of cancer patients are more frequent events than is actually known, due to the fact that a large number of these go unnoticed. Objective: To describe the pathophysiological factors that favor the occurrence of consumption-acquired coagulopathies during the perioperative period of cancer patients. Methods: A narrative review was carried out, in Spanish and English, using the Ebsco, Scielo, Pubmed, Cubmed, Hinary databases as a search source, during the period from January to March 2022, and the Zotero version 5.0 referer. 96.3. Results: To understand what happens in cancer patients in relation to consumption coagulopathies, it is necessary to understand the physiology of coagulation mechanisms. In this sense, both thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorders can be observed, due to the increase in the tissue factor that determines the formation of thrombin and the failure of antifibrinolytic mechanisms. Also, factors such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and transfusion of blood components, increase the risk of suffering from them. Conclusions: consumption coagulopathy in cancer patients is a multifactorial, complex and dynamic entity, which must be considered and diagnosed to avoid serious complications in the perioperative period.

Choc hémorragique péri-opératoire au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Androva, Mahajanga, Madagascar

Introduction : Le choc hypovolémique est une défaillance circulatoire aiguë et critique, mettant rapidement en jeu le pronostic vital. L'objectif de l'étude était de déterminer les aspects épidémio-cliniques et la prise en charge du choc hémorragique periopéraoire au centre hospitalier de Mahajanga. Méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective, descriptive, observationnelle et monocentrique réalisée dans le service de Réanimation Chirurgicale du CHU PZaGa de Mahajanga, sur une période de 52 mois. Les données socio-démographiques, les paramètres cliniques périopératoires, la prise en charge médico-chirurgicale, l'évolution et les retentissements organiques de l'état de choc hémorragique ont été les paramètres étudiés. Résultats : Nous avons collecté 6896 dossiers des patients, dont 70 cas de choc hémorragique ont été recensés (1,02%) pour tout type de chirurgie ; 62 dossiers ont été retenus dans l'étude. La majorité des cas était du genre féminin (87,10%). Les pathologies gynéco-obstétricales étaient la principale source de l'état de choc de (77,4%), dont 59,4% d'hémorragie du post-partum. L'insuffisance rénale aiguë était la principale atteinte viscérale (61%, n=38) suivie de 10% (n=6) des cas des troubles neurologiques. Tous les patients ont bénéficié d'une oxygénothérapie, et d'un remplissage vasculaire par des cristalloïdes et 3,2% ont eu des colloïdes. Les substances vasoactives utilisées étaient l'éphédrine 41,9%, suivie de l'adrénaline 27,4% et de la noradrénaline 17,7%. Vingt-sept virgule quarante pourcent de nos patients étaient décédés, et la cause la plus incriminée était la coagulopathie par défibrination. Conclusion: Les hémorragies obstétricales constituent la première cause de choc hémorragique ; le taux de mortalité reste encore élevé.

Effects of Cytokines on Early Death in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of cytokine levels on early death and coagulation function of patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).@*METHODS@#Routine examination was performed on 69 newly diagnosed APL patients at admission. Meanwhile, 4 ml fasting venous blood was extracted from the patients. And then the supernatant was taken after centrifugation. The concentrations of cytokines, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ferritin were detected by using the corresponding kits.@*RESULTS@#It was confirmed that cerebral hemorrhage was a major cause of early death in APL patients. Elevated LDH, decreased platelets (PLT) count and prolonged prothrombin time (PT) were high risk factors for early death (P <0.05). The increases of IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-17A were closely related to the early death of newly diagnosed APL patients, and the increases of IL-5 and IL-17A also induced coagulation disorder in APL patients by prolonging PT (P <0.05). In newly diagnosed APL patients, ferritin and LDH showed a positive effect on the expression of IL-5, IL-10 and IL-17A, especially ferritin had a highly positive correlation with IL-5 (r =0.867) and IL-17A (r =0.841). Moreover, there was a certain correlation between these five high-risk cytokines, among which IL-5 and IL-17A (r =0.827), IL-6 and IL-10 (r =0.823) were highly positively correlated.@*CONCLUSION@#Elevated cytokine levels in newly diagnosed APL patients increase the risk of early bleeding and death. In addition to the interaction between cytokines themselves, ferritin and LDH positively affect the expression of cytokines, thus affecting the prognosis of APL patients.

Value of the expression levels of complement-3a receptor 1 and neutrophil extracellular traps in predicting sepsis-induced coagulopathy / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the clinical value of complement-3a receptor 1 (C3aR1) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in predicting sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC).@*METHODS@#A prospective study was conducted among 78 children with sepsis who attended Xuzhou Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University from June 2022 to June 2023. According to the presence or absence of SIC, they were divided into two groups: SIC (n=36) and non-SIC (n=42) . The two groups were compared in terms of clinical data and the levels of C3aR1 and NETs. The factors associated with the occurrence of SIC were analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the performance of C3aR1 and NETs in predicting SIC.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the non-SIC group, the SIC group had significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10, C3aR1, and NETs (P<0.05). The multivaiate logistic regression analysis showed that the increases in C3aR1, NETs, and IL-6 were closely associated with the occurrence of SIC (P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that C3aR1 combined with NETs had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.913 in predicting SIC (P<0.05), which was significantly higher than the AUC of C3aR1 or IL-6 (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in AUC between C3aR1 combined with NETs and NETs alone (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#There are significant increases in the expression levels of C3aR1 and NETs in the peripheral blood of children with SIC, and the expression levels of C3aR1 and NETs have a high clinical value in predicting SIC.

Why anticoagulant studies on sepsis fail frequently --- start with SCARLET / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

The Sepsis Coagulopathy Asahi Recombinant LE Thrombomodulin (SCARLET) trial has many defects, and thus cannot be the terminator of recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM). On the contrary, it provides sufficient evidence for further research. Based on analysis focusing on the failure of SCARLET and several previous anticoagulant studies, it is most important for new studies to grasp the following two points: (1) The enrolled cases should have sufficient disease severity and a clear standard for disseminated intravascular coagulation; (2) Heparin should not be used in combination with the investigated drugs. Multiple post-hoc analyses show that no combination of heparin will not increase the risk of thromboembolism. In fact, the combination of heparin can mask the true efficacy of the investigated drug. Due to the complexity of sepsis treatment and the limitations of clinical studies, the results of all treatment studies should be repeatedly verified, rather than be determined at one stroke. Some research conclusions contrary to disease physiology, pharmacology and clinical practice may be deceptive, and should be cautious rather than be simply accepted. On the other hand, the dissenting voices in the "consensus" scene are often well discussed by the authors and should be highly valued.

Retrospective analysis of coagulopathy in patients with severe renal insufficiency caused by tigecycline / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effects of tigecycline on coagulation function in patients with severe renal insufficiency， and to provide a reference for safe clinical drug use. METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of patients with severe renal dysfunction complicated with infection receiving tigecycline admitted to nephrology department of our hospital from January 2021 to October 2022. The levels of prothrombin time （PT）， activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT）， international normalized ratio （INR）， platelet （PLT） and fibrinogen （FIB） were compared 3 days before medication， with 1-5， 6-10， 11-15 and 16-20 days after medication， 5 days after withdrawal and/or after symptomatic treatment. RESULTS Finally， 14 patients were included， and 9 patients developed coagulopathy， with an incidence of 64.29%. Compared with 3 days after medication， the levels of FIB at 6-10 and 11-15 days after medication， and PLT at 1-5 ， 6-10 and 11- 15 days after medication were decreased significantly， while the levels of PT at 1-5 and 6-10 days after medication， APTT at 1-5， 6-10 and 11-15 days after medication were significantly prolonged， and INR increased significantly at 1-5 and 6-10 days after medication （P＜0.05）. Compared with 3 days before medication， there were no statistically significant changes in FIB， PT， INR， APTT and PLT at 16-20 days after medication and 5 days after withdrawal and/or symptomatic treatment（P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Patients with severe renal insufficiency should be cautious with tigecycline， which can lead to prolonged PT and APTT， increased INR， and decreased PLT and FIB. If medication time is over 14 days， dynamic monitoring of coagulation function indicators is recommended to reduce the risk of adverse reactions.

Correlation of D-dimer value with Lipid Levels in COVID-19 Patients at Tertiary Gresik Hospital

@#Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected millions of people worldwide, which is characterized by the manifestation of symptoms from coagulopathy to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This study aimed to investigated the correlation of D-dimer with lipoproteins values in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Observational cross-sectional analysis, using secondary data from medical records, based on the sample size formula it takes 78 samples, the data analysis method uses the SPSS program version 24. Results: From the results of the study, the number of patients with a D-dimer value of less than 0.5 ug/ml was 26%. While as many as 74% patients got the value of D-dimer increased by more than 0.5 ug/ml. Triglyceride and LDL levels were not associated with changes in D-dimer values. There is a correlation between the value of D-dimer with HDL (P = 0.024). High levels of D-dimer values are associated with the severity of symptoms and a poor prognosis. Excessive inflammatory processes will initiate coagulation via the extrinsic pathway, which progresses to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) due to an imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Meanwhile, high HDL values reduce the risk of thrombotic events by initiating plasmin formation and are associated with low mortality rates. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant correlation between D-dimer values and HDL lipid levels. Suggestions, further research is needed to measure the correlation of D-dimer and HDL values in acute infection with the COVID-19 virus with a larger sample.

A clinical research on relationship between sepsis-induced coagulopathy and prognosis in patients with sepsis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the prognostic value of sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) in patients with sepsis.Methods:From January 2019 to December 2021, patients with sepsis admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of our hospital were retrospectively classified into the SIC group and non-SIC group according to SIC diagnostic criteria. The baseline clinical data, severity score, total length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay and 28-day survival were compared between the two groups. Kaplan-Meier was used to compare the 28-day survival of patients with sepsis between the two groups. Cox proportional hazard regression model was employed to analyze the risk factors of prognosis in patients with sepsis.Results:Totally 274 patients with sepsis were included in the analysis, including 139 patients in the SIC group and 135 patients in the non-SIC group. The two groups were compared in the perspectives of the Platelet count (PLT), prothrombin time (PT) , procalcitonin (PCT), D dimer, hematocrit, red blood cell distribution width, hemoglobin, acute kidney injury (AKI), the use of continuous renal replacement treatment (CRRT), the use of vasoactive drugs, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHEⅡ) score were compared between the two groups and the difference were statistically different (all P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the 28-day mortality rate in the SIC group was significantly higher than that in the non-SIC group (32.4% vs. 14.1%, P<0.05). COX proportional hazard model showed that SIC score ( HR= 2.17, 95% CI: 1.15-3.91, P<0.05), APACHEⅡ score ( HR= 1.13, 95% CI: 1.09-1.17, P<0.05) and the use of vasoactive drugs ( HR=3.66, 95% CI: 1.53-8.75, P<0.05) were independent influencing factors for 28-day death in patients with sepsis. Conclusions:Patients with sepsis and SIC have more severe disease and increased mortality risk. SIC score exhibits good clinical value in predicting the prognosis of patients with sepsis.

Comparing modified Lee and White method against 20-minute whole blood clotting test as bedside coagulation screening test in snake envenomation victims

Abstract Background: Twenty-minute whole blood clotting test (20WBCT) and Modified Lee and White (MLW) method are the most routinely employed bedside tests for detecting coagulopathic snake envenomation. Our study compared the diagnostic utility of MLW and 20WBCT for snakebite victims at a tertiary care hospital in Central Kerala, South India. Methods: This single-center study recruited 267 patients admitted with snake bites. 20WBCT and MLW were performed simultaneously at admission along with the measurement of Prothrombin Time (PT). The diagnostic utility of 20WBCT and MLW was determined by comparing the sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive and negative predictive values, likelihood ratios, and accuracy at admission with an INR value > 1.4. Results: Out of 267 patients, 20 (7.5%) patients had VICC. Amongst those who had venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC), MLW was prolonged for 17 patients, (Sn 85% 95% confidence interval [CI]: 61.1-96.0) whereas 20WBCT was abnormal for 11 patients (Sn 55%, 95% CI: 32.04-76.17). MLW and 20WBCT were falsely positive for the same patient (Sp 99.6%, 95% CI: 97.4-99.9%). Conclusion: MLW is more sensitive than 20WBCT to detect coagulopathy at the bedside amongst snakebite victims. However, further studies are necessary for standardizing bedside coagulation tests in snakebite cases.

Clinical characteristics of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in northern Anhui analysis of the effect of the vitamin K / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To analyze the clinical characteristics of anticoagulant rat poisoning and vitamin K

Drastic times, drastic measures: A case report on massive transfusion

@#Massive intra operative bloodloss require sex pectant measures, efficient coordination among providers, and timely feedback to optimize outcomes. In the Philippines, case reports on massive blood loss and transfusion are lacking. This report describes a 67-year-old female who underwent elective adrenalectomy, nephrectomy, and hepaticresection, with a total intraoperative blood loss of 20 liters in a 13-hour surgery. Efficient conduct of the institution's massive transfusion protocol, multiple press or support, electrolyte and glucose correction, and anticipatory management of associated complications of hypovolemia and transfusion were important elements to successful management. The patient tolerated the surgery and was discharged well after 12 days. In theabsence of more sophisticated monitoring and management options in a low-resource setting, maximizing available means and anticipatory interventions is key.

COVID-19 coagulopathy and antiphospholipid syndrome

The presence of thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients has been described since the beginning of the pandemic. This association has been confirmed in most of the reported studies. Autopsy reports have shown that most thromboses are located in the lung, although they have also been observed in other organs such as the skin and kidneys. SARS-CoV2 infection induces a generalized prothrombotic state, which is attributed to a combination of factors such as hypoxia, excess cellular apoptosis, and mainly to overactivation of the immune system. Among immune-mediated prothrombotic situations, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) stands out. Recurrent thrombotic events are observed in APS in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). There are numerous studies that report high prevalence of aPL in patients with COVID-19 infection. However, the results show discrepancies in the data on the prevalence of aPL, and its role in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in these patients. This could be due to the heterogeneity of the detection procedures for aPL or to transient elevations of non-pathogenic aPL levels in the context of infection. In this review we try to clarify the role of aPL in COVID-19 infection, and attempt to answer the question of whether it is a coagulopathy of its own, or secondary to APS.

La presencia de eventos trombóticos en los pacientes con COVID-19 se describió desde el inicio de la pandemia, asociación que ha sido confirmada en la mayoría de los estudios reportados. Los informes de necropsias han puesto de manifiesto que la mayoría de las trombosis se localiza en el pulmón, aunque también se han observado en otros órganos, como la piel y los riñones. La infección por SARS-CoV-2 induce un estado protrombótico generalizado que se atribuye a una conjunción de factores como la hipoxia, el exceso de apoptosis celular y, sobre todo, una hiperactivación del sistema inmune. Entre las situaciones protrombóticas inmunomediadas destaca el síndrome antifosfolipídico, en el cual se observan eventos trombóticos de repetición en presencia de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos (AAF). Existen numerosos estudios que reportan una elevada prevalencia de AAF en los pacientes con infección por la COVID-19; sin embargo, los resultados muestran discordancias en los datos de prevalencia de AAF y su rol en la patogenia sobre la trombosis en estos pacientes, lo que que podría deberse a la heterogeneidad de los procedimientos de detección de los AAF o a elevaciones transitorias de los niveles de AAF no patogénicos en el contexto de la infección. En esta revisión se busca aclarar el papel de los AAF en la infección por COVID-19, intentando responder a la pregunta de si se trata de una coagulopatía propia o es secundaria a un síndrome antifosfolipídico.

Tromboelastometría rotacional, el electrocardiograma de la coagulación / Rotational thromboelastometry. The electrocardiogram of coagulation

Resumen: La tromboelastometría evalúa los cambios viscoelásticos en el proceso de coagulación. Nos ofrece una representación gráfica de la formación del coágulo, la estabilidad del mismo y la presencia de lisis. La tromboelastometría rotacional es una herramienta diagnóstica que representa de forma gráfica la funcionalidad del coágulo para un manejo dirigido e individualizado de la coagulopatía asociada a hemorragia. En este trabajo se puntualiza cómo la tromboelastometría rotacional es a la coagulación como el electrocardiograma es al corazón.

Abstract: Thromboelastometry evaluates viscoelastic changes in the coagulation process. It offers us a graphic representation of the formation of the clot, its stability and the presence of lysis. Rotational thromboelastometry is a diagnostic tool that graphs the functionality of the clot, for a targeted and individualized management of bleeding-associated coagulopathy. In this work it is specified how rotational thromboelastometry is to coagulation as the electrocardiogram is to the heart.

Lesión renal aguda secundaria a mordedura de serpiente del género bothrops: a propósito de un caso

Introducción: el accidente ofídico es una intoxicación ocasionada por la inoculación de veneno a través de la mordedura de una serpiente, la cual genera alteraciones locales y sistémicas. Dicho evento representa un importante problema de salud pública en los países en vía de desarrollo debido a su alta frecuencia y gravedad. Las serpientes del género Bothrops son responsables de la mayoría de los accidentes y esto se debe, en parte, a su amplia distribución geográfica y comportamiento agresivo cuando se sienten amenazadas. La lesión renal aguda es una causa importante de mortalidad en pacientes con mordedura de serpientes de este género. Objetivo: describir el caso de un paciente femenino con lesión renal aguda inducida por mordedura de serpiente del género Bothrops. Simultáneamente se detallan los datos epidemiológicos más relevantes de dicha entidad, sus factores de riesgo, los posibles mecanismos fisiopatológicos que explican la génesis de la misma, su diagnóstico y manejo clínico. Se resalta la importancia de su identificación precoz y tratamiento oportuno. Presentación del caso: se presenta el caso de una paciente de 40 años que ingresa a una institución de cuarto nivel de complejidad por presentar lesión renal aguda y coagulopatía por consumo secundario a mordedura de serpiente del género Bothrops, con presencia de sangrado vaginal y hematuria que progresa a anuria y hematemesis, requiriendo transfusión de hemoderivados y terapia de reemplazo renal, medidas con las cuales presentó una evolución clínica favorable. Discusión y conclusión: la lesión renal aguda asociada a la mordedura de serpientes del género Bothrops es una complicación clínica común y potencialmente mortal que no debe ser olvidada. Los eventos fisiopatológicos responsables de esta complicación incluyen mecanismos inmunológicos, trastornos de la coagulación, pigmenturia, nefrotoxicidad directa y la respuesta inflamatoria con efectos hemodinámicos sistémicos y renales. Se hace imprescindible el conocimiento de dicha entidad en aras de reconocerla de forma precoz e instaurar su tratamiento oportuno con el fin de reducir sus complicaciones potencialmente fatales.

Introduction: The ophidian accident is an intoxication caused by the inoculation of venom through the bite of a snake, which generates local and systemic alterations. This event represents an important public health problem in developing countries due to its high frequency and severity. Snakes of the genus Bothrops are responsible for the majority of accidents, and this is partly due to their wide geographic distribution and aggressive behavior when threatened. Acute kidney injury is an important cause of mortality in patients with snake bites of this genus. Purpose: To describe the case of a female patient with bothrops snakebite-induced acute kidney injury. Simultaneously, the most relevant epidemiological data of said entity, its risk factors, the possible pathophysiological mechanisms that explain its genesis, its diagnosis and clinical management are detailed. The importance of its early identification and timely treatment is highlighted. Case presentation: We present the case of a 40-year-old female patient who was admitted to a fourth level of complexity institution due to acute kidney injury and consumption coagulopathy secondary to bothrops snakebite, with the presence of vaginal bleeding and hematuria that progressed to anuria. and hematemesis; requiring transfusion of blood products and renal replacement therapy, measures with which she presented a favorable clinical evolution. Conclusion and discussion: Acute kidney injury associated with the bite of bothrops snakes is a common and life-threatening clinical complication that should not be overlooked. The pathophysiological events responsible for this complication include immunological mechanisms, coagulation disorders, pigmenturia, direct nephrotoxicity, and the inflammatory response with systemic and renal hemodynamic effects. Knowledge of this entity is essential in order to recognize it early and establish its timely treatment in order to reduce its potentially fatal complications.

Thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 : A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge

The World started to experience the wrath of pandemic in the form of SARS-COV 2/COVID-19 infection since 2020. It is not the first time that we are experiencing such life threatening pandemics. But, what we forget to remember is the known diseases that are always there around us along with this pandemic. COVID-19 has its affect on almost every Organ System and one of its complications being Thrombogenicity. In order to combat this condition, we are using Anticoagulant Therapy mostly in the form of unfractionated Heparin or Low Molecular Weight heparin. But, it is also evident that heparin itself can result in state of Thrombosis in the form of heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia Complex and thus worsening the condition of the patient if not identified and treated early. In this report, we are going to discuss about a case of Thrombocytopenia Associated with COVID-19 which might be provoked by COVID-19 itself or use of Heparin and have given a brief review of literature on this topic

Low molecular weight heparin is useful in adult COVID-19 inpatients. Experience during the first Spanish wave: observational study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The intensity of the thromboprophylaxis needed as a potential factor for preventing inpatient mortality due to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between anticoagulation intensity and COVID-19 survival. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective observational study in a tertiary-level hospital in Spain. METHODS: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) status was ascertained based on prescription at admission. To control for immortal time bias, anticoagulant use was analyzed as a time-dependent variable. RESULTS: 690 patients were included (median age, 72 years). LMWH was administered to 615 patients, starting from hospital admission (89.1%). 410 (66.7%) received prophylactic-dose LMWH; 120 (19.5%), therapeutic-dose LMWH; and another 85 (13.8%) who presented respiratory failure, high D-dimer levels (> 3 mg/l) and non-worsening of inflammation markers received prophylaxis of intermediate-dose LMWH. The overall inpatient-mortality rate was 38.5%. The anticoagulant nonuser group presented higher mortality risk than each of the following groups: any LMWH users (HR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.40-3.15); the prophylactic-dose heparin group (HR 2.39; 95% CI, 1.57-3.64); and the users of heparin dose according to biomarkers (HR 6.52; 95% CI, 2.95-14.41). 3.4% of the patients experienced major hemorrhage. 2.8% of the patients developed an episode of thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study showed that LMWH administered at the time of admission was associated with lower mortality among unselected adult COVID-19 inpatients. The magnitude of the benefit may have been greatest for the intermediate-dose subgroup. Randomized controlled trials to assess the benefit of heparin within different therapeutic regimes for COVID-19 patients are required.

Mortalidade por coagulopatia em vítimas de choque hemorrágico decorrente de trauma atendidos pelo serviço pré-hospitalar / Mortalidad por coagulopatía en víctimas de shock hemorrágico resultante de trauma asistido por servicio prehospitalario / Mortality due to coagulopathy in victims of hemorrhagic shock resulting from trauma attended by pre-hospital service

Objetivo: identificar a mortalidade por coagulopatia nos pacientes vítimas de choque hemorrágico decorrente de trauma atendidos pelo serviço pré-hospitalar. Método: foi realizada revisão da literatura no período de maio até dezembro de 2021. A estratégia de busca baseou-se na pesquisa de artigos nas bases de dados PubMed/MedLine, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Cochrane Library e SciELO englobando estudos publicados em 2017 até julho de 2021 e usou como descritores os termos "Pacientes OU trauma OU choque hemorrágico OU Atendimento pré-hospitalar E ácido tranexâmico E choque hipovolêmico OU coagulopatia OU mortalidade". Em português, inglês e espanhol, o que resultou em 06 artigos após análise final. Resultados: os estudos analisados mostraram redução da taxa de mortalidade quando o ácido tranexâmico foi administrado em até 3 horas após o trauma. Conclusão: os resultados das pesquisas analisadas corroboram o uso do ácido tranexâmico em pacientes traumatizados, sendo um adjuvante eficaz no manejo do trauma(AU)

Objective: to identify mortality from coagulopathy in patients with hemorrhagic shock due to trauma treated at the pre-hospital service. Method: a literature review was carried out from May to December 2021. The search strategy was based on the search for articles in the PubMed/MedLine, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane Library and SciELO databases, encompassing studies published from 2017 to July 2021 and used as descriptors the terms "Patients OR Injury OR hemorrhagic shock OR Prehospital care AND tranexamic acid AND hypovolemic shock OR coagulopathy OR mortality". In Portuguese, English and Spanish, which resulted in 06 articles after final analysis. Results: the analyzed studies showed a reduction in the mortality rate when tranexamic acid was administered within 3 hours after the trauma. Conclusion: the results of the analyzed studies support the use of tranexamic acid in trauma patients, being an effective adjuvant in the management of trauma.(AU)

Objetivo: identificar la mortalidad por coagulopatía en pacientes con shock hemorrágico por trauma atendidos en el servicio prehospitalario. Método: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de mayo a diciembre de 2021. La estrategia de búsqueda se basó en la búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos PubMed/MedLine, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane Library y SciELO, abarcando estudios publicados desde 2017 hasta julio de 2021 y utilizados como descriptores los términos "Pacientes O traumatismo O shock hemorrágico O Atención prehospitalaria Y ácido tranexámico Y shock hipovolémico O coagulopatía O mortalidad". En portugués, inglés y español, lo que resultó en 06 artículos después del análisis final. Resultados: los estudios analizados mostraron una reducción en la tasa de mortalidad cuando se administró ácido tranexámico dentro de las 3 horas posteriores al trauma. Conclusión: los resultados de los estudios analizados apoyan el uso del ácido tranexámico en pacientes traumatizados, siendo un coadyuvante eficaz en el manejo del trauma(AU)

Alteraciones hematológicas como consecuencia de COVID-19 y sus vacunas / Hematological changes as a consequence of COVID-19 and its vaccines

El virus SARS-CoV-2 continúa infectando a millones de individuos en el mundo. Aunque los síntomas más frecuentes observados en los pacientes con COVID-19 son fiebre, fatiga y tos, en los casos severos la hipercoagulabilidad y la inflamación son dos condiciones que pueden producir complicaciones y causar daño en órganos, poniendo en riesgo la vida del paciente. Con el fin de clasificar a los pacientes durante el triaje, se han explorado diferentes marcadores hematológicos, incluidos el recuento de plaquetas, linfocitos y eosinófilos, y la relación neutrófilos/ linfocitos, entre otros. Por su parte, para la evaluación de las coagulopatías, se vienen determinando marcadores como el dímero D y el fibrinógeno. En esta revisión se abordan las coagulopatías y los parámetros hematológicos en pacientes con COVID-19, al igual que las anormalidades en la coagulación como la trombocitopenia trombótica inmune inducida por las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2

The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to infect millions of individuals around the world. Although the most frequent symptoms observed in patients with COVID-19 are fever, fatigue and cough, in severe cases hypercoagulability and inflammation are two conditions that can cause complications and organ failure, putting the patient's life at risk. In order to classify patients during triage, different hematological markers have been explored, including platelet, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, among others. Furthermore, for the evaluation of coagulopathies, markers such as D-dimer and fibrinogen are being evaluated. This review addresses the coagulopathies and hematological parameters in patients with COVID-19, as well as coagulation abnormalities such as immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Coagulopathy and the humoral response against viral proteins in patients at different stages of COVID-19

BACKGROUND Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) often present with coagulopathies and have high titres of circulating antibodies against viral proteins. OBJECTIVES Herein, we evaluated the association between D-dimer and circulating immunoglobulin levels against viral proteins in patients at different clinical stages of COVID-19. METHODS For this, we performed a cross-sectional study involving patients of the first wave of COVID-19 clinically classified as oligosymptomatic (n = 22), severe (n = 30), cured (n = 27) and non-infected (n = 9). Next, we measured in the plasma samples the total and fraction of immunoglobulins against the nucleoprotein (NP) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays. FINDINGS Patients with severe disease had a coagulation disorder with high levels of D-dimer as well as circulating IgG against the NP but not the RBD compared to other groups of patients. In addition, high levels of D-dimer and IgG against the NP and RBD were associated with disease severity among the patients in this study. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IgG against NP and RBD participates in the worsening of COVID-19. Although the humoral response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is partially understood, and more efforts are needed to clarify gaps in the knowledge of this process.