Uma breve trajetória dos elementos constitutivos do Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) / Una breve trayectoria de los elementos constitutivos del Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) / A brief trajectory of the constituent elements of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)

Resumo O trabalho reconstrói a trajetória do Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), especialmente seu processo de aprendizado orientado à políticas públicas. Inicialmente, o texto contrasta os elementos contidos em Sabatier e Mazmanian (1980), nos quais são encontrados os primeiros esforços para desenvolver um modelo de análise com os argumentos encontrados em Sabatier (1987, 1988 e 1993). Posteriormente, a trajetória histórica de atualizações e versões do modelo é discutida com base nas análises de Sabatier e Jenkins-Smith (1999), Sabatier e Weible (2007) e Jenkins-Smith et al. (2018). Ao longo de mais de 30 anos de pesquisa, foi possível acompanhar as modificações presentes nas quatro versões do modelo, as principais hipóteses construídas, as críticas e seus desdobramentos Uma lacuna identificada nessa trajetória e consequente proposta para uma futura agenda de pesquisa apontam a influência dos atores internacionais e suas implicações nas modificações de políticas públicas, condição não explicitamente abordada pela ACF em suas diversas versões, conforme destacado por Jenkins-Smith et al. (2018).

Resumen El artículo pretende trazar la trayectoria del Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), especialmente su proceso de aprendizaje orientado a políticas públicas. Inicialmente, el texto contrasta los elementos contenidos en Sabatier y Mazmanian (1980), donde se encuentran los primeros esfuerzos por desarrollar un modelo de análisis, con los argumentos encontrados en Sabatier (1987, 1988 y 1993). Posteriormente, se discute la trayectoria histórica de actualizaciones y versiones del modelo a partir de los análisis de Sabatier y Jenkins-Smith (1999), Sabatier y Weible (2007), y Jenkins-Smith et al. (2018). A lo largo de la trayectoria de construcción del ACF, fue posible seguir las modificaciones en las cuatro versiones del modelo, las principales hipótesis construidas, las críticas y sus desdoblamientos. Una laguna identificada en esta trayectoria, y consecuente propuesta de agenda de investigación futura, destaca la influencia de los actores internacionales y sus implicaciones en las modificaciones de las políticas públicas, condición no abordada explícitamente por el ACF en sus variadas versiones, como destacan Jenkins-Smith et al. (2018).

Abstract This paper aims to retrace the trajectory of the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), especially its policy-oriented learning process. Initially, we contrast the elements in Sabatier and Mazmanian (1980), where the first efforts to develop an analysis model are found, with the arguments found in Sabatier (1987, 1988, and 1993). Subsequently, the historical trajectory of updates and versions of the model is discussed based on the analyses in Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith (1999), Sabatier and Weible (2007), and Jenkins-Smith et al. (2018). It was possible to follow the modifications in the model, the main hypotheses built, the criticisms, and their unfoldings. As main findings, it was evident throughout the ACF construction trajectory: four versions of the model over almost 30 years and with the decisive participation of six prominent authors who contributed to its main developments since the first version, present in Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith (1993); and Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith (1999), the model gains greater analytical capacity with the intermediate variables between the external factors and the policy subsystem and analytically refines the categories internal to the subsystem. One gap identified in this trajectory, and consequent proposal for a future research agenda, is the influence of international actors and their implications on policy modifications, a condition not explicitly addressed by the ACF in its varied versions, as highlighted by Jenkins-Smith et al. (2018).

Análise da política nacional de DST/Aids sob a perspectiva do modelo de coalizões de defesa / Analysis of the national DST/Aids policy from the perspective of advocacy coalition framework (ACF)

Resumo O sucesso do Programa Nacional de DST/Aids no Brasil se deve, em boa medida, à pluralidade de atores sociais engajados no combate à Aids. Este artigo visa analisar a dinâmica de mudanças ocorridas dentro do subsistema da Política Nacional de DST/Aids à luz do modelo de coalizões de defesa (MCD). Trata-se de um estudo que se vale da análise documental dos marcos normativos e de entrevistas com informantes-chave. Os resultados apontam para a formação de três coalizões: Coalizão A (engajamento social), Coalizão B (força governamental), e Coalizão C (parcerias internacionais), que, mediadas pelos parlamentares e instituições científicas, travam disputas traduzindo seus pontos de vista em ações governamentais. Os achados mostram que, embora bem-sucedida, a Política Nacional de DST/Aids enfrentou grandes dificuldades em estabelecer padrões que contemplassem as necessidades da população. Entretanto, mesmo que as coalizões contem com estratégias distintas, apresentam-se como convergentes, pois se direcionam para o mesmo objetivo. Vale ressaltar que, nos dias atuais, a onda conservadora atuante no Brasil apresenta tendência a inviabilizar novas políticas no campo da Aids e ameaça direitos humanos e sociais adquiridos. Tais impactos devem ser analisados em estudos futuros.

Abstract The success of the National STD/AIDS Program in Brazil is, to a great extent, associated with the multiplicity of social actors involved in the fight against AIDS. The scope of this article is to analyze the dynamics of changes occurring within the subsystem of national STD/AIDS policy in the light of the advocacy coalition framework (ACF) model. The study is based on documentary analysis of regulatory frameworks and interviews with key informants. The results point to the formation of three coalitions: Coalition A (social engagement); Coalition B (the force of governmental policies/actors); and Coalition C (international partnerships) which, mediated by the House of representatives and scientific institutions, wage disputes to translate their viewpoints into government actions. The data show that, despite being successful, the National STD/AIDS Policy faced great difficulties in establishing standards that addressed the needs of the population. However, although coalitions have different strategies, they are convergent, as they are directed towards the same objectives. It is worth mentioning that nowadays, the conservative wave in Brazil tends to preclude renewed policies in the field of AIDS and may threaten well-established human and social rights. Such impacts need to be analyzed in future studies.

Discussion on the current situation and prospect of compact county medical community in China based on typical cases / 中华医院管理杂志

In order to further promote hierarchical medical system and enhance the capacity of primary healthcare services, China began to build compact county medical community. At present, the development of China′s compact county community still exists such problems as the construction of service system, the basic institutional mechanism, the quality of supply capacity and the core guarantee mechanism. In order to solve the existing problems, the authors took Shaxian District of Sanming City, Fujian Province, Dancheng County of Zhoukou City, Henan Province, and Yangqu County, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province as examples to summarize the experience of the advanced pilot areas of the policy. In the future, the construction of compact county community in China should be based on the construction of " single-core multi-layer" system, starting from the five levels of collaborative management, practical operation, system construction, basic guarantee and multi-party supervision, to comprehensively enhance the healthcare services, and finally achieve the goal of the strategy of hierarchical medical and Healthy China.

Analysis on the operation mode and effect of medical preventive integration in county scale medical alliances in Hangzhou / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To explore an effective mode of medical preventive integration, so as to further the construction of county scale health-centered medical alliances.Methods:This study took five medical alliances from a county in Hangzhou as an example, and carried out the semi-structured interview method and typical case analysis to summarize the medical preventive integration operation mode in January 2020; the self-developed questionnaire was used to understand the operation effectiveness evaluation on county medical alliances by medical staffs and residents from fowr aspects: medical preventive team, medical preventive resources, medical preventive services and medical preventive information fusion.Results:Each county scale medical alliance promoted the integration of medical preventive by innovating the organizational structure, strengthening organizational guarantees, and integrating teams, resources, services, and information on medical preventive. The questionnaire survey showed that medical staff had highest satisfaction with the medical preventive service integration (3.75 points), and lowest satisfaction with the medical preventive information integration (3.69 points); residents had highest satisfaction with health information functions in medical preventive information fusion (4.20 points), and lowest satisfaction with preventive health care services in medical preventive services fusion (4.15 points).Conclusions:The evaluation measures related to medical preventive integration services need to be improved, and the quality of services needs to be promoted, all the information systems need to be interconnected, and big data on the information platform needs to be mined and utilized.

Discussion on the effect of medical insurance payment system reform on promoting the construction of medical alliance / 中华医院管理杂志

The reform of medical insurance payment system could promote the transformation of medical services from price medical care to value medical care, which is very important to promote the construction of medical alliance. The authors discussed the reform of medical insurance payment system to promote the construction of medical alliance, and the order of medical alliance covering medical services and seeking medical treatment.For medical service providers, the reform of medical insurance payment system helped to promote the construction of closer medical alliance, guided the sinking of high-quality resources, helped to form a smooth referral mechanism, and strengthened the supervision and assessment of medical behavior. For the demanders of medical services, the differentiated medical insurance reimbursement proportion policy within the medical alliancewas more conducive to attracting the first consultation at the grass-roots level. At the same time, patients had a wider choice of medical treatment and more freedom of choice. In view of the problems existing in practice, the authors suggested that a variety of medical insurance payment and performance systems with value-based medical care as the core should be implemented to deepen the development of medical alliance, the medical insurance system and municipal subsidies should jointly undertake the salary subsidies for sinking medical personnel, and integrate the grass-roots fragmented health care business with the help of medical insurance payment tools, and promote the coverage expansion of the medical insurance reform of the medical alliance based on policy guidance.

Effect analysis and development suggestions of medical alliance construction in Guangdong province / 中华医院管理杂志

Guangdong province is experimenting with a model composed of various types of medical alliances, having achieved initial success with some of them and preliminarily has formed a holistic governance pattern. Experiences behind such initial success lied in a coordinated top-level design, reasonable and classified guidance, leader role of key governance subjects, and the construction of a telemedical system. However, as analyzed from the angle of collaborative governance, existing medical alliances have not yet formed a community of services, that of responsibility, that of interests, and that of services. In this consideration, the authors recommended to strengthen the collaborative governance of such alliances by respective governance subjects based on the theories of integrated medical service system and collaborative governance, eventually forming an integrated medical and health service system.

A política nas políticas de acesso à informação brasileiras: trajetória e coalizões / La política en las políticas de acceso a la información brasileñas: trayectoria y coaliciones / The politics of Brazil's access to information policies: history and coalitions

Resumo Como as diversas iniciativas legislativas sobre acesso à informação no Brasil culminaram na aprovação da Lei n. 12.527 (Lei de Acesso à Informação [LAI], 2011)? A partir da abordagem de coalizões de defesa (advocacy coalitions framework - ACF), este artigo analisa a formação de agenda e a atuação de diferentes coalizões, por meio da análise de amplo clipping de notícias, entrevistas, leis e documentos publicados entre 2001 e 2012. Foram identificadas duas coalizões: a) uma a favor de mudanças na legislação, composta por setores do Poder Executivo, do Poder Legislativo, da mídia e da sociedade civil; e b) outra a favor da manutenção de regras restritivas de acesso à informação, composta por Forças Armadas, Itamaraty e Comissão de Relações Exteriores e Defesa Nacional (CRE) do Senado. Identificou-se, também, a superposição de dois subsistemas de políticas públicas: a) o de transparência; e b) o de reconciliação. Este último monopolizou o debate público sobre o tema, contribuindo para a morosidade na aprovação da LAI (2011). O Itamaraty também emerge como autor de forte lobby contra modificações nas regras de classificação de documentos, por motivos ainda a explorar em profundidade.

Resumen ¿Cómo las diversas iniciativas legislativas sobre acceso a la información en Brasil culminaron en la aprobación de la ley n.o 12.527 [Ley de Acceso a la Información (LAI), 2011)]? Utilizando el marco de coaliciones de causa (advocacy coalitions framework - ACF), este artículo analiza la formación de agenda y la actuación de diferentes coaliciones por medio del análisis de amplio clipping de noticias, entrevistas, leyes y documentos entre 2001 y 2012. Se identificaron dos coaliciones: una a favor de cambios en la legislación, compuesta por sectores del Ejecutivo, Legislativo, medios de comunicación y sociedad civil; y otra a favor del mantenimiento de reglas restrictivas de acceso a la información, compuesta por las Fuerzas Armadas, Itamaraty (Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Brasil) y la Comisión de Relaciones Exteriores y Defensa Nacional del Senado. Se identificó también la superposición de dos subsistemas de políticas públicas, el de transparencia y el de reconciliación. Este último monopolizó el debate público sobre el tema, contribuyendo a la morosidad en la aprobación de la Ley de Acceso a la Información. El Itamaraty también emerge como autor de fuerte lobby contra modificaciones en las reglas de clasificación de documentos, por motivaciones aún por investigar.

Abstract How did the various legislative initiatives on access to information in Brazil culminate in the 12.527/11 federal law? Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework, this article analyzes the agenda setting and strategies of different coalitions, analyzing a broad array of news, interviews, laws, and official documents between 2001 and 2012. Two coalitions were identified: one in favor of changes in legislation, comprised of sectors of the Executive, legislative, the media and civil society; and another in favor of the maintenance of restrictive rules of access to information, composed of Armed Forces, Itamaraty (Brazil's diplomatic corps) and the Senate's Legislative Commission on Defense and Foreign Affairs. The article also identifies an overlap of two public policy subsystems: the transparency subsystem and the reconciliation one. The latter monopolized the public debate on the subject, contributing to the slowness in approving a transparency law. Itamaraty also emerges as the author of a strong lobby against changes in the rules for document classification, for reasons yet to be studied.

Marcha das Vadias de Porto Alegre: uma análise das políticas de aliança / Political Alliances of the SlutWalk in Porto Alegre / Política de alianzas a partir de la Marcha de las Putas de Porto Alegre / Politique d'alliances de la SlutWalk de Porto Alegre

Este artigo parte da análise da ruptura ocorrida na Marcha das Vadias de Porto Alegre no ano de 2014, para pensar como se negociaram as políticas de aliança e coalizões dentro de um campo de tensões dos feminismos contemporâneos. Trata-se de um recorte de uma pesquisa de mestrado que acompanhou o processo de organização da Marcha das Vadias em caráter etnográfico e entrevistou sete pessoas que fizeram parte desse momento político. Aqui, são apresentadas brevemente as personagens a fim de refletir como se compôs a pluralidade em um campo de disputa que parecia ser polarizado. Essa análise busca ainda trazer uma reflexão mais ampla em relação aos movimentos políticos contemporâneos, suas pluralidades e negociações em campo identitário. Conclui-se que para pensar as alianças nas pautas é necessário considerar os marcadores sociais que se atravessam nos diferentes modos de fazer política feminista.

Marcha das Vadias de Porto Alegre: uma análise das políticas de aliança. Psicologia Política, 19(45), p 216-228 The aim of this article is to apply the analysis of rupture that occurred in the SlutWalk, during 2014 in Porto Alegre, to explore how alliances and coalitions were negotiated in a contemporary feminism tension field. This is part of a master's research that followed the SlutWalk organization, in an ethnographic process, and interviewed seven people who were part of this political moment. Here, the characters are briefly introduced in order to reflect how the plurality was composed in a dispute field that seemed to be polarized. This analysis also seeks to bring a broader reflection on contemporary political movements, their pluralities and negotiations in the identity field. In conclusion, in order to think about the alliances in the feminist guidelines, it is necessary to consider social markers that are crossed in the different ways of doing of feministpolitics.

Este artículo parte del análisis de la ruptura ocurrida en la Marcha de las Putas de Porto Alegre en el ano 2014, para pensar cómo se negociaron las políticas de alianza y coaliciones dentro de un campo de tensiones de los feminismos contemporáneos. Se trata de un recorte de una investigación de maestría que acompanó el proceso de organización de la Marcha de las Putas en carácter etnográfico y entrevistó a siete personas que formaron parte de ese momento político. Aquí, se presentan brevemente los personajes para reflejar cómo se compuso la pluralidad en un campo de disputa que parecía ser binario. Este análisis busca aún traer una reflexión más amplia en relación a los movimientos políticos contemporáneos, sus pluralidades y negociaciones en campo identitario. Se concluye que para pensar las alianzas en las pautas feministas es necesario considerar marcadores sociales que se atravesan en las diferentes formas de feminismos.

Cet article commence par l'analyse de la rupture survenue lors de la SlutWalk de Porto Alegre en 2014, afm de réfléchir à la manière dont les politiques d'alliance et de coalitions ont été négociées dans un champ de tensions du féminisme contemporain. Il s 'agit d 'une partie de la recherche d 'un Master qui a accompagné le processus d 'organisation de la SlutWalk à caractère ethnographique et qui a interrogé sept personnes qui faisaient partie de ce moment politique. Ici, les personnages sont brièvement présentés afm de refléter la composition de la pluralité dans un champ de controverse qui semblait être polarisé. Cette analyse cherche également à apporter une réflexion plus large sur les mouvements politiques contemporains, leurs pluralités et leurs négociations dans le domaine de l'identité. Il est conclu que, pour penser les alliances dans les lignes directrices, il est nécessaire de considérer différents marqueurs sociaux croisés dans les différentes formes de féminisme.

Coalizões de advocacia e estratégias de negociação na revisão do Código Florestal / Coaliciones de causa y estrategias de negociación en la revisión del Código Forestal Brasileño / Advocacy coalitions and negotiation strategies in the revision of the forest code

Resumo Este artigo analisa as coalizões de advocacia (meio ambiente e agricultura) estabelecidas durante a revisão do Código Florestal brasileiro e as principais estratégias de negociação adotadas. Entrevistas, análise de documentos e notícias de jornais de grande circulação possibilitaram captar como os gestores do Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA) e do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (Mapa) lideraram tais coalizões. A teoria do Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) foi utilizada na análise das coalizões. Os resultados demonstram que esses ministérios recorreram à negociação como estratégia principal. A coalizão agricultura também investiu em informação científica, ao passo que a coalizão meio ambiente investiu em mobilização social.

Resumen El trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las coaliciones de causa (medio ambiente y agricultura) establecidas durante la revisión del Código Forestal Brasileño y las estrategias de negociación principales que se utilizan. Entrevistas, análisis de documentos y de los principales periódicos de noticias permiten captar como gestores de los ministerios de Medio Ambiente (MMA) y de Agricultura, Ganadería y Abastecimiento (Mapa) lideraron estas coaliciones. La teoría de advocacy coalition framework (ACF) se utiliza para el análisis de las coaliciones. Los resultados mostraron que ambos ministerios utilizan la negociación como estrategia principal. La coalición agricultura invirtió en información científica, mientras que la coalición medio ambiente invirtió en movilización social.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the advocacy coalitions (classified as 'environment' and 'agriculture') established during the revision of the Brazilian Forest Code and the main negotiation strategies used. Interviews, analysis of documents and newspaper' reports allowed capturing how the managers of the Ministries of Environment (MMA) and Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (Mapa) led these coalitions. Coalition analysis used the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF). Results showed both ministries used negotiation as their main strategy. The agriculture coalition invested in scientific information, while environment coalition carried out social mobilization.

Alinhamento partidário e demanda por transferências federais no Brasil / Alineación partidaria y demanda de transferencias federales en Brasil / Partisan alignment and requests for federal transfers in Brazil

Resumo Este artigo investiga como governos subnacionais solicitam transferências federais junto ao governo central no Brasil. Usando microdados sobre os pedidos de transferências voluntárias dos municípios à União entre 2009 e 2016 e um desenho de regressão descontínua, mostra-se que prefeitos do partido que ocupa a Presidência da República requerem muito mais recursos do que prefeitos oposicionistas - indicando que o alinhamento partidário constitui canal importante para solicitá-los. Por outro lado, esse efeito é heterogêneo entre prefeitos de partidos que integram a coalizão de governo federal. Desse modo, os resultados mostram que o alinhamento partidário entre diferentes níveis de governo importa para explicar a demanda por recursos discricionários no Brasil.

Resumen Este artículo investiga cómo gobiernos subnacionales en Brasil solicitan transferencias federales al gobierno central. A partir de microdatos sobre las solicitudes de transferencias discrecionales de los municipios brasileños al gobierno central (2009-2016) y de un diseño de regresión discontinua (RD) se demuestra que los alcaldes del partido que ocupa la presidencia requieren sustancialmente más recursos que los alcaldes opositores, lo que indica que la alineación partidaria es un canal importante para solicitarlos. Por otro lado, este efecto es heterogéneo entre los alcaldes de partidos que integran la coalición de gobierno a nivel federal. Los resultados demuestran que la alineación partidaria entre diferentes niveles de gobierno es importante para explicar la demanda de recursos discrecionales en Brasil.

Abstract This article analyzes how subnational governments request transfers from the federal government in Brazil. Using microdata on applications for discretionary transfers from the Brazilian federal government to municipalities between 2009 and 2016 and a regression discontinuity design (RDD), I show that mayors affiliated with the president's party demand substantially more resources than opposition mayors, meaning that the partisan alignment is an important channel to request transfers. On the other hand, the effect varies among mayors from other coalition parties. Thus, the results show that partisan alignment between different levels of government is a key factor in explaining the requests for discretionary resources in Brazil.

Nuevas fronteras y rumbos en la investigación sobre transferencia, difusión y circulación de políticas públicas: agentes, espacios, resistencia y traducciones / Novas fronteiras e direções na pesquisa sobre transferência, difusão e circulação de políticas públicas: agentes, espaços, resistência e traduções / New frontiers and directions in policy transfer, diffusion and circulation research: agents, spaces, resistance, and translations

Abstract Policy transfer, diffusion and circulation studies are a fertile ground for innovation in public policy analysis. In a globalized world, where state boundaries are permeable and public policy travels transnationally, the diffusion of policies is what naturally connects domestic to international policy. Te recent surge of publications in the feld consolidated an important and dense body of knowledge. However, afer years of research, there now seems stasis if not stagnation, with relatively little conceptual innovation. In this article we propose to address fresh avenues for future research, considering what needs to be better understood in the policy diffusion phenomenon. Te new frontiers to be explored are not only associated to heuristic dimensions of the feld, but also to empirical dynamics that emerged in the past years. We highlight six new frontiers for policy transfer and diffusion research: (1) the role of the private sector and consultants; (2) internationalization of domestic coalitions; (3) transnational spaces and transfer agents; (4) policy translation; (5) resistance to transfer; and (6) South-South or South-North transfers.

Resumen Los estudios sobre transferencia, difusión y circulación de políticas son un campo fértil para la innovación en el campo del análisis de políticas públicas. En un mundo globalizado, donde las fronteras del Estado son permeables y la política pública transita transnacionalmente, la difusión de políticas es lo que conecta naturalmente la política nacional a la internacional. El reciente aumento de publicaciones en el campo consolidó un cuerpo de conocimiento denso y relevante. No obstante, después de años de investigación, parece que ahora hay un cierto letargo -por no decir paralización-, con relativamente poca innovación conceptual. En este artículo proponemos abordar nuevos caminos para futuras investigaciones, considerando lo que requiere una mejor comprensión sobre el fenómeno de la difusión de políticas. A nuestro parecer, las nuevas políticas por explorar no están solamente asociadas a dimensiones heurísticas del campo, sino también a dinámicas empíricas que emergieron en los últimos años. Destacamos seis nuevas fronteras para la investigación sobre la transferencia y la difusión de políticas públicas: (1) el papel del sector privado y de los consultores; (2) la internacionalización de las coaliciones nacionales; (3) los espacios transnacionales y agentes de transferencia; (4) la traducción de políticas; (5) la resistencia a la transferencia; y (6) las transferencias Sur-Sur o Sur-Norte.

Resumo Os estudos sobre transferência, difusão e circulação de políticas são um campo fértil para a inovação no campo da análise de políticas públicas. No mundo globalizado, onde as fronteiras do Estado são permeáveis e a política pública viaja transnacionalmente, a difusão de políticas é o que conecta naturalmente a política doméstica à internacional. O recente aumento de publicações no campo consolidou um corpo de conhecimento denso e importante. No entanto, após anos de pesquisa, parece que há agora uma certa estase, para não dizer uma estagnação, com relativamente pouca inovação conceitual. Neste artigo propomos abordar novos caminhos para futuras pesquisas, considerando o que precisa ser mais bem compreendido sobre o fenômeno da difusão de políticas. As novas políticas a serem exploradas não estão, em nossa opinião, somente associadas às dimensões heurísticas do campo, mas também às dinâmicas empíricas que emergiram nos últimos anos. Destacamos seis novas fronteiras para a pesquisa sobre a transferência e a difusão de políticas públicas: (1) o papel do setor privado e dos consultores; (2) a internacionalização das coalizões domésticas; (3) os espaços transnacionais e agentes de transferência; (4) a tradução de políticas; (5) a resistência à transferência; e (6) as transferências Sul-Sul ou Sul-Norte.

Análisis de redes sociales: una herramienta efectiva para evaluar coaliciones comunitarias / Social network analysis: an effective tool for evaluating community coalitions

Objetivos Los objetivos de este artículo son presentar: a. Las aplicaciones del Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) en el estudio de coaliciones comunitarias y redes inter-organizativas; b. Los indicadores estructurales de la red completa relacionados con su funcionamiento, y; c. Los métodos para identificar subgrupos dentro de las redes. Método Para ilustrar los procedimientos utilizaremos la visualización de grafos y datos de una investigación propia. Resultados Proponemos orientaciones metodológicas para evaluar y fortalecer coaliciones comunitarias a través de ARS. Conclusiones El análisis estructural es una potente herramienta para evaluar y optimizar el funcionamiento de coaliciones que prestan servicios socio-sanitarios, al mismo tiempo es necesario conocer el contexto específico y emplear herramientas de investigación cualitativas para contrastar la información obtenida mediante ARS.(AU)

Objectives The aim of this paper is to report: a. The main applications of Social Network Analysis (SNA) in the study of community coalitions and inter-organizational networks; b. The structural indicators of the whole network related to coalition functions, and; c. The methods to identify subgroups within networks. Method We will use graph visualization and data from our own research to illustrate the procedures under study. Results A set of methodological guidelines to evaluate and improve community coalitions through SNA are proposed. Conclusions Structural analysis is a powerful instrument to evaluate and optimize the functioning of coalitions that provides social and health services, and at the same time, it is necessary to understand the specific context of interaction and use qualitative tools to contrast the results obtained through SNA.(AU)

Programa de promoción de la salud en una comunidad nativa de Alaska:: un caso de planificación estratégica y colaboración comunitaria / A program for health promotion in Alaska Native Community:: a case os strategic planning and community collaboration

En este trabajo se describe una iniciativa de promoción de la salud en una comunidad nativa de Alaska. La etnia Yupik vive en condiciones de aislamiento en la zona occidental de Alaska y tiene dificultades de acceso a servicios públicos, además de problemas de salud relacionados con los hábitos de vida. El proyecto "Healthy Living Through a Healthy Lifestyle" se basó en la planificación estratégica de servicios de salud y en la implementación de iniciativas de promoción de la salud en un asentamiento de esta etnia. Para ello se organizó un comité compuesto por miembros de la comunidad, profesionales de los servicios y personal investigador de la universidad. Además se contó con dos mediadores comunitarios de salud para facilitar el acceso de las familias a los servicios públicos. El programa puso el acento en la adaptación cultural de sus contenidos, en la colaboración entre los investigadores y los participantes y en la implicación de la comunidad en el diseño, implementación y evaluación del programa.

In this paper, we describe a health promotion initiative in a native community in Alaska. The Yupik ethnic group lives in isolation in Western Alaska and has poor access to public services, as well as health problems related to lifestyle. The "Healthy Living Through a Healthy Lifestyle" project was based on the strategic planning of health services and on the implementation of health promotion initiatives in a settlement of this ethnic group. For this, it was organized a committee of community members, service professionals and University researchers. It included also two community health mediators to facilitate families' access to public services. The program emphasizes cultural adaptation of contents, collaboration between researchers and participants and community involvement in the design, implementation and evaluation of the program.

A influência da dinâmica eleitoral sobre o comportamento dos partidos na Câmara dos Deputados e no Senado Federal / The Impact of electoral dynamics on partisan political behavior in the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies and National Senate / L'Influence de la dynamique électorale sur la conduite des partis à la Chambre des Députés et au Sénat brésilien

This article discusses the impact of electoral dynamics on partisan political behavior in the Brazilian Congressional arena. Based on an analysis of voting and electoral alliances, the author shows that Presidential elections became efficient and influenced the parties' performance and alignments in Congressional disputes. She then proceeds to argue that repeat contestants in Presidential races behave more coherently and in a more disciplined way in the Congressional arena in order to maximize their party's electoral value, which is not expected of one-time Presidential contestants. The findings show that the partisan approach underlying the behavior of party leadership and delegations in the Brazilian Congress is explained by the electoral and organizational dynamics, and not only by centralization of the decision-making process.

Dans cet article, on examine l'influence de la dynamique électorale à l'égard de la conduite des partis sur la scène parlementaire brésilienne. D'après l'analyse des séances de vote et des coalitions électorales, on voit que les élections présidentielles sont devenues efficaces et influencent l'action et les associations de partis lors des disputes au Congrès. On peut donc penser que les candidats qui se présentent le plus souvent aux élections présidentielles ont une conduite plus cohérente et mieux disciplinée, afin de tirer profit de la tête de liste de leur parti, ce qu'on n'attend pas des candidats éventuels. Les résultats montrent que l'esprit partisan qui guide le comportement des dirigeants et des groupes parlementaires s'explique par la dynamique électorale et organisationnelle et pas seulement par la centralisation du processus de décision.

Papel das ligas estudantis de apoio à nefrologia na prevenção da doença renal crônica / The role of the student coalition of support to nephrology in the prevention of chronic kidney disease

No Brasil, assim como no resto do mundo, a Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) vem sendo encarada como um sério problema de saúde pública. A gravidadeda situação requer medidas urgentes capazes de prevenir a progressão e as complicações da doença. Nesse sentido, as Ligas Acadêmicas de Apoio àNefrologia, movimento que congrega estudantes de medicina e, em alguns casos, discentes de outros cursos da área de saúde e afins, tem se destacadoparticipando das campanhas de prevenção incentivadas pela Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia, assim como, a nível local, nos diferentes de níveis deprevenção em colaboração com o Programa de Saúde da Família e os nefrologistas. Estimular a criação de mais Ligas parece ser uma excelente estratégia para atrair, para a nefrologia, jovens já comprometidos com a prevenção como estratégia de atuação.

In Brazil, as well as worldwide, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a tremendous health problem. The seriousness of the problem has demanded urgent measures to prevent the burden of illness, disability, and premature death usually seen with the disease. The Student Coalition of Support to Nephrology is an activity developed by students of medicine, and, in some places, already working in a multidisciplinary way with students of several other courses, actively participating in screening programs such as the PREVINA-SE of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology and, locally, taking part in all levels of prevention of CKD together with Family Health Care Professionals and nephrologists. Stimulate the set up of more Student Coalitions of Support toNephrology seems to be an interesting strategy to attract young students who are already compromised with the prevention of kidney diseases, to thepractice of nephrology.

Impacto das instituições estaduais na unidade das coalizões parlamentares no Brasil / State-level institutional effects on legislative coalition unity in Brazil

Research on political institutions suggests that sub-national factors affect the proclivity of legislators from the same party or coalition to vote together. We estimate the effects of such forces operating at the State-level - intra-list electoral competition, and alliance with governors. We propose that larger cohorts, in which the imperative for legislators to distinguish themselves from the group is stronger, should be less unified than smaller cohorts. We also derive from theoretical hypotheses that cohorts allied with governors may be either more or less unified than other cohorts. We analyze unity among coalition cohorts on recorded floor votes in the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies. We find support for the hypothesis that larger cohorts are less unified, but detect no net effect of alliance with governors on cohort voting unity. Governors are not dominant brokers of legislative coalitions, suggesting that the net gubernatorial effect is contingent on factors that shape their influence relative to national-level legislative actors.

Les recherches sur les institutions politiques indiquent que les facteurs sous-nationaux influencent la propension des législateurs d'un même parti ou coalition à voter unis. On analyse, dans cet article, les effets des forces institutionnelles agissant à l'échelon fédéral - la compétition électorale entre candidats d'une même liste et l'alliance avec des gouverneurs. On voit que les grandes cohortes, où le législateur éprouve le besoin de se démarquer du groupe, sont moins unies que les petites. En accord avec l'approche théorique, on voit aussi que les cohortes ayant une alliance avec les gouverneurs peuvent être plus ou moins unies que les autres cohortes. Cette analyse de l'unité entre des cohortes de coalition a pour base les votations dans la Chambre des députés brésilienne. On y voit donc confirmée l'hypothèse selon laquelle les grandes cohortes sont moins unies, mais on ne trouve aucun effet net de l'alliance avec des gouverneurs sur le vote uni des cohortes. Les gouverneurs ne sont pas des déclencheurs de coalitions parlementaires, ce qui laisse supposer que leur influence dépend de facteurs contingents façonnant leur pouvoir sur des acteurs politiques au niveau fédéral.