Insects associated to ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29ºS Coquimbo Region, Chile)

Abstract In northern central Chile, ephemeral pools constitute shallow isolated water bodies with a favourable habitat for fauna adapted to seasonal changes. Based on the limited knowledge about the faunaparticularly insectsassociated to these ecosystems, the objective of this study was to characterize the richness, composition, structure and similarity of the insect communities associated with ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29º S, Coquimbo Region, Chile). By using pitfall traps, 10,762 individuals were captured, represented by 7 orders, 27 families, and 51 species. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the best represented orders, with Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Plecoptera being poorly represented groups. The non-parametric estimators evaluated showed wealth values above those observed for all the studied pools, and their accumulation curves suggest the existence of an incomplete species inventory in the studied community. Additionally, the hierarchical and ordering analysis showed groupings of pools located in the northwest and southeast of Huentelauquén. Preliminarily we found a negative correlation between the area of the pools and the richness (species) and abundance of insects. Additional studies (on other arthropod groups and other seasons of the year) could provide a better understanding of the local processes of extinction and colonization of the species inhabiting these fragile coastal environments.

Resumo No norte central do Chile, lagoas efêmeras constituem corpos de água isolados e pouco profundos, com um habitat favorável para a fauna adaptada as mudanças sazonais que as zonas úmidas estão sujeitas. Com relação a estes ecossistemas, sabe-se pouco sobre sua fauna, principalmente a de insetos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a riqueza, composição, estrutura e similaridade das comunidades de insetos que habitam as lagoas temporárias de Huentelauquén (29º S, Região de Coquimbo, Chile). Usando armadilhas de interceptação, se capturou um total de 10.762 indivíduos, pertencentes a 7 ordens, 27 famílias e 51 espécies. Coleoptera e Hymenoptera foram as ordens mais representativas, enquanto Neuroptera, Orthoptera e Plecoptera foram grupos pouco representativos. Os estimadores não paramétricos avaliados mostraram valores de riqueza superiores ao observados para todas as lagoas estudadas, e suas curvas de acumulação parecem indicar que o inventario da comunidade estudada está incompleto. A análise hierárquica e de ordenamento revelou agrupamentos de lagoas correspondentes a zona nordeste e sudeste de Huentelauquén. Preliminarmente encontramos uma correlação negativa entre a área de lagoas efêmeras e a riqueza (espécies) e abundância de insetos. É necessário realizar estudos adicionais (sobre outros grupos de artrópodes e em outras estações do ano) para melhor compreensão dos processos locais de extinção e colonização das espécies que habitam estes frágeis ambientes costeiros estudados.

Insects associated to ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29ºS Coquimbo Region, Chile) / Insetos associados a lagoas temporárias em Huentelauquén (29ºS Região de Coquimbo, Chile)

Abstract In northern central Chile, ephemeral pools constitute shallow isolated water bodies with a favourable habitat for fauna adapted to seasonal changes. Based on the limited knowledge about the fauna—particularly insects—associated to these ecosystems, the objective of this study was to characterize the richness, composition, structure and similarity of the insect communities associated with ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29º S, Coquimbo Region, Chile). By using pitfall traps, 10,762 individuals were captured, represented by 7 orders, 27 families, and 51 species. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the best represented orders, with Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Plecoptera being poorly represented groups. The non-parametric estimators evaluated showed wealth values above those observed for all the studied pools, and their accumulation curves suggest the existence of an incomplete species inventory in the studied community. Additionally, the hierarchical and ordering analysis showed groupings of pools located in the northwest and southeast of Huentelauquén. Preliminarily we found a negative correlation between the area of the pools and the richness (species) and abundance of insects. Additional studies (on other arthropod groups and other seasons of the year) could provide a better understanding of the local processes of extinction and colonization of the species inhabiting these fragile coastal environments.

Resumo No norte central do Chile, lagoas efêmeras constituem corpos de água isolados e pouco profundos, com um habitat favorável para a fauna adaptada as mudanças sazonais que as zonas úmidas estão sujeitas. Com relação a estes ecossistemas, sabe-se pouco sobre sua fauna, principalmente a de insetos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a riqueza, composição, estrutura e similaridade das comunidades de insetos que habitam as lagoas temporárias de Huentelauquén (29º S, Região de Coquimbo, Chile). Usando armadilhas de interceptação, se capturou um total de 10.762 indivíduos, pertencentes a 7 ordens, 27 famílias e 51 espécies. Coleoptera e Hymenoptera foram as ordens mais representativas, enquanto Neuroptera, Orthoptera e Plecoptera foram grupos pouco representativos. Os estimadores não paramétricos avaliados mostraram valores de riqueza superiores ao observados para todas as lagoas estudadas, e suas curvas de acumulação parecem indicar que o inventario da comunidade estudada está incompleto. A análise hierárquica e de ordenamento revelou agrupamentos de lagoas correspondentes a zona nordeste e sudeste de Huentelauquén. Preliminarmente encontramos uma correlação negativa entre a área de lagoas efêmeras e a riqueza (espécies) e abundância de insetos. É necessário realizar estudos adicionais (sobre outros grupos de artrópodes e em outras estações do ano) para melhor compreensão dos processos locais de extinção e colonização das espécies que habitam estes frágeis ambientes costeiros estudados.

Effects of microplastics pollution on the abundance and composition of interstitial meiofauna

Introduction: Pollution by microplastics is a global problem in marine environments, which impacts microorganisms and ecosystems at several spatial levels. Sandy beaches are depositional environments where microplastics tend to accumulate in large quantities. The co-occurrence of interstitial meiofauna and microplastics in sand grains raises the question on whether the accumulation of microplastics in the sediments affects the abundance and composition of the meiofaunal communities. Objective: To test the hypothesis that microplastics affect the meiofauna of urban sandy beaches. Methods: We studied the three main urban sandy beaches of Santa Marta, Colombia: El Rodadero, Santa Marta Bay, and Taganga. All are similar in morphology and external pressures, and differ from other beaches in the region. In April 2019 we collected 81 sand samples, equally distributed in the intertidal zone (upper, mid, and lower intertidal levels). We applied generalized linear models to abundance, and multivariate permutational tests to community composition. Results: We identified 17 taxonomic groups of meiofauna, and microplastic particles (mainly 45-500 micron fibres) evenly distributed across beaches and intertidal levels. There was more meiofauna at the mid intertidal level, and in fine and medium grain sediment. At the lower intertidal level, sites with more microplastics had less meiofauna. Abundance of microplastics explained 39 % of the variation in meiofaunal community composition at lower intertidal levels. Conclusions: The accumulation of microplastics might have a negative impact on these meiofaunal interstitial communities. This is not surprising: if microplastics occupy the same physical space as these animals, they might presumably modify the structure of sediments and the composition of interstitial water.

Introducción: La contaminación por microplásticos es un problema global en los ecosistemas marinos, con impacto sobre microorganismos y ecosistemas en varios niveles espaciales. Las playas arenosas son ambientes de deposición donde se tiende a acumular gran cantidad de microplásticos. La co-ocurrencia de meiofauna intersticial y microplásticos en granos de arena plantea la pregunta de que si la acumulación de microplásticos en sedimentos afecta la abundancia y composición de comunidades de meiofauna. Objetivo: Probar la hipótesis de que microplásticos afectan la meiofauna de playas arenosas urbanas. Métodos: Estudiamos las tres principales playas arenosas urbanas de Santa Marta, Colombia: El Rodadero, Bahía Santa Marta y Taganga. Estas son similares en morfología y presiones externas, y difieren de las otras playas de la región. En abril 2019 recolectamos 81 muestras de arena, distribuidas de manera equidistante en la zona intermareal (nivel intermareal superior, medio y bajo). Aplicamos modelos lineales generalizados de abundancia, y pruebas permutacionales multivariantes a la composición de comunidades. Resultados: Identificamos 17 grupos taxonómicos de meiofauna, y partículas de microplástico (principalmente fibras de 45-500 micras) distribuidos equitativamente a lo largo de las playas y niveles intermareales. Hubo más meiofauna en el nivel intermareal medio, y en sedimentos de grano mediano y fino. A niveles intermareales más bajos, sitios con más microplásticos tuvieron menos meiofauna. La abundancia de los microplásticos explicó el 39 % de la variación en comunidades de meiofauna a niveles intermareales bajos. Conclusión: La acumulación de microplásticos podría tener un impacto negativo sobre las comunidades de meiofauna intersticial. Esto no es de sorprender: si los microplásticos ocupan el mismo volumen físico que estos animales, estos podrían presuntamente modificar la estructura de sedimentos y la composición del agua intersticial.

The genus Heteromphrale Krober, 1937 (Diptera; Scenopinidae) in Peru, with the description of a new species

The Neotropical genus Heteromphrale Kröber, 1937, so far known from Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, is recorded for the first time from Peru based on the description of a new species, Heteromphrale illapa sp. nov. from Moquegua. An update to the key to the known species is provided, as well as a distribution map.

El género neotropical Heteromphrale Kröber, 1973, hasta ahora solo conocido para Argentina, Chile y Uruguay, es reportado por primera vez para Perú con base en la descripción de una especie nueva, Heteromphrale illapa sp. nov. de Moquegua. Además, se proporciona una actualización de la clave de identificación para las especies conocidas, así como un mapa de distribución.

New pseudoscorpion species (Pseudoscorpiones: Hesperolpiidae) from Lima City, Peru

This study describes and illustrates a new species of arachnid, the pseudoscorpion Stenolpium sayrii sp. nov., collected at Pucllana, an archaeological site in the city of Lima, Peru. With this description, the total number of known Stenolpium species worldwide reaches eight, and in Peru specifically, it increases to seven. The discovery of this new species in Peru's most populous city serves as an exemplar highlighting the extensive scope for further research on Peruvian fauna in general, particularly on its arachnids.

En este trabajo, una nueva especie de arácnido, el pseudoscorpión Stenolpium sayrii sp. nov., colectada en Pucllana, sitio arqueológico de la ciudad de Lima, Perú, es descrita e ilustrada. Con esta descripción, el número de especies conocidas de Stenolpium en el mundo asciende a ocho en total y para el Perú a siete. El descubrimiento de esta nueva especie en la ciudad más poblada del Perú es un ejemplo de lo mucho que falta investigar sobre la fauna peruana en general y sobre sus arácnidos en particular.

Phytoplankton composition from Araçá Bay and São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, Brazil

: Despite its small area, Araçá Bay (AB) holds cultural, historical, and economic value and displays great benthic biodiversity. Thus, it is crucial to monitor its environmental health, including knowing the main groups of phytoplankton and their temporal variability. The shallow waters of Araçá Bay are continuously modified by the complex hydrography of the adjacent São Sebastião channel (SSC), challenging standard experimental designs for phytoplankton collection. Here we report changes in phytoplankton composition at intervals of five to six weeks from September 2013 to August 2014 in both Araçá Bay and SSC. Samples were collected twice daily for three consecutive days to increase taxonomic resolution. Our goal was to provide an inventory of species occurrences to aid future public policies and environmental management of the area. Analyses revealed high species richness and 166 different phytoplankton taxa. Diatoms and dinoflagellates were always numerically dominant, but taxa occurrence changed markedly. Diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia were abundant during spring and summer concurrently to signatures of South Atlantic Central Water in the SSC, while Thalassiosira occurred when waters displayed relatively lower salinity. The inventory demonstrated several potentially harmful species of microalgae and cyanobacteria, strongly suggesting investments in monitoring programs in this area that currently experience an increase in population.

Anfibios y reptiles del departamento de Ica con comentarios sobre su distribución

En este trabajo se presenta el listado actualizado de anfibios y reptiles de Ica. Las especies son comentadas, acompañadas de mapas de distribución y claves de identificación para reptiles y anfibios. Se recopiló información de registros en colecciones científicas, artículos científicos, informes de agencias gubernamentales de vida silvestre y bases de datos taxonómicas especializadas. Adicionalmente, entre los años 2019 y 2020 se realizaron evaluaciones de campo en zonas con vacíos de información. Se encontraron un total de 22 especies (anfibios 3 y reptiles 19). Los nuevos registros de reptiles para Ica incluyen la lagartija Liolaemus evaristoi y la serpiente Incaspis tachymenoides en la provincia de Chincha a 4200 y 3200 m de altitud respectivamente, la lagartija Stenocercus ornatissimus y la serpiente ciega Epictia tesselata en la provincia de Pisco a 3500 y 2800 m respectivamente. Los nuevos registros de anfibios incluyen a Pleurodema marmoratum en la provincia de Chincha (3900 m) y Telmatobius rimac en las provincias de Chincha y Palpa a 3900 y 2350 m respectivamente. La mayor riqueza y endemismos locales se encontraron en el desierto costero, mientras que, las ampliaciones de distribución y endemismos regionales se registraron en la vertiente occidental de los Andes. También, se observa que las familias Leptotyphlopidae y Viperidae, y los géneros Dicrodon, Stenocercus y Oxyrophus terminan su distribución en la vertiente occidental y la zona costera de los departamentos de Ica y Arequipa sin representantes en el extremo sur del Perú y Chile.

This paper presents the updated list of amphibians and reptiles of Ica. Species are commented, accompanied by distribution maps and identification keys for reptiles and amphibians. Information was collected from scientific collections, scientific articles, governmental wildlife agency reports, and specialized taxonomic database. Additionally, between 2019 and 2020, field surveys were carried out in areas with information gaps. A total of 22 species were found (amphibians 3 and reptiles 19). The new records of reptiles include the Liolaemus evaristoi lizard and the Incaspis tachymenoides snake from Chincha province at 4200 and 3200 m altitude respectively, the Stenocercus ornatissimus lizard and the blind snake Epictia tesselata from Pisco province at 3500 and 2800 m respectively. New amphibian records include Pleurodema marmoratum in Chincha province (3900 m) and Telmatobius rimac in Chincha and Palpa provinces at 3900 and 2350 m respectively. The greatest richness and local endemism were found in the coastal desert, while the expansion of distribution and regional endemism were recorded on the western slope of the Andes. Also, it is observed that the families Leptotyphlopidae and Viperidae, and the genera Dicrodon, Stenocercus and Oxyrophus are finishing their distribution in the western slope and the coastal zone of the departments of Ica and Arequipa without representatives in the extreme south of Peru and Chile.

The role of spine length in crustacean and fish associations with echinoids at Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico / El papel de la longitud de la espina en la asociación de crustáceos y peces con equinoideos en Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, México

Introduction: Echinoids (sea urchins) provide shelter for a variety of facultative or obligatory ectosymbionts. Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that decapods and fishes prefer to associate with echinoid individuals and species that have longer spines. Methods: We visually studied the frequency of decapod crustaceans and fishes associated with echinoids in shallow water (< 4 m) and deeper water (5-20 m) at Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, during 1-6 January 2019. Results: We inspected 1 058 echinoids of six species. Five decapod species associated with three species of echinoids. When compared with other echinoid species, in shallow water, decapods associated 5.1 times more often with the longest-spined echinoid Diadema mexicanum (7.0 times more decapods per individual D. mexicanum); in deeper water, association frequency was similar for all echinoid species. Fourteen fish species associated with four echinoid species. In shallow water, fishes associated 2.6 times more with D. mexicanum (4.5 times more fishes per individual). There was no preferred echinoid species in deeper water. Longer-spined D. mexicanum had more decapods and fishes. Associations were more frequent in shallow water. Multiple individuals and species of decapods and fish often associated together with a single D. mexicanum. The decapod that presumably is Tuleariocaris holthuisi showed a possible obligatory association with one of the equinoids (D. mexicanum); the other decapods and all fish species are facultative associates. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that decapods and fishes associate most frequently with echinoids with the longest spines, presumably to reduce the risk of predation.

Introducción: Los equinoideos (erizos de mar) brindan refugio a una variedad de ectosimbiontes facultativos u obligatorios. Objetivo: Evaluar la hipótesis de que los decápodos y los peces prefieren asociarse con individuos y especies de equinoideos con espinas más largas. Métodos: Estudiamos visualmente la frecuencia de crustáceos decápodos y peces asociados con equinoideos en aguas poco profundas (< 4 m) y aguas más profundas (5-20 m) en Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, México, del 1-6 de enero 2019. Resultados: Examinamos 1 058 equinoideos de seis especies. Cinco especies de decápodos se asociaron con tres especies de equinoideos. Al comparar con otras especies de equinoideos, en aguas poco profundas, los decápodos se asociaron 5.1 veces más frecuentemente con la especie de equinoideo de espinas más largas, Diadema mexicanum (7.0 veces más decápodos por individuo en D. mexicanum); en aguas más profundas, la frecuencia fue similar para todas las especies de equinoideos. Catorce especies de peces se asociaron con 4 especies de equinoideos. En aguas poco profundas, los peces se asociaron 2.6 veces más con D. mexicanum (4.5 veces más peces por individuo). No hubo preferencia por una especie de equinoideo en aguas más profundas. Individuos de D. mexicanum con espinas largas tuvieron más asociación con decápodos y peces. Las asociaciones se dieron con mayor frecuencia en aguas poco profundas. Múltiples individuos y especies de decápodos y peces a menudo se asociaron con un solo D. mexicanum. Un decápodo que presumiblemente es Tuleariocaris holthuisi mostró una posible asociación obligatoria con uno de los equinoideos (D. mexicanum); las otras especies de decápodos y todas las especies de peces presentaron asociaciones facultativas. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que los decápodos y los peces se asociaron con mayor frecuencia con los equinoideos con las espinas más largas, presumiblemente para reducir el riesgo de depredación.

Indicadores visuales como predictores de la preferencia del paisaje costero en isla Cozumel, México / Visual indicators as predictors of coastal landscape preference at Cozumel island, Mexico

Resumen La valoración visual del paisaje ayuda a comprender las preferencias del mismo como un bien frágil y escaso, y a evaluar la percepción, aceptación y rechazo de los paisajes naturales, manejados y alterados. La valoración del paisaje, mediante el uso de indicadores eco-estéticos, permite evaluarlos desde su estructura y es una manera de afrontar las problemáticas de subjetividad observada en otros métodos. Si bien, los indicadores eco-estéticos han sido utilizados en la valoración de distintos paisajes, no han sido ampliamente aplicados en la evaluación de paisajes costeros. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar la evaluación visual de la naturalidad y la complejidad del paisaje costero de la isla de Cozumel, México, a través de 2 indicadores ecoestéticos: el índice de etapa sucesional y el índice de diversidad de Shannon. Para evaluar la percepción del observador, se fotografiaron paisajes costeros de 4 etapas sucesionales, y distintos valores de diversidad. Las fotografías fueron proyectadas a 152 individuos, quienes puntuaron los paisajes de acuerdo con su preferencia. Las respuestas fueron analizadas por medio de pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados evidenciaron una relación directa, positiva y estadísticamente significativa (P < 0.05) entre la preferencia y la naturalidad, pero no entre la preferencia y la diversidad. Se concluye que la naturalidad, medida a través del indicador de etapa sucesional, influye directamente sobre las preferencias del paisaje costero y puede ser usado para evaluar el efecto de las alteraciones al paisaje sobre las preferencias del observador.

Abstract The visual assessment of the landscape helps to understand the preferences of the landscape as a fragile and scarce asset, and to evaluate the perception, acceptance, and rejection of natural, managed and altered landscapes. The valuation of the landscape using eco-aesthetic indicators allows us to evaluate them from their structure, and it is a way of facing the problems of subjectivity observed in other methods. Although these eco-aesthetic indicators have been used in the assessment of different landscapes, they have not been widely applied in the assessment of coastal landscapes. The objective of this study was to carry out a visual evaluation of the naturalness and complexity of the coastal landscape of the Cozumel island, Mexico through 2 eco-aesthetic indicators: The successional stage index, and the Shannon diversity index. To evaluate the perception of the observer, coastal landscapes of 4 successional stages, and different levels of diversity, were photographed, and the photographs were projected to 152 individuals who scored the landscapes according to their preference. The responses were analyzed by means of non-parametric tests. The results show a direct, positive, and statistically significant (P < 0.05) relationship between preference and the naturalness, but not between preference and diversity. It is concluded that naturalness, measured through the ecological succession indicator, directly influences coastal landscape preferences, and can be used to evaluate the effect of landscape alterations on observer preferences.

Peces de la cuenca del río Chira, Piura, Perú / Peces de la cuenca del río Chira, Piura, Perú

Abstract Chira River is located on the north coast of Peru. The scant information of the ichthyofauna from coastal drainages from Peru is noteworthy. The aim of this study is to characterize the ichthyofauna along the Chira River basin in terms of diversity and altitudinal range distribution. The material examined belongs to the Ichthyological collection of the Natural History Museum (MUSM). The diversity of fishes is composed of 27 species belonging to 19 families and ten orders. Siluriformes and Characiformes were the most diverse, consisting of 22% (six species) for each one. Five species are new records for the Chira River (three natives and two non-natives). Six marine species and seven exotic species were recorded as well. The altitudinal distribution patterns for all species were registered. This study increases the known diversity of freshwater fishes from Pacific Drainage Rivers in Peru, and it could be used for management and conservation plans.

Resumen El río Chira está ubicado en la costa norte del Perú. La escasa información de la ictiofauna de las cuencas costeras del Perú es notable. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar la ictiofauna en la cuenca del río Chira en términos de diversidad y rango de distribución altitudinal. El material examinado pertenece a la colección ictiológica del Museo de Historia Natural (MUSM). La diversidad de peces está compuesta por 27 especies pertenecientes a 19 familias y 10 órdenes. Cinco especies son nuevos registros para el río Chira (tres nativas y dos no nativas). Fueron registradas seis especies marinas y siete especies exóticas. Este estudio incrementa el conocimiento de la diversidad de peces de las cuencas costeras en Perú, y puede ser usado para planes de manejo y conservación.

Fish assemblage patterns in a subtropical estuary in southern Brazil / Padrões da assembleia de peixes em uma baía subtropical do sul do Brasil

Abstract: In this study, the relationship between fish assemblage structure and environmental factors was analyzed in a bay in southern Brazil. Fish were collected every two months between February and December 2002 at six sampling sites using bottom trawl nets. Abiotic data (salinity, temperature, rainfall, and depth) and biotic data (number of individuals, biomass, and total length of individuals from each species) were obtained. In total, 56 fish species representing 27 families were collected. Assemblage structure varied with seasonality, as was evidenced by the variation in temperature and rainfall in each season. Catches showed a high abundance of demersal fishes, particularly Genidens genidens, Eucinostomus gula, and E. argenteus.

Resumo: Neste estudo, a relação entre a estrutura da assembleia de peixes e fatores ambientais foi analisada em uma baía no sul do Brasil. Os peixes foram coletados a cada dois meses entre fevereiro e dezembro de 2002 em seis locais de amostragem usando redes de arrasto de fundo. Dados abióticos (salinidade, temperatura, precipitação e profundidade) e dados bióticos (número de indivíduos, biomassa e comprimento total de indivíduos de cada espécie) foram obtidos. No total, 56 espécies de peixes representando 27 famílias foram coletadas. A estrutura da assembleia variou com a sazonalidade, conforme evidenciado pela variação da temperatura e precipitação em cada estação. As capturas mostraram grande abundância de peixes demersais, principalmente Genidens genidens, Eucinostomus gula e E. argenteus.

Sociodemographic and pharmacoepidemiological profile of people on antiretroviral therapy in the coast of the state of Paraná

The aim of this study was to investigate possible factors related to antiretroviral therapy (ART) that contribute to the understanding of the highest rate of Aids detection on the coast of the state of Paraná, a port region identified administratively as the 1stRegional Health Division (1stHD) in the state of Paraná. Data on the sociodemographic profile of the population undergoing antiretroviral treatment (ART), medication changes, dropout of therapy, proportion of the population undergoing treatment and viral load were obtained through computerized systems. Between July 1, 2018 and June 31, 2019, 1,393 people were on ART in the 1stRS. Of these, 57.6% were male. During this period, 110 people started ART with a predominance of the age group between 30 and 39 years old. ART was switched for169 people and 211 patient dropouts were detected. The proportion of people diagnosed with HIV without treatment (gap) is still high, however 92.7% people on ART have suppressed viral load. It can be concluded that the lower educational level of the population undergoing treatment, the late diagnosis of those infected and the treatment gapprobably contribute to the highest rate of Aids detection in the 1stRS.

Paullinieae (Sapindaceae) of the restingas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: taxonomy and distribution / Paullinieae (Sapindaceae) das restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: taxonomia e distribuição

Abstract Paullinieae is a predominantly neotropical tribe comprising six genera (Cardiospermum, Lophostigma, Paullinia, Serjania, Thinouia and Urvillea), of which Lophostigma is the only one not found in Brazil. This study was conducted in the sandy coastal plains (restingas) of Rio de Janeiro state, which from the mouth of the Itabapoana river in the north, bordering Espírito Santo state, to Ponta da Trindade (including Ilha Grande) in the south, bordering São Paulo state. This ecosystem has great biodiversity, but has been constantly threatened by deforestation, human occupation and degradation resulting from tourism. In this area we found 30 species in five genera: Cardiospermum (1 sp.), Paullinia (9 spp.), Serjania (15), Thinouia (2) and Urvillea (3). The taxonomic treatment includes a key to identify the taxa, and for each species a morphological description, illustrations, a map of its geographical distribution, ecological information, phenological data, and conservation status. Most species occurred in ridge forests, followed by dune thicket and non-flooded scrub formations. Among of the 30 species, four (Paullinia coriacea, P. ternata, Serjania fluminensis and S. littoralis) were recorded only in the sandy coastal plains, and four are endemic to Rio de Janeiro state (Serjania eucardia, S. fluminensis, S. littoralis and S. tenuis). In addition, four species are already included in the Red List of Brazilian Flora and another three are indicated in this study as threatened. This research is important not only to improve knowledge of Paullinieae species found in Rio de Janeiro's sandy coastal plains, but also to provide information to be used for conservation measures in the State, as well as in other coastal plains of Brazil.

Resumo Paullinieae é uma tribo predominantemente neotropical e compreende seis gêneros (Cardiospermum, Lophostigma, Paullinia, Serjania, Thinouia e Urvillea), dos quais Lophostigma é o único gênero não encontrado no Brasil. Este estudo foi conduzido nas restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que começam na foz do rio Itabapoana, na fronteira com o estado do Espírito Santo e se estende até a Ponta da Trindade (incluindo a Ilha Grande), próximo à fronteira com o estado de São Paulo. Este ecossistema possui grande biodiversidade, mas tem sido constantemente ameaçado pelo desmatamento, ocupação humana e ações de degradação decorrentes do turismo. Nesta área foram encontradas 30 espécies pertencentes a cinco gêneros: Cardiospermum (1 spp), Paullinia (9 spp), Serjania (15), Thinouia (2) e Urvillea (3). O tratamento taxonômico incluiu descrição e chave para identificação das espécies, informações sobre as formações vegetacionais das restingas onde cada táxon ocorre, além de ilustrações e mapas de distribuição geográfica das espécies. A maioria das espécies ocorre em floresta de cordão arenoso, seguidas das espécies de vegetação arbustiva fechada de cordão arenoso e arbustiva aberta não inundável. Entre as 30 espécies, quatro delas (P. coriacea, P. ternata, S. fluminensis e S. littoralis) são encontradas apenas nas formações de restinga e quatro espécies são endêmicas do Rio de Janeiro (S. eucardia, S. fluminensis, S. littoralis e S. tenuis). Além disso, quatro espécies já estão incluídas na Lista Vermelha da Flora do Brasil e outras três estão indicadas neste estudo. Este trabalho é importante não apenas para melhorar o conhecimento das espécies de Paullinieae encontradas nas restingas do Rio de Janeiro, mas também para fornecer informações a serem utilizadas em medidas de conservação no Estado e nas demais regiões de restinga do Brasil.

Abundancia de aves playeras (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) y su relación con la temperatura del agua en un humedal de Perú (2013-2019) / Abundance of shorebirds (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae) and its relationship with water temperature in a wetland in Peru (2013-2019)

Resumen Introducción: La familia Scolopacidae (Orden: Charadriiformes) es una de las familias más abundantes en los humedales costeros. El Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla cuenta con un registro histórico de 20 especies de escolopácidos; los eventos climáticos podrían afectar la distribución y migración de varias especies de esta familia taxonómica, reduciendo su riqueza y abundancia. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la riqueza y la abundancia de las especies pertenecientes a la familia Scolopacidae y la temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) y el índice costero El Niño (ICEN) en el Humedal Costero Poza de la Arenilla. Métodos: Se realizaron muestreos dos veces por mes entre enero 2013 y enero 2019 utilizando el método del conteo total para determinar la abundancia de las especies (N = 292). Se realizó un análisis de correlación de Spearman entre la abundancia, riqueza, TSM e ICEN, y se procedió a calcular la diversidad beta a través del índice de Whittaker, tanto para analizar el recambio anual para cada estación como el recambio estacional dentro de cada año. Resultados: Se obtuvieron dos correlaciones significativas: entre TSM y abundancia y entre ICEN y riqueza. Por otro lado, la prueba ANOSIM arrojó diferencias estacionales en las abundancias de las especies, y la prueba SIMPER arrojó que la mayor diferencia en las abundancias entre estaciones fue entre otoño y primavera (disimilitud de Bray-Curtis = 81.57 %), y la mínima entre invierno y primavera (disimilitud de Bray-Curtis = 49.86 %). Conclusiones: Las dinámicas ecológicas de las comunidades de escolopácidos en La Arenilla se ven modificadas de manera importante en función a las variaciones de los parámetros térmicos ambientales relacionados al cambio climático.

Abstract Introduction: Scolopacidae family (Order: Charadriiformes) is one of the most abundant families found in coastal wetlands. La Arenilla coastal wetland has a historical record of 20 scolopacid species; climatic events could affect the distribution and migration of the several species of this taxonomic family, reducing their species richness and abundance. Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between richness and abundance of the species belonging to the Scolopacidae family and both Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and the coastal El Niño index (ICEN) in La Arenilla Coastal Wetland, La Punta, Callao. Methods: Sampling were carried out twice a month, between January 2013 and January 2019 using the Total Count Method in order to determine species abundance (N = 292). A Spearman correlation analysis between abundance, species richness, SST and ICEN was performed, and beta diversity was calculated through the Whittaker index (βw) to analyze both the annual turnover for each season and the seasonal turnover within each year. Results: Two significant correlations were obtained: between SST and abundance and between ICEN and species richness. On the other hand, the ANOSIM test showed seasonal differences in abundance, and the SIMPER test showed that the greatest difference in abundance between seasons was between autumn and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 81.57 %), and the minimum difference between winter and spring (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 49.86 %). Conclusions: The ecological dynamics of scolopacid communities in La Arenilla coastal wetland face important changes according to the variations in the environmental thermal parameters related to climate change.

Registro del gato de las pampas, Leopardus garleppi (Matschie, 1912) en los Humedales de Eten, Lambayeque, Perú / Record of Pampas cat, Leopardus garleppi (Matschie, 1912) in Humedales de Eten, Lambayeque, Peru

Resumen El gato de las pampas, Leopardus garleppi (Matschie, 1912), es una de las cinco especies del género Leopardus conocidas en el Perú y es la única especie del género que se distribuye en la ecorregión del desierto costero del Perú. En este trabajo presentamos un nuevo registro de L. garleppi mediante fotografías para esta ecorregión y el primer registro en los Humedales de Eten (departamento de Lambayeque, Perú).

Abstract The pampas cat, Leopardus garleppi (Matschie, 1912), is one of the five species of the genus Leopardus known in Peru and is the only species of the genus that is distributed in the coastal desert ecoregion of Peru. Herein, we present a new record of L. garleppi through photographs for this ecoregion and the first one in the Eten Wetlands (Lambayeque department, Peru).

Formación de un humedal en la costa norte del Perú: estabilidad biofísica y diversidad biológica

Se describe, analiza y reporta por primera vez la formación de un humedal costero en el sur de Salaverry (La Libertad, Perú). Se realiza la comparación del número de especies con otros humedales ubicados en áreas costeras de la región, empleando para ello imágenes satelitales de acceso público e información biológica. Se obtuvo una serie de tiempo suficiente para plantear una hipótesis sobre su formación, calculando el NDVI (Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada) y NDMI (Índice de Humedad de Diferencia Normalizada) para confirmar su estabilidad e influencia. El resultado del análisis sugiere que el humedal sur de Salaverry se formó hace quince años por dos aportes antrópicos: filtraciones de agua dulces desde terrenos agrícolas y agua de mar usada para el bombeo del material dragado en las inmediaciones del Puerto de Salaverry. Por sus características ecosistémicas, el humedal se encontraría en las primeras etapas de sucesión ecológica, y a pesar de origen espontáneo, estaría operando como una laguna costera salobre que atrae fauna oportunista, principalmente aves.

The formation of a coastal wetland located south of Salaverry (La Libertad - Peru) is first described, analyzed, and reported, and their biodiversity is compared with regional wetlands located at coastal areas, using publically access satellite imagery and biological information. An adequate time-series was obtained to hypothesize their formation, calculating the NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index) and NDMI (Normalized Difference Moisture Index) to confirm the stability and influence. The analysis suggests that the wetland south of Salaverry was formed fifteen years ago by two human sources: freshwater infiltration from farmlands and seawater used to pump the dredged material in the vicinity of the Salaverry Port. Because of its ecosystemic features, the wetland would be at the first stages of the ecological succession, and despite its spontaneous origin, it will be functioning as a brackish coastal lagoon attracting opportunistic fauna, mainly birds.

Records of chromatic disorder in Molossus molossus and Sturnira bakeri (Chiroptera) from western Ecuador / Registros de desorden cromático en Molossus molossus y Sturnira bakeri (Chiroptera) en el occidente de Ecuador

Abstract Herein we report cases of leucism in Molossus molossus and Sturnira bakeri from three locations of lowlands of western Ecuador, which include three gravid females, five juvenile, four subadult, and six adults. The M. molossus specimens showed white spots on several parts in the soft part of body (ears, tragus, propatagium, uropatagium), and fur (throat, abdomen), while individual of S. bakeri presented a whitish-yellowish patch on its dorsal region, very contrast in yellow-shoulder bats. Although South America has a significant information gap about chromatic disorders in bats, been necessary to continue reporting cases of chromatic disorders to try to determine their causes.

Resumen Reportamos casos de leucismo en las especies de murciélagos Molossus molossus y Sturnira bakeri capturados en tres localidades de tierras bajas del occidente de Ecuador, los cuales incluyen tres hembras grávidas, cinco juveniles, cuatro subadultas, y seis adultos. Los ejemplares de M. molossus presentaron manchas blancas en distintas partes blandas del cuerpo (orejas, trago, propatagio y uropatagio) y en el pelo (garganta y abdomen), mientras que el ejemplar de Sturnira bakeri presentó un parche blanco-amarillento en la región dorsal, a nivel del omoplato, muy contrastante en murciélagos de hombros amarillos. En América del Sur, se tiene poco conocimiento sobre los trastornos cromáticos en los murciélagos, por lo que es necesario informar estos casos e investigar los factores que los provocan.

Área de conservación Guanacaste Echinoderms, North Pacific of Costa Rica / Equinodermos del Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica

Introduction: The study of the marine diversity of the North Pacific of Costa Rica began with isolated foreign expeditions in the 1930s and was systematically developed in the mid-1990s by the Center for Research in Marine Sciences and Limnology, Universidad de Costa Rica, as consequence there are now a total of 1 479 reported species in this region. Objective: Present an update to the echinoderm richness of the Guanacaste Conservation Area. Methods: We sampled 25 localities exhaustively and estimated similarity between sites based on the family richness and environmental heterogeneity. Results: We found 61 taxa, which represent 26 % of the echinoderm reported species for the country's Pacific coast. Of these, 43 species are new records for the Guanacaste Conservation Area, and seven for Costa Rica and Central American Pacific coasts. We found three morpho-species that do not match to available descriptions of the Eastern Tropical Pacific echinoderm species. We also found the holothuroid Epitomapta tabogae, and the ophiuroid Ophioplocus hancocki, previously thought endemic to Panama and the Galapagos Islands, respectively. The proximity of the sampled sites and the redundancy of certain families may explain why we did not find important differences among localities. Conclusions: The echinoderm richness of this conservation area is at least 20 % higher than previously reported, reaching similar levels to those in other high diversity sites of the Eastern Tropical Pacific.

Introducción: El estudio de la diversidad marina del Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica inició con expediciones extranjeras aisladas en la década de 1930, y fue desarrollado sistemáticamente a mediados de la década de 1990 por el Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología de la Universidad de Costa Rica, como consecuencia ahora se reporta un total de 1 479 especies en esta región. Objetivo: Presentar una actualización de la riqueza de equinodermos del Área de Conservación Guanacaste. Métodos: Realizamos muestreos exhaustivos en 25 localidades y estimamos la similitud entre sitios con base en la riqueaza de familias y la heterogeneidad ambiental. Resultados: Encontramos 61 taxa, que representan el 26% de las especies reportadas para la costa pacífica del país. De estas, 43 especies son nuevos registros para el Área de Conservación Guanacaste y siete para las costas de Costa Rica y el Pacífico centroamericano. Tres morfoespecies no coinciden con las descripciones disponibles para las especies del Pacífico Tropical Oriental. Por último, hallamos un ejemplar del holoturoideo Epitomapta tabogae y otro del ofiuroideo Ophioplocus hancocki, considerados endémicos para Panamá y las Islas Galápagos respectivamente. La proximidad entre los sitios muestreados y la redundancia de ciertas familias pueden explicar por qué no se encontraron diferencias entre las localidades. Conclusiones: La riqueza de equinodermos de esta área de conservación es al menos 20% mayor que la reportada anteriormente, alcanzando niveles similares a los de otros sitios de alta diversidad del Pacífico Tropical Oriental.

Epidemiological analysis of jellyfish stings in coastal bathing beaches in Qinhuangdao City from 2017 to 2019 / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To analyze the distribution and composition characteristics of jellyfish stings in various coastal baths in Qinhuangdao City from 2017 to 2019, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention, control and early warning of jellyfish stings.Methods:Statistics and analysis of the age, gender, time of stings, location of injury, first symptoms, and playing time in the sea at the time of the sting, etc. of people with jellyfish stings in various bathing beaches along the coast of Qinhuangdao from 2017 to 2019 (July to August) were conducted.Results:The number of jellyfish stings in the coastal bathing beaches of Qinhuangdao City in 2017, 2018, and 2019 was decreasing year by year, with 1 890, 492, and 171 cases respectively. Among them, Qianshuiwan Bathing Beach and Dongshan Bathing Beach had more stings (60.90% and 35.08% respectively in 2017, 24.39% and 64.23% respectively in 2018, 16.96% and 16.42% respectively in 2019). There was no significant change in the gender and age distribution of jellyfish stings each year [57.99% males in 2017, with a median age of 13 (8, 31) years old; 63.21% males in 2018, with a median age of 25 (8, 29) years old; and 59.65% males in 2019, with a median age of 12 (7, 31) years old]. Stings were mainly located at the lower limbs (the proportion of lower limb injuries: 46.54% in 2018, 45.61% in 2019), followed by upper limbs (upper arm, elbow, forearm), trunk, etc. The first symptom was mainly pain (89.43% in 2018, 38.29% in 2019), followed by rash (64.43% in 2018, 59.43% in 2019), numbness, blisters, etc. Sting incidents mainly occurred from 13:00 to 17:59 (the proportion of sting incidents in this time period in 2018 and 2019 were 68.09% and 52.63%, respectively).Conclusions:Jellyfish stings in coastal baths in Qinhuangdao City are mainly distributed in Qianshuiwan Baths and Dongshan Baths. The management of these sea areas should be strengthened, and scientific publicity and medical rescue should be strengthened to prevent jellyfish stings in peak hours and related baths.

Larvicidal activity of plants from Myrtaceae against Aedes aegypti L. and Simulium pertinax Kollar (Diptera)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Despite their widespread usage, synthetic insecticides and larvicides are harmful for controlling disease-causing mosquitoes owing to the development of resistance. The leaves of Eugenia astringens, Myrrhinium atropurpureum, and Neomitranthes obscura were collected from Marambaia and Grumari restingas. The safety and larvicidal efficacy of their extracts were tested against Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti L. and Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax Kollar. METHODS: The dry leaves were subjected to static maceration extraction using 90% methanol. A. aegypti and S. pertinax larvae were exposed to 7.5, 12.5, and 25.0 µL/mL of the extracts (n= 30). The larvicidal activity after 24 h and 48 h, and the mortality, were determined. The median lethal concentration (CL50) was estimated by a Finney's probit model. RESULTS: M. atropurpureum and E. astringens extracts exhibited the strongest larvicidal effects against A. aegypti. M. atropurpureum extracts (25 µL/mL) caused mortalities of over 50% and 100% after 24 h and 48 h, respectively (CL50 = 11.10 and 9.68 ppm, respectively). E. astringens extracts (25 µL/mL) caused mortalities of 50% and 63.33% after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. High concentrations of N. obscura extracts induced a maximum mortality of 46.66% in A. aegypti larvae after 48 h (CL50= 25 ppm). The larvae of S. pertinax showed 100% mortality following exposure to all the plant extracts at all the tested concentrations after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: The extracts of M. atropurpuerum exhibited the strongest larvicidal activity against A. aegypti. The larvae of S. pertinax were sensitive to all the extracts at all the tested concentrations.