Evaluation Of Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimating Equations In Ckd Patients With Diabetes And Hypertension

Objective: To compare the performance of Cockcroft-Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations in estimating kidney function in CKD patients with diabetes and hypertension. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed medical records in Hospital Kajang. The GFR was calculated using Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations. Kappa Measure of Agreement was used to check the consistency of CKD staging. Wilcoxon signed-ranked tests and Bland-Altman plots were used to determine the difference of both equations. Spearman correlation was used to determine the correlation between blood pressure and blood sugar levels with eGFR. Results: Data pertaining to a total of 81 patients were extracted. Results showed 22% of the patients were staged differently (Kappa value = 0.644 [P<0.001]) and the majority of them moved down one CKD stage when MDRD equation was used instead of Cockcroft-Gault equation. Wilcoxon signed rank test demonstrated there was a significant difference (P<0.001) in eGFR using CandG and MDRD in patients with diabetes and hypertension. Furthermore, the mean difference observed was 3.78±5.56 [P<0.001]), where the Cockcroft-Gault equation measured 3.78 units higher than MDRD equation. However, the relationship between blood sugar and blood pressure with eGFR were not significant. Conclusion: There was a significant difference between Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations in estimating kidney function CKD patients with diabetes and hypertension.

Variables Impacting Gfr Estimation Method For Drug Dosing In Ckd: Artificial Neural Network Prediction Model

Objective: This study aimed to measure concordance between different renal function estimates in terms of drug doses and determine the potential significant clinical differences. Methods: Around one hundred and eighty patients (≥ 18 y) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) were eligible for inclusion in this study. A paired-proportion cohort design was utilized using an artificial intelligence model. CKD patients refined into those who have drugs adjusted for renal function. For superiority of Cockcroft-Gault (CG) vs. modified diet in renal disease (MDRD) guided with references for concordance or discordance of the two equations and determined the dosing tiers of each drug. Validated artificial neural networks (ANN) was one outcome of interest. Variable impacts and performed reassignments were compared to evaluate the factors that affect the accuracy in estimating the kidney function for a better drug dosing. Results: The best ANN model classified most cases to CG as the best dosing method (79 vs. 72). The probability was 85% and the top performance was slightly above 93%. Creatinine levels and CKD staging were the most important factors in determining the best dosing method of CG versus MDRD. Ideal and actual body weights were second (24%). Whereas drug class or the specific drug was an important third factor (14%). Conclusion: Among many variables that affect the optimal dosing method, the top three are probably CKD staging, weight, and the drug. The contrasting CKD stages from the different methods can be used to recognize patterns, identify and predict the best dosing tactics in CKD patients.

Cystatin C based eGFR - for early detection of diabetic kidney disease

Background: Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of premature death in young diabetic patients. Detection of diabetic kidney disease as early as possible in the disease process currently offers the best chance of delaying or possibly preventing progression to end-stage renal disease. The present study was aimed to evaluate utility of serum cystatin C based eGFR for early diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease.Methods: Diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus having frank proteinuria were excluded. Patients without proteinuria were tested for microalbuminuria.  50 patients having microalbuminuria were tested for 24 hour urine creatinine, serum creatinine and serum cystatin C. Both cystatin C based eGFR and eGFR by Cockcroft and Gault equation were compared with standard GFR by 24 hour urine Creatinine clearance respectively.Results: There was statistically significant positive correlation between cystatin C based eGFR and standard GFR by 24 hr Creatinine clearance (r=0.87). For eGFR by Cockcroft-Gault equation, it was 0.36 (r=0.36).Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that serum cystatin C based eGFR  measurement is a useful, practical tool for the evaluation of renal involvement in the course of diabetes. As serum creatinine values are affected by many factors like age, sex, muscle mass and diet, serum cystatin C based eGFR estimation offers a hope that diabetic kidney disease can be well prevented with appropriate interventions.

Comparación de las Fórmulas Cockcroft-Gault y Mdrd con la Depuración de la Creatinina Endógena para la Estimación de la Función Renal en Pacientes Adultos Ambulatorios Atendidos en un Hospital de Referencia Peruano / Comparison of the Cockcroft-Gault and Mdrd Equations With the Endogenous Creatinine Clearance to Estimate Renal Function in Ambulatory Adult Patients Treated in a Peruvian Reference Hospital

Resumen Introducción: La estimación de la función renal es un componente importante de laatención hospitalaria. Para ello, habitualmente, se utilizan estimaciones basadas en las cifras de creatinina sérica. Las fórmulas más utilizadas son la MDRD y Cockcroft-Gault.Objetivo:Evaluar la correlación de las ecuaciones de Cockcroft-Gault y MDRD con el valor de depuración de creatinina, basada en la recolección de orina de 24 horas. Material y métodos:Para realizar el estudio se utilizaron los registros del Servicio de Patología Clínica del HospitalNacional Hipólito Unanue, un hospital de referencia en Lima, Perú. La creatinina sérica se realizó mediante el método de Jaffe. La depuración de creatinina se llevó a cabo mediante las determinaciones simultáneas de creatinina sérica y creatinina urinaria, obtenida a través de la recolección de orina de 24 horas. Se calcularon las correlaciones utilizando el coeficiente de Pearson, considerando significativos valores de p<0.05. Resultados:Se incluyeron 426 pacientes. La edad promedio de la población estudiada fue de 58.36 +/- 16.21 años, con un mínimo de 15 años y un máximo de 91 años. Hubo un discreto predominio del género femenino (51.2%).La correlación entre la depuración de creatinina y aquella estimada por la ecuación MDRD fue de 0.57 (p<0.001); al restringir el análisis a aquellos pacientes con valores de depuración menores a 60 ml/min, la correlación fue de 0.55 (p<0.001). La correlación entre la depuración de creatinina y la estimada por la ecuación de Cockcroft-Gault fue de 0.53 (p<0.001); al restringir el análisis a pacientes con valores de depuración menores a 60 ml/min, la correlación fue de 0.55 (p<0.001). La correlación entre las fórmulas de Cockcroft-Gault y MDRD fue de 0.84 (p<0.01). En pacientes con depuraciones por debajo de 60, fue de 0.87 (p<0.01). Los resultados no mostraron diferencias al restringir las observaciones a pacientes menores de 70 años.Conclusión:Aunque las ecuaciones de Cockcroft-Gault y MDRD guardan una buena correlación entre ellas, se correlacionan de manera subóptima con la depuración de creatinina realizada mediante la recolección de 24 horas, bajo condiciones clínicas habituales.

Abstract Introduction: The estimation of renal function is an important component of hospital care. To do this, estimates are usually used, based on serum creatinine levels. The most widely used equations are MDRD and Cockcroft-Gault. Objective: To evaluate the correlation of the Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations with the creatinine clearance value, based on 24-hour urine collection. Methods: In order to carry out this study, the records of the Clinical Pathology Service of Hospital Nacional HipólitoUnanue, a reference hospital in Lima (Peru), were used. Serum creatinine was measured using the Jaffe's method. Creatinine clearance was performed by simultaneous determinations of serum creatinine and urinary creatinine, obtained through 24-hour urine collection. Correlations were calculated using Pearson coefficient, considering significant values ​​of p<0.05. Results: 426 patients were included. The average age was 58.36 +/- 16.21 years, with a minimum age of 15 and a maximum of 91. There was a slight female predominance (51.2%). The correlation between creatinine clearance and that estimated by the MDRD equation was 0.57 (p<0.001); when restricting the analysis to those patients with clearance values ​​lower than 60 ml/min, the correlation was 0.55 (p <0.001). The correlation between creatinine clearance and that estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation was 0.53 (p<0.001); when the analysis was limited to patients with purification values ​​lower than 60 ml/min, the correlation was 0.55 (p <0.001). The correlation between Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations was 0.84 (p<0.01). In patients with purifications below 60, it was 0.87 (p<0.01). The results showed no differences when restricting observations to patients under 70. Conclusion: Although Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations keep a good correlation between them, this correlation is suboptimal with creatinine clearance performed through 24-hour collection, under usual clinical conditions.

Determinación del grado de enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes hipertensos / Determination of chronic renal disease grade in hipertensive patients

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 53 pacientes hipertensos atendidos en el Policlínico Docente Carlos Juan Finlay de Santiago de Cuba durante 2015, con vistas a determinar, mediante la ecuación de Cockcroft-Gault, el grado de enfermedad renal crónica que presentaban. En la serie predominó el grado 2 de la enfermedad en los mayores de 60 años, en los que tenían un tiempo de diagnóstico entre 11-15 años y en el sexo femenino. Las comorbilidades más encontradas resultaron ser la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 y las afecciones cardiovasculares; asimismo, como principales factores de riesgo prevalecieron la utilización de fármacos nefrotóxicos (antiinflamatorios no esteroideos), la dislipidemia, la anemia y la obesidad. El empleo de dicha ecuación resulta muy útil en la atención primaria, lo cual permite indicar el tratamiento oportuno y efectuar acciones para prevenir la progresión de esta dolencia

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 53 hipertensive patients was carried out. They were assisted in Carlos Juan Finlay Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba during 2015, aimed at determining, by means of the Cockcroft-Gault equation, the grade of chronic renal disease that they presented. In the series the grade 2 of the disease in those over 60 years, in those that had a diagnosis time among 11-15 years and in emale sex prevailed. The mostly found comorbidities were the type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders; also, as main risk factors the use of nephrotoxic drugs (anti-inflammatory non steroids), dyslipemia, anemia and obesity prevailed. The use of this equation is very useful in the primary care, which allows to indicate the opportune treatment and actions taking to prevent the progression of this disease

Comparación entre la depuración de creatinina en orina de 24 horas y la fórmula de Cockcroft - Gault para estimar el filtrado glomerular en mujeres gestantes atendidas en un hospital de Lima / Comparing creatinine clearance in 24 hour urine and Cockcroft-Gault formula to determine glomerular filtration rate in pregnant women attended in a Lima hospital

La filtración glomerular se calcula por la depuración de creatinina endógena (DCE) en orina de 24 horas, con limitaciones en su recolección y dificultades para los pacientes. Sin embargo, existen fórmulas propuestas para estimar esta función renal. Objetivo. Aplicar la fórmula Cockcroft-Gault de filtración glomerular y compararla con método químico colorimétrico en gestantes. Diseño. Estudio observacional, correlacional, prospectivo y transversal. Lugar. Laboratorio central, Hospital Nacional Sergio Bernales de Lima, Perú. Participantes. Mujeres gestantes. Métodos. Previo consentimiento informado, se procesaron muestras de sangre y orina de 24 horas de 92 gestantes, entre noviembre 2015 y enero 2016. Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre los resultados DCE de la fórmula Cockcroft-Gault y la obtenida en suero-orina de 24 horas. Resultados. La muestra tuvo una distribución normal analizada por el estimador Smirnov-Kolmogorov. El promedio de la DCE en orina de 24 horas fue 73,65 ± 19,85 mL/min, la obtenida por la fórmula Cockcroft-Gault fue 99,82 ± 18,75 mL/min, con diferencia significativa a la prueba t para muestras relacionadas (p < 0,000), y la correlación entre dichos métodos de laboratorio fue baja (r=0,561) en todas las gestantes y por trimestre, mostrando falta de correlación con la prueba coeficiente de correlación-concordancia de Lin (ccc) (p < 0,01). La sensibilidad (S) fue 0,50; especificidad (E) 0,591, el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) 0,212 y el negativo (VPN) 0,881. Conclusiones. La DCE obtenida por fórmula Cockcroft­ Gault con la DCE suero-orina de 24 horas en gestantes tuvo baja correlación (r =[0,4 a 0,67]), con niveles bajos de S, E VPP y VPN, por lo que no es recomendable su uso en gestantes.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is calculated by the endogenous creatinine clearance (DCE) in 24-hour urine, with limited collection and difficulties for patients. There are formulas proposed to estimate renal function. Objective. To use the Cockcroft-Gaul formula of glomerular filtration and to compare it with the chemical colorimetric method in pregnant women. Design. Observational, correlational, prospective and transversal study. Setting. Central Laboratory, Sergio Bernales National Hospital, Lima, Peru. Participants. Pregnant women. Methods. Using prior informed consent blood samples and 24-hour urine of 92 pregnant women between November 2015 and January 2016 were processed. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to compare the DCE results obtained with the Cockcroft­ Gault formula and the serum-24 hours urine. Results. The sample had a normal distribution analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov estimator. The average DCE in 24 hours urine was 73.65 ± 19.85 mL /min, and that obtained by the Cockcroft-Gault formula was 99.82 ± 18.75 mL/min, with t test significant difference in related samples (p <0.000); the correlation between these laboratory methods was low (r = 0.561) in all pregnant women and by trimesters, showing lack of correlation with the coefficient of the Lin correlation-matching (ccc) (p <001) Sensitivity (S) was 0.50, specificity (Sp) 0.591, positive predictive value (PPV) 0.212 and negative predictive value (NPV) 0.881. Conclusions. The DCE obtained by Cockcroft-Gault with the DCE serum-24 hours urine in pregnant women had low correlation (r = [OA to 0.67]) with low levels of S, Sp, PPV and NPV, so it is not recommended for use in pregnant women.

Comparison of estimated glomerular filtration rate equations at the time of hemodialysis initiation

BACKGROUND: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is one of the most important guidelines in deciding the optimal timing of dialysis initiation. In the present study, we calculated the eGFR at the time of hemodialysis (HD) initiation using 5 commonly used equations to relate them with clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients and to evaluate which of these equations best define the eGFR at HD initiation. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 409 end-stage renal disease patients who were newly started on HD treatment in our institution. The eGFR was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, the Cockcroft-Gault equation corrected for body surface area, the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation, and the Nankivell equation. RESULTS: The mean eGFRs at HD start were significantly different across the equations. The mean eGFR was 7.8 mL/min for the corrected Cockcroft-Gault equation, 7.7 mL/min for the Cockcroft-Gault equation, 6.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 for the MDRD equation, and 5.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 for the CKD-EPI equation. The corrected Cockcroft-Gault, the MDRD, and the CKD-EPI equations were well correlated with all CKD-specific complications including hypertension, anemia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperparathyroidism. The mean eGFR calculated by the corrected Cockcroft-Gault equation showed the lowest coefficient of variation among all the equations. CONCLUSIONS: The eGFR at HD initiation are significantly different according to the used eGFR equations, and the corrected Cockcroft-Gault equation may be the best in defining the eGFR at HD initiation.

Eficacia de las fórmulas MDRD-abreviada y Cockcroft-Gault para la detección de insuficiencia renal crónica en la atención primaria / Effectiveness of the Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD-abbreviated formula for the detection of chronic renal failure in primary care

Se realizó un estudio comparativo y prospectivo de tipo cohortes, que incluyó a 1038 pacientes, atendidos en el consultorio médico No. 5 de la Policlínica Universitaria "Joel Benítez Borges" de Cauto Cristo, provincia de Granma, desde abril del 2011 hasta noviembre del 2012, a fin de determinar la eficacia de las fórmulas MDRD-abreviada, Cockcroft-Gault y Cockcroft-Gault corregida para la detección de insuficiencia renal crónica en los afectados con creatinina sérica normal. Se comparó el grupo de pacientes con creatinina sérica normal según filtrado glomerular normal o disminuido. La prevalencia de insuficiencia renal crónica fue de 11,9, 10,9 y 11,0 % para las fórmulas MDRD-abreviada, Cockcroft-Gault y Cockcroft-Gault corregida, respectivamente. Se demostró la sencillez y eficacia de la fórmula MDRD-abreviada en el cribaje de la insuficiencia renal crónica, fundamentalmente en mujeres añosas e hipertensas.

A comparative and prospective study of cohorts type, which included 1038 patients, assisted in the doctor's office No. 5 of "Joël Benítez Borges" University Polyclinic in Cauto Cristo, Granma province was carried out from April, 2011 to November, 2012, in order to determine the effectiveness of the MDRD-abbreviated formula, and the Cockcroft-Gault and Cockcroft-Gault formulas corrected for the detection of chronic renal failure in the affected patients with normal serum creatinine. The group of patients with normal serum creatinine was compared according to normal or decreased glomerular filtrate. The prevalence of chronic renal failure was of 11,9, 10,9 and 11,0 % for the MDRD-abbreviated formula, Cockcroft-Gault and Cockcroft-Gault corrected, respectively. It was demonstrated the simplicity and effectiveness of the MDRD-abbreviated formula in the screening of the chronic renal failure, mainly in aged and hypertensive women.

Prevalencia de insuficiencia renal crónica mediante las fórmulas de Cockcroft-Gault y Modificación de Dieta en la Enfermedad Renal: Matanzas, 2010 / Prevalence of the chronic renal insufficiency by means of the Cockcroft-Gault and Diet modification in the renal disease formulas: Matanzas, 2010

Fundamento: la insuficiencia renal crónica es la pérdida gradual, progresiva e irreversible de las funciones renales. Las fórmulas más empleadas para su diagnóstico son las de Cockcroft-Gault y la Modificación de Dieta en la Enfermedad Renal. En Matanzas se habían utilizado en estudios poblacionales.Objetivos: calcular la prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal crónica en el municipio de Matanzas y comparar ambas fórmulas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal. Muestra 2 326 personas. Las variables utilizadas fueron edad, sexo, peso, talla, color de la piel y creatinina sérica. Se utilizaron los intervalos de confianza del 95 por ciento para comparar las prevalencias por ambos métodos. Resultados: la prevalencia fue de 6,4 por 100 personas por Cockcroft-Gault y 5,0 por Modificación de Dieta en la Enfermedad Renal. Se incrementó directamente proporcional a la edad, el sexo femenino fue el más afectado, al igual que el color de piel blanca. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los datos de ambos métodos en el análisis de estas variables. La media de filtrado glomerular fue superior por la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault. Igualmente por esta ecuación, fue superior la prevalencia en el grupo de 65 a 74 y en las personas con peso saludable. Conclusiones: se considera que ambos métodos son válidos para el cálculo de FG y por tanto para el diagnóstico de insuficiencia renal crónica, por su sencillez, y bajo costo, cuando se trabaja con grupos poblacionales grandes.

Fundament: the chronic renal insufficiency is the gradual, progressive and irreversible lost of the renal functions. The Cockcroft-Gault and the Diet Modification in the renal disease formulas are the most used ones for its diagnosis. In Matanzas they had been used in population studies. Objectives: calculating the prevalence of the chronic renal insufficiency in the municipality of Matanzas and comparing both formulas. Methods: we carried out a cross-sectional descriptive research. The sample was composed by 2 326 persons. The used variables were age, genre, weight, size, skin color, and serum creatinine. We used the confidence intervals of 95 percent to compare the prevalence of both methods. Results: the prevalence was 6,4 per 100 people for the Cockcroft-Gault, and 5,0 for the Diet Modification in the Renal Disease. There it was a direct increase in relation with age; the female genre was the most affected, and also the white skin color. There were not significant differences between the data of both methods in the analysis of these variables. The average of the glomerular filtrate was higher by means of the Cockcroft-Gault. Also the prevalence in the 65-74 age group and in the persons with healthy weight was higher for this equation.Conclusions: we consider that both methods are valid for calculating the glomerular filtrate and therefore for the diagnosis of the chronic renal insufficiency, because of its easiness and low cost, when working with big population groups.

Comparative performance of the equations for estimating GFR in type 2 diabetic patients / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Serum creatinine was determined by enzymatic method.99mTc-GFR was measured by 99mTc-DTPA dynamic renal imaging and considered as GFR marker in 210 males and 180 females with type 2 diabetes,eGFR was calculated by Cockcroft-Gault formula,MDRD equation7,abbreviated MDRD equation,modified MDRD equation for Chinese (c-7GFR4 and c-aGFR4),and CKD-EPI equation.They were analyzed by correlation,regression,Bland-Altman analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.The correlation coefficients for Cockcroft-Gault formula,MDRD equation7,abbreviated MDRD equation,c-7GFR4,c-aGFR4,and CKD-EPI equation were 0.79,0.76,0.77,0.76,0.76,0.81 respectively.And the differences were-14.99,-18.85,-23.79,-25.85,-32.07,and-7.16,respectively.The area under ROC curves were 0.91,0.88,0.89,0.88,0.90,and 0.92,respeetively.Kappa values were 0.67、0.52、0.39、0.49、0.46、0.54respectively.The CKD-EPI equation seams to be the most accurate measurement among the six methods when the serum creatinine was determined by enzymatic method in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.

Enfermedad renal oculta en pacientes con diabetes mellitus / Hidden renal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus

Se realizó un estudio observacional de prevalencia para caracterizar, desde enero hasta julio de 2009, a 110 adultos con enfermedad renal oculta y diabetes mellitus, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Comunitario Docente Alberto Fernández Montes de Oca del municipio de San Luis, provincia de Santiago de Cuba, en quienes se estimaron los valores del filtrado glomerular por la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault corregida para la superficie corporal y basada en la creatinina sérica, así como de la ecuación derivada del estudio de modificación de la dieta en las nefropatías (MDN), más conocida por sus siglas en inglés MDRD (modification of diet in renal disease). Los datos fueron procesados con el sistema Epi Info, versión 6.0. Entre los principales resultados sobresalió la elevada prevalencia de enfermedad renal oculta en pacientes con diabetes mellitus, sobre todo en aquellos que la padecían desde hacía más de 10 años.

A prevalence observational study was carried out from January to July 2009 to characterize 110 adults with hidden renal disease and diabetes mellitus, belonging to the health area of Alberto Fernández Montes de Oca Community Teaching Polyclinic from San Luis municipality, Santiago de Cuba province, in whom rates of glomerular filtration by means of modified Cockcroft-Gault's formula for body surface area and based on serum creatinine were estimated, as well as the equation derived from diet modification study in nephropathies, more commonly known as modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD). Data processing was made with Epi Info system, version 6.0. Among main results was a high prevalence of hidden renal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus, particularly in those who were suffering from it for more than 10 years.

Utilidad clínica de la cistatina C como marcador precoz de enfermedad renal crónica / Clinical utility of cystatin C as an early marker of chronic kidney disease

Determinar y establecer la utilidad de la Cistatina C como marcador de enfermedad renal en pacientes del Hospital General del Oeste “Dr. José Gregorio Hernández” de Caracas, Venezuela. Estudio clínico evaluativo de cohortes de 96 pacientes, 54 (56,25 %) mujeres y 42 (43,75 %) hombres. Se midieron los siguientes parámetros: creatinina sérica, Cistatina C y proteinuria en 24 horas. La depuración de creatinina se midió por la fórmula de Cockcroft - Gault y se compararon estos métodos diagnósticos mediante coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad y valor predictivo negativo. Los métodos diagnósticos para conocer la función renal utilizados en este trabajo (creatinina sérica, depuración de creatinina y proteinuria en 24 horas, fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault y Cistatina C) resultaron estadísticamente significativos al comparar poblaciones con o sin enfermedad renal. Se realizaron mediciones de Cistatina C y se evidenció que de 35 pacientes (36,4%) con resultados anormales, 20 (57,14%) tienen enfermedad renal crónica. La Cistatina C tiene una sensibilidad de 83,3% y una especificidad del 79,2% (IC 69,1 a 100%). La creatinina sérica tuvo una sensibilidad de 66,7% y especificidad de 84,7%, con IC de 75,2 a 93,7%. La fórmula de Cockcroft Gault tiene una sensibilidad de 95,8% y especificidad de 40,3%, con IC de 28,3 a 52,3% y la depuración de creatinina tuvo una sensibilidad de 100% y especificidad de 73,6%, con IC de 62,7 a 84,5%. La Cistatina C se comportó como uno de los mejores indicadores (determinado por el índice de validez) de la función renal después de la depuración de creatinina para la enfermedad renal crónica

To assess the value of Cystatin C as a marker of kidney disease in a group of patients from the Hospital General del Oeste “Dr. José Gregorio Hernández” from Caracas, Venezuela. A clinical cohort study of 96 subjects, 54 (56,25 %) women and 42 (43,75 %) men. We measured seric creatinine, Cystatin C, 24 hour proteinuria and creatinine clearance; this last was done applying the Cockcroft – Gault. All the diagnostic methods were compared by Pearson´s correlation and, also sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value were determined. The diagnostic methods used were statistically significant in our study when we compared two groups, one with kidney disease and one without it. With Cystatin C we found 35 (36,4%) with abnormal results and from these, 20(57%) have chronic renal disease, so cystatin was 83,3% sensitive and 79% specific. %). Séric creatinina was 66,7% and specifity of 84,7%, with a Confidence Interval of 75,2 to 93,7%. Cockcroft Gault formula has a sensibilidad of 95,8% and specificity of 40,3%, CI 28,3 a 52,3%; creatinine cleareance has a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 73,6%, with a CI of 62,7 to 84,5%. Cystatin C was one of the best indicators of renal function after creatinine clearance

Estimativa da função renal pela fórmula de Cockroft e Gault em pacientes com sobrepeso ou com obesidade / Estimation of renal function by Cockcroft and Gault formula in patients with overweight or obese

Introdução: A estimativa da função renal pela fórmula de Cockcroft e Gault tende a proporcionar resultados errôneos em pacientes com excesso de peso, pois a massa adiposa, não produtora de creatinina, distorce o resultado. Nosso estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a influência do sobrepeso e da obesidade na estimativa da função renal pela fórmula de Cockcroft e Gault em uma população de pacientes de nosso meio. Métodos: Coletamos dados de todos os1.495 pacientes ambulatoriais ou hospitalizados que tiveram dosagem simples de creatinina plasmática (CrP) solicitada ao laboratório de análises clínicas do Complexo Hospitalar Ulbra entre janeiro e junho de 2005. Para fins de análise, os pacientes foram estratificados em cinco grupos: com IMC 25 até 30Kg/m²; >30 até 35 Kg/m²; > 35 a 40 Kg/mg²; e >40Kg/m². Para aqueles com índice de massa corporal (IMC)>25kg/m², foi estimada a depuração da creatinina, utilizando-se a fórmula de Cockcroft e Gault (DCE-CG), e comparados estes resultados com aqueles obtidos pela aplicação a a esta fórmula de um fator de correção para excesso de peso (DCE-CG corrigida). Resultados: IMC>25 foi encontrado em 53,6% da amostra. A função renal pela fórmula DCE-CG MOSTROU-SE SUPERESTIMADA EM 8% (PARA pacientes com IMC>25 até 30kg/m²) até 29,6% (naqueles com IMC>40kg/m²). Conclusão: Uma parte significativa dos pacientes da população geral pode ter sua função renal estimada com erros importantes se utilizada a fórmula de Cockroft e Gault sem correção para o excesso de peso.

Introduction: The estimation of renal function by Cockcroft and Gault formula tends to give erroneous results in patients with excess weight as fat mass, not creatinine production, distorts the result. Our study aimed to evaluate the influence of overweight and obesity in the estimation of renal function by Cockcroft and Gault formula in a population of patients in our midst. Methods: We collected data from all os1.495 outpatients or hospitalized who had simple dosing plasma creatinine (PRC) requested the clinical laboratory of the Hospital Complex Ulbra between January and June 2005. For analysis purposes, patients were stratified into five groups: 25 to 30 kg / m²,> 30 to 35 kg / m²,> 35 to 40 kg / ² mg and> 40 kg / m². For those with body mass index (BMI)> 25kg / m, was estimated creatinine clearance using the Cockcroft and Gault formula (CG-DCE), and compared these results with those obtained by applying this formula pa a correction factor for excess weight (corrected GC-ECD). Results: BMI> 25 was found in 53.6% of the sample. Renal function by DCE-CG formula PROVE overestimated by 8% (for patients with BMI> 25 to 30kg / m²) to 29.6% (those with BMI> 40kg / m²). Conclusion: A significant part of the general population of patients can have their kidney function estimated with significant errors if used Cockroft and Gault formula without adjustment for overweight.

Studies on Serum Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance in Hypertensive Patients.

Objectives: To assess the serum creatinine and creatinine clearance values in hypertensive patients for providing information to the health-policy planners, clinical practitioners about the importance of routine monitoring of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance in hypertensive patients for prevention of ESRD and other consequences to combat morbidity and mortality and to reinforce the need to consider these parameters in daily clinical practice. Study design: It was a cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was conducted at Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Mymensingh Medical College, Medicine Unit of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital. Study period: The period of the study was January 2005 to December 2005. Participants: A total number of seventy subjects were included in this study. Out of 70 subjects, 40 (forty) were hypertensive patients and 30 (thirty) were normotensive & healthy controls. Intervention: The subjects were selected on the basis of history and clinical examination. Convenient sampling technique was applied. During visit the available hypertensive patients and controls (normotensive & healthy) those who were present were selected. Having received their written consent they were interviewed & examined by prepared personal data sheet and sample of blood (after overnight fasting) was drawn for biochemical examination. Main outcome measure: Mean values of serum creatinine and creatinine clearance. Result: Serum creatinine was greater in hypertensive than those of normotensive. Creatinine clearance was less in hypertensive than those of normotensive. Serum creatinine & creatinine clearance in between males hypertensive & control shows that CrCl were statistically significant but not the serum creatinine. In females of hypertensive & control shows no differences in case of SCr & CrCl. Among 40 hypertensive the number of “Getting treatment - regular” & “ Getting treatment-irregular” was 14 (35%) & 26 (65%) respectively. Similarly in patients “suffering less than 5 yrs” and “suffering 5 yrs & above” the differences are also not statistically significant. Conclusion: The observations of this study revealed that most of the hypertensive patients were taking treatment irregularly and there was significant alteration of biochemical parameters in hypertensive patients. Therefore, for routine monitoring of hypertensive patients to prevent the end stage renal disease (ESRD) and other consequences, the reinforcement of the investigations of these parameters may be recommended in daily clinical practice.

Evaluation of Glomerular Filtration Rate by Prediction Equation in the Elderly / 대한신장학회잡지

BACKGROUND: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the best overall index for the level of renal function and is estimated commonly by the creatinine-based, Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation or the Modification of Diet Disease Study (MDRD) equation indirectly. Recently, cystatin C has been reported as a new endogenous marker of GFR. To predict the decrease of renal function in the elderly, we measured standard GFR (EDTA-GFR) by (51)Cr- EDTA and attempted to compare the result with CG, MDRD, and cystatin C equation for accuracy. METHODS: Sixty-three elderly persons (28 men, 35 women:mean age 70, range 65-78) who underwent health screening, were measured for plasma creatinine, cystatin C and EDTA-GFR. RESULTS: The CG and MDRD equations performed better than the cystatin C equation with an accuracy of within 30% (68 and 67%, respectively, versus 37%) and 50% (98 and 94%, respectively, versus 72%) of EDTA-GFR. The coefficient of determination (R2) of each estimated equation was 0.08 (p=0.03) in CG, 0.06 (p=0.04) in MDRD, and 0.07 (p=0.04) in cystatin C equation. Analysis of ROC curves with EDTA-GFR 60 mL/min/1.73m2 showed that each estimated equation was inadequate for the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (sensitivity and specificity, 73% and 65% in CG, and 68% and 65% in MDRD, respectively). CONCLUSION: In the elderly, CG or MDRD equation was more accurate than cystatin C equation. Nevertheless, problems remain in the assessment of GFR using these equations and caution is particularly necessary in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease with calculated estimates of GFR<60 mL/ min/1.73m2 in the elderly.

Evaluation of Glomerular Filtration Rate by Prediction Equation in the Elderly / 대한신장학회잡지

BACKGROUND: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the best overall index for the level of renal function and is estimated commonly by the creatinine-based, Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation or the Modification of Diet Disease Study (MDRD) equation indirectly. Recently, cystatin C has been reported as a new endogenous marker of GFR. To predict the decrease of renal function in the elderly, we measured standard GFR (EDTA-GFR) by (51)Cr- EDTA and attempted to compare the result with CG, MDRD, and cystatin C equation for accuracy. METHODS: Sixty-three elderly persons (28 men, 35 women:mean age 70, range 65-78) who underwent health screening, were measured for plasma creatinine, cystatin C and EDTA-GFR. RESULTS: The CG and MDRD equations performed better than the cystatin C equation with an accuracy of within 30% (68 and 67%, respectively, versus 37%) and 50% (98 and 94%, respectively, versus 72%) of EDTA-GFR. The coefficient of determination (R2) of each estimated equation was 0.08 (p=0.03) in CG, 0.06 (p=0.04) in MDRD, and 0.07 (p=0.04) in cystatin C equation. Analysis of ROC curves with EDTA-GFR 60 mL/min/1.73m2 showed that each estimated equation was inadequate for the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (sensitivity and specificity, 73% and 65% in CG, and 68% and 65% in MDRD, respectively). CONCLUSION: In the elderly, CG or MDRD equation was more accurate than cystatin C equation. Nevertheless, problems remain in the assessment of GFR using these equations and caution is particularly necessary in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease with calculated estimates of GFR<60 mL/ min/1.73m2 in the elderly.

Impacts of Metabolic Demand and Renal Mass Supply on the Early Graft Function Following Living Donor Renal Transplantation / 대한이식학회지

PURPOSE: Chronic rejection accounts for the majority of late renal graft losses and there is good evidence that both immunologic and non-immunologic factors are important in late graft loss. The hyperfiltration hypothesis postulates that kidneys with reduced renal mass will progress toward failure due to hypertrophy of the remaining nephron to meet the excess metabolic demand, eventually leading to nephron exhaustion. The impact of metabolic demand and renal mass supply on the early graft function, especially hyperfiltration phenomenon, remains uncertain. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed age, gender, body weight, height, body surface area (BSA), lean body weight (LBW), and serum creatinine (SCr) of both donors and recipients. We weighed the donated kidney and measured the recipient's SCr and LBW for six months postoperatively. Modified Cockcroft-Gault Equation standardized for BSA was used to calculate renal glomerular filtration rate (CrCl, mL/min/1.73 m2). The variables and the CrCl of the 3rd day and 6th month were analyzed with accordance to donor/recipient LBW ratio(D/R LBW) and graft weight/recipient LBW (GW/RLBW) by independent sample t-test and paired t-test using SPSS, and P1), the 3rd day and 6th month CrCl were 80.82+/-28.74 and 71.66+/-12.12, respectively. In R group (D/R LBW3), the 3rd day CrCl was 86.08+/-25.13, which was significantly decreased to 73.48+/-11.64 at the 6th month (P=0.023). In L group (GW/RLBW< or =3), the 3rd day and 6th month CrCl were 66.95+/-19.94 and 73.34+/-10.60 (P=0.158), respectively. the 3rd day CrCl of H group was higher than that of L group significantly (P=0.047), but 6th month CrCl showed no difference between the two groups (P=0.975). CONCLUSIONS: The 3rd day CrCl represents early graft function well. GW/RLBW has a strong correlation with early graft function. In L group with low early graft function, CrCl was tended to be increased to meet the metabolic demand for following the 6 months. Conversely, in H group with high early graft function, CrCl was decreased to reduce the excess graft function. So the 6th month CrCl represents adapted graft function. In this study, therefore, we postulate that the hyperfiltration or hypofiltration develops according to metabolic demand and renal mass supply.