Felicidad, emociones positivas, evaluación cognitiva y afrontamiento en estudiantes universitarios de Lima Metropolitana / Happiness, Positive Emotions, Cognitive Appraisal, and Coping in University Students of Metropolitan Lima

Resumen. Objetivo. El objetivo principal fue examinar la influencia de la felicidad, por medio de la evaluación cognitiva y las emociones positivas, en el afrontamiento del estrés en estudiantes universitarios. Método. Participaron 352 personas, 70.2% mujeres y 29.8% hombres, con un rango de edad entre 19 y 35 años. Se realizaron modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM, por sus siglas en inglés) para estimar la influencia de la felicidad en el proceso del estrés y el afrontamiento. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron correlaciones esperadas entre las variables y un buen ajuste de los modelos propuestos. La felicidad influye en la utilización de estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas, a través de la evaluación cognitiva de desafío (β = .220; p < .001) y la experiencia de emociones positivas (β = .159; p = .001). Se concluye que la felicidad tiene un importante papel en el proceso del estrés y el afrontamiento.

Abstract. Objective. The main objective of this study was to examine the influence of happiness by cognitive appraisal and positive emotions on stress coping in university students. Method. 352 people participated in the study, 70.2% were women, with an age range of between 19 and 35 years. Structural Equation Models (SEM) were tested to estimate the influence of happiness in the stress process and coping. Results. The results showed expected correlations between the variables and a good fit of the proposed models. Happiness influences the use of adaptive coping strategies, through the cognitive appraisal of challenge (β = .220; p < .001) and the experience of positive emotions (β = .159; p = .001). In conclusion, happiness plays an important role in the stress and coping process.

Moderating effect of cognitive appraisal on relationship between induceddepression and attentional bias in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore how induced depression influences attentional bias and the moderating effect of cognitive appraisal.Methods:Eighty college students participated in the study and were randomly assigned to the induced depression group (n=40, accepted a procedure of depression induction) and the control group (n=40, accepted a procedure of the same time rest).Then, a 2 (induced depression group vs.control group) × 2 (different location vs.same location) mixed design experiment was conducted with the cognitive appraisal as the moderator and the attentional bias as the dependent variable.Induced depression was manipulated by an induction process, attentional bias was measured with the dot-probe task and cognitive appraisal was assessed with the visual analogue mood scales.Results:The reaction time to the different location was longer than that to the same location in the induced depression group [ (374.1±62.0) ms vs. (367.8±60.9) ms, P＜0.01], while there was no statistically significant difference between the reaction time to the different and the same location in the control group (P＞0.05).Bootstrap analysis showed that cognitive appraisal played a statistically significant moderating role in the influence of induced depression on attentional bias (P＜0.01).Conclusion:It suggests that the college students with induced depression show negative attentional bias and cognitive appraisal may play a moderating role on the relationship between depression and attentional bias.

Stress, burnout e avaliação cognitiva: estudo na classe de enfermagem / Stress, burnout and cognitive appraisal: a study with nurses / Estrés, agotamiento y evaluación cognitiva: un estudio dos profesionales de enfermería

Este estudo analisa o stress laboral em enfermeiros, observando igualmente a importância dos processos de avaliação cognitiva no ajustamento aos contextos de trabalho. Foram aplicados, em um único momento, a 153 profissionais da classe de enfermagem instrumentos de avaliação do stress ocupacional, da avaliação cognitiva primária e secundária, do burnout e da sintomatologia depressiva. Os níveis de stress, de burnout e de sintomatologia depressiva confirmaram que essa profissão é exigente do ponto de vista emocional e psicológico. Os processos de avaliação cognitiva foram determinantes na explicação da experiência de stress ocupacional, burnout e sintomatologia depressiva. O stress ocupacional e a avaliação cognitiva foram variáveis importantes na predição do burnout. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciaram o papel central da avaliação cognitiva na adaptação humana aos contextos de trabalho bem como a utilidade do modelo transacional no estudo do stress laboral.

This study analyzes the occupational stress in nurses, observing also the importance of cognitive appraisal in the adjustment to work contexts. In a single moment, evaluation protocols that included instruments of occupational stress, primary and secondary cognitive appraisals, burnout, and depressive symptomatology were applied to 153 nurses. Levels of occupational stress, burnout, and depressive symptomatology have confirmed that this activity is very demanding, both on emotional and psychological levels. The processes of cognitive appraisal were determining factors in the comprehension of occupational stress, burnout, and depressive symptomatology. Occupational stress and cognitive appraisals dimensions were predictors of the burnout experience. The results of this study pointed out the central role of the cognitive appraisals in the human adaptation to the work contexts and the usefulness of the transactional model in the study of occupational stress.

Este estudio analiza el estrés laboral en profesionales de enfermería, observando también la importancia de la evaluacion cognitiva en la adaptación al trabajo. Mediante una metodología transversal, se aplicó un protocolo de evaluación a 153 profesionales de enfermería con instrumentos de estrés ocupacional, evaluación cognitivas primaria y secundaria, agotamiento y sintomatología depresiva. Los niveles de estrés laboral, agotamiento y sintomatología depresiva confirmaron que esta actividad es muy exigente a nivel psicológico y emocional. Los procesos de evaluación cognitiva fuerwon cruciales para explicar la experiencia de estrés laboral, de agotamiento y de sintomatología depresiva. El estrés laboral y la evaluación cognitiva fueron variables importantes en la predicción de agotamiento. Los resultados de este estudio demonstraron el papel central de la evaluación cognitiva en la adaptación humana al trabajo y la utilidad del modelo transaccional en el estudio del estrés laboral.

Posttraumatic growth in breast cancer survivors and its relationship with cognitive appraisal / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the status and influencing factors of posttraumatic growth (PTG) in breast cancer patients and identify the influence of cognitive appraisal on PTG and the relationship between PTG and cognitive appraisal. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Totally 356 breast cancer patients were investigated with the revised Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Cognitive Appraisal Scale. Results The average score of PTG in breast cancer patients was (55.06±14.36) points. There were significant differences between different education level and health-care payment patients in the total score of PTG (t=5.886, 5.154, P<0.01). The level of PTG was correlated with the patients′ cognitive appraisal way. It was negatively correlated with uncertain appraisal about disease and threat appraisal,and positively correlated with positive appraisal and responsible appraisal. The main prediction factors for PTG were positive appraisal, uncertain appraisal about disease, responsible appraisal, health-care payment and education level. All the variables could explain 42.7% variance of PTG. Conclusions Breast cancer patients in this study report moderate level of posttraumatic growth. The level of PTG in breast cancers is influenced by variables of patients′ education level, health-care payment and cognitive appraisal. Cognitive appraisal could predict the development of PTG significantly.

Effect of psychological first aid training on medical students' cognitive appraisal about sudden events / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the influence of psychological first aid training on cognitive appraisal of sudden events in medical students.Methods A medical university undergraduate students were selected and divided into the training group(n=42) and the control group(n=53).The former was treated with 20 hours short-term targeted psychological first aid,and the latter was treated as blank control.The SAM and LMSQ were adopted to measure students' cognitive appraisal before and after the training.Results After the training,the training group gained significant differences (P＜ 0.05) in threat (11.95 ±3.17) vs (10.45±2.48)(t=2.426,P=0.020),challenge (12.64t2.84) vs (14.40±1.95)(t=-3.304,P=0.002),controllable-by-self (13.05±3.15) vs (14.93±2.00) (t=-3.240,P=0.002),controllable-by-others (12.40±3.10) vs (14.52±2.52) (t=-3.553,P=0.001),stressfulness (13.26±2.69) vs (12.00±1.96) (t=2.592,P=0.013) of SAM,and Physical threat ((23.88±7.59) vs (19.76±4.82),t=3.057,P=0.004) of LMSQ compared with before training.Other factors had no significant difference(P＞0.05).Compared with two groups,the training group gained significant increase(P＜0.05) on the score differences for SAM factors (challenge (t=-2.466,P=0.016),controllable-by-self (t=-2.557,P=0.012),controllable-by-others (t=-2.800,P=0.006)) than the control group,and significant reduction (P＜0.05) in physical threat (t=-2.308,P=0.023) of LMSQ.Conclusion Short-term targeted psychological first aid training has certain effects on changing cognitive appraisal about sudden events for medical students.

Coping resources and the quality of life of paraplegics / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between coping resources and the quality of life of paraplegics.Methods Fifty-six paraplegic individuals were recruited to complete a set of self-assessment questionnaires:the Generic Quality of Life Inventory,the Life Events Questionnaire,the Fighting Spirit and Helplessness subscales of the Hopelessness in Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale and Folkman's Ways of Coping Questionnaire.Their answers were used to assess the impact of paraplegia on the activities of daily living,the patients' understanding about paraplegia and their coping strategies.Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to explore how coping resources might predict quality of life.Results Quality of life was the outcome variable in the multiple regression analysis.Only negative life events and coping resources such as uncontrollable cognitive appraisal (helplessness and hopelessness),coping strategies (wishful thinking and seeking support) and support from social forces proved significant in predicting quality of life.Of all the factors,helplessness and hopelessness played the most important roles.Conclusions Coping resources and life events have a greater impact on the quality of life of paraplegics than paraplegia itself.Uncontrollable cognitive appraisals (helplessness and hopelessness) are the most important.Interventions minimizing uncontrolled cognitive appraisals of their condition will be the most effective in improving the quality of life of paraplegic patients.

Stress ocupacional e avaliação cognitiva: um estudo com forças de segurança / Occupational stress and cognitive appraisal: a study with security forces

Este estudo analisa a experiência de stress laboral numa amostra de profissionais de segurança pública, observando igualmente a importância dos processos de avaliação cognitiva do modelo transacional (Lazarus, 1991, 2000) no ajustamento aos contextos de trabalho. Foram incluídos 196 profissionais de segurança pública, que responderam a um protocolo de avaliação sobre stress ocupacional, avaliação cognitiva primária e secundária, burnout e sintomatologia depressiva. Os resultados apontaram experiências laborais mais negativas nos profissionais casados, nos que não praticavam exercício físico, nos que exerciam maioritariamente funções no exterior das instalações de trabalho, nos que trabalhavam mais horas por semana e nos que possuíam categorias profissionais mais baixas. Os processos de avaliação cognitiva foram determinantes na explicação da experiência de stress ocupacional, burnout e sintomatologia depressiva. O stress ocupacional e a avaliação cognitiva foram variáveis importantes na predição do burnout. Em conclusão, os resultados evidenciaram a importância das variáveis pessoais e profissionais na experiência de stress laboral, bem como a adaptabilidade do modelo transacional no estudo do stress laboral nesta classe de profissionais.

This study analyzes the occupational stress in a sample of security forces, also observing the importance of cognitive appraisals of the transactional model (Lazarus, 1991, 2000) in adjustment to work contexts. The study included 196 police officers who responded to the following measures: sources of professional stress, primary and secondary cognitive appraisals, burnout, and depressive symptomatology. The results indicated more negative professional experiences in participants who were married, who did not engage in physical activities, performed their jobs mainly outside the workplace, worked higher numbers of hours per week, and had the lowest professional categories. The processes of cognitive appraisal were determinant in the explanation of occupational stress, burnout, and depressive symptomatology. The occupational stress and cognitive appraisal dimensions were predictors of burnout. The results highlighted the importance of personal and professional variables in the explanation of the participants' professional experiences and the usefulness of the transactional model in studying occupational stress.

Influência dos processos de avaliação cognitiva na atividade laboral de bombeiros portugueses / Influence of cognitive appraisal processes in the work activity of firefighters / Influencia de los procesos de evaluación cognitiva en la actividad laboral de los bomberos portugueses

Este trabalho procura analisar a relação entre a atividade laboral e os processos de avaliação cognitiva em bombeiros portugueses. Participaram do estudo 163 bombeiros do distrito do Porto, em Portugal. O protocolo de avaliação incluiu medidas de avaliação cognitiva, stress, burnout, satisfação com a vida e comprometimento organizacional. Os resultados mostraram que 32,5% dos bombeiros descreveram elevados níveis de stress ocupacional, não tendo sido assinalado nenhum caso de burnout pleno. As análises comparativas demonstraram uma experiência profissional mais negativa em profissionais que avaliaram o trabalho como mais ameaçador e menos desafiante e naqueles com menor potencial de confronto para lidar com as exigências do trabalho. As análises de regressão apontaram o valor preditivo das dimensões de stress e de avaliação cognitiva na explicação da experiência de burnout. No final do trabalho, discutem-se as implicações dos processos de avaliação cognitiva na compreensão da adaptação humana em contextos laborais.

This study analyzes the relationship between professional occupation and the processes of cognitive appraisal in Portuguese firefighters. The study involved 163 firemen from Oporto region, in Portugal. The evaluation protocol included measures of cognitive appraisal, stress, burnout, organizational commitment, and life satisfaction. The results revealed very significant levels of occupational stress (32.5%), although no case of "full" burnout was detected. The comparative analysis showed a more negative work experience in professionals who assessed their activity as more threatening, less challenging and with a less potential for confrontation with the work demands. The regression analysis showed the predictive value of the stress dimensions and the processes of cognitive appraisal in explaining the experience of burnout. Finally, we discuss some of the implications of cognitive appraisal processes in understanding human adaptation in workplace settings.

Este estudio analiza la relación entre la actividad laboral y los procesos de evaluación cognitiva en bomberos portugueses. Participaron del estudio 163 bomberos del distrito de Porto. El protocolo de evaluación incluyó medidas de evaluación cognitiva, estrés ocupacional, burnout, satisfacción con la vida y compromiso organizacional. Los resultados mostraron que el 32.5% de los bomberos presentaron altos niveles de estrés laboral aunque no se haya señalado ningún caso de burnout pleno. Los análisis comparativos revelaron experiencias laborales más negativas en aquellos profesionales que evaluaron el trabajo como más amenazante y menos desafiante y en aquellos con menor potencial para hacer frente a las exigencias del trabajo. Los análisis de regresión mostraron el valor predictivo de las dimensiones de estrés y de la evaluación cognitiva para explicar la experiencia de burnout. Se discuten las implicaciones de los procesos de evaluación cognitiva en la comprensión de la adaptación humana en contextos de trabajo.

Estudo de Validade Convergente da Bateria de Habilidades Cognitivas Woodcock-Johnson-III - Versão Ampliada / Convergent Validity Study of the Cognitive Abilities Battery Woodcock-Johnson III - Extended Version / Estudio de Validez Convergente de la Batería de Habilidades Cognoscitivas Woodcock-Johnson-III - Versión Ampliada

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a validade convergente da Bateria de Habilidades Cognitivas Woodcock Johnson-III (WJ-III) versão Ampliada, comparando-a com a Bateria WJ-III versão Padrão. A amostra foi composta por 70 estudantes de escola pública. Os resultados obtidos nos testes foram analisados segundo a correlação de Pearson e Análise de Variância entre sexo e idade. Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre as pontuações totais da WJ-III Ampliada e as pontuações totais na WJ-III Padrão assim como, entre os subtestes que avaliam Inteligência Cristalizada da WJ-III Ampliada com a WJ-III Padrão. Também foram observadas correlações significativas quando relacionados os subtestes que avaliam as demais habilidades de ambas as versões da Bateria WJ-III. Houve diferença significativa para a variável Idade na versão Ampliada e na Padrão. Tais dados indicam que a Bateria WJ-III Ampliada possui validade convergente com a WJ-III Padrão, podendo enriquecer ainda mais as possibilidades de instrumentos para avaliação intelectual.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the convergent validity of the Cognitive Abilities Battery Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ-III) Expanded version by comparing it to the WJ-III Battery Standard version. The sample consisted of 70 public elementary and high school students. The results obtained were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and the Analysis of variance between sex and age. Correlations were found between both the total scores of the WJ-III Expanded and the total scores of the WJ-III Standard, as well as between the subtests that assess Crystallized Intelligence of the WJ-III Expanded vs. the WJ-III Standard. Significant correlations were also found by comparing the subtests used to assess other skills of both versions of the WJ-III battery. There were significant differences regarding the age variable in both the Expanded and the Standard. Those data show that the WJ-III Battery Extended version features a convergent validity with the WJ-III Standard version, which may expand the possibilities of those instruments for intellectual evaluation.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar la validez convergente de la Batería de Habilidades Cognoscitivas Woodcock Johnson-III (WJ-III) versión Ampliada, comparándola con la Batería WJ-III versión Estándar. La muestra se compuso de 70 estudiantes de escuela pública. Los resultados obtenidos en los testes fueron analizados con la correlación de Pearson y el Análisis de Varianza entre sexo y edad. Fueron encontradas correlaciones significativas entre las puntuaciones totales de la WJ-III Ampliada y las puntuaciones totales en la WJ-III Estándar así como, entre los subtestes que evalúan Inteligencia Cristalizada de la Ampliada con la Padrón. Fueron observadas también correlaciones significativas cuando relacionados los subtestes que evalúan las demás habilidades de ambas las versiones de la Batería WJ-III. Hubo diferencia significativa para la variable Edad en la versión Ampliada y en la Estándar. Esos datos indican que la Batería Ampliada posee validez convergente con la Estándar, lo que puede enriquecer aún más las posibilidades de instrumentos para evaluación intelectual.

Relationship Between Cognitive Appraisal,Coping Style and Mental Health of Military Personnel / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the cognitive appraisal,coping style and the mental health of military personnel. Methods: 370 military personnel were assessed with Life Event Inventory for Compulsory Servicemen of Land Army(LEI-CSLA), Social Support Scale, General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES), Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire and Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90). Results: The results showed that the recruits and the old soldiers both had good mental health levels. Compared with the old soldiers, the recruits’ were better, and had significant difference in life events and objective social support. Life events and negative coping style had significant negative correlations with psychological health(r=-0.543, r=-0.382, P