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1.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(1): e00254220, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1355990

ABSTRACT

Abstract: Although São Paulo is the most populous city in Brazil - one of the world's most violent countries - a significant reduction in its homicide mortality rate (HMR) has been detected. This study aims to estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on the trend of homicide mortality according to sex in the city of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2015. An ecological study was undertaken with data on deaths by homicide for both sexes, in all age brackets, in the city of São Paulo. Poisson models were adjusted for each sex to estimate the age-period-cohort effects. In total, 61,833 deaths by homicide were recorded among males and 5,109 among females. Regardless of the period, the highest HMR occurred in the 20-24 age bracket. Higher HMRs were found in those born in the 1970s and 1980s. The complete model, with age-period-cohort effects, were the best fit to the data. The risk of death by homicide declined over the periods, with lower intensity in the final five years (2011-2015), for both males (RR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.46; 0.49) and females (RR = 0.52; 95%CI: 0.47; 0.57). A reduction was found in the risk of homicide, regardless of the sex or age bracket, and also in recent cohorts. However, the intensity of such reductions has been decreasing over time, which suggests that the public policies adopted have limited potential to maintain these achievements.


Resumo: Embora São Paulo seja a cidade mais populosa do Brasil, que é um dos países mais violentos do mundo, o município vem apresentando uma redução significativa na taxa de mortalidade por homicídio (TMH). O estudo buscou estimar os efeitos de idade, período e coorte de nascimentos na tendência da mortalidade por homicídio de acordo com sexo na cidade de São Paulo, entre 1996 e 2015. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com dados sobre óbitos por homicídio em ambos os sexos, em todas as faixas etárias, no local e período mencionados acima. Foram ajustados modelos de Poisson para cada sexo, para estimar os efeitos de idade-período-coorte. Foram registrados 61.833 óbitos por homicídio em homens e 5.109 em mulheres. Independentemente do período, a TMH mais alta ocorreu na faixa etária de 20-24 anos. As TMH mais altas foram observadas em indivíduos que nasceram nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. O melhor ajuste para os dados foi como o modelo completo, com os efeitos de idade-período-coorte. O risco e óbitos por homicídio diminuiu ao longo dos anos, com a menor intensidade nos últimos cinco anos (2011-2015), tanto em homens (RR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,46; 0,49) quanto em mulheres (RR = 0,52; IC95%: 0,47; 0,57). Foi observada uma redução no risco de homicídio, independente de sexo ou faixa etária, como também, nas coortes mais recentes. Entretanto, a intensidade dessas reduções tem diminuído ao longo do tempo, sugerindo que as políticas públicas adotadas têm potencial limitado para manter os avanços alcançados.


Resumen: A pesar de que São Paulo es la cuidad más poblada en Brasil, uno de los países más violentos del mundo, ha estado mostrando una significativa reducción en su tasa de mortalidad por homicidios (TMH). Este estudio se propone estimar los efectos de la edad, período, y cohorte de nacimiento sobre la tendencia de la mortalidad por homicidio, según sexo, en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, de 1996 a 2015. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos sobre las muertes por homicidio en ambos sexos, en todos los grupos de edad, en el lugar y período mencionado previamente. Con el fin de estimar los efectos de la edad-período-cohorte, se ajustaron modelos Poisson para ambos sexos. Se registraron un total de 61.833 muertes por homicidio entre hombres y 5.109 entre mujeres. Independientemente del período, la TMH más alta se produjo en la franja de edad 20-24. Unas TMH más altas se observaron en quienes habían nacido en los 1970 y los 1980. El modelo completo, con los efectos edad-período-cohorte, fue la mejor manera de ajustar los datos. El riesgo de muerte por homicidio se redujo a lo largo de los períodos, con una intensidad más baja en los últimos cinco años (2011-2015), para tanto hombres (RR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,46; 0,49), como mujeres (RR = 0,52; IC95%: 0,47; 0,57). Se observó una reducción en el riesgo de homicidio, independientemente del sexo o franja de edad, así como en las cohortes recientes. No obstante, la intensidad de tales reducciones ha estado decreciendo a lo largo del tiempo, lo que sugiere que las políticas públicas adoptadas tienen un potencial limitado para mantener estos logros.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Homicide , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Effect , Mortality , Cities
2.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 55(supl.1): e0286, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1356781

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Cancers are the second main cause of morbidity worldwide, but robust information on lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers in Brazil is lacking. This study aimed to analyze the trends of incidence and mortality caused by lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers and age-period-cohort effects in the Brazilian population of 30 years of age and over, in the period of 1990 to 2019. METHODS: A time series study of the incidence and mortality rates for oral cavity and pharynx cancer ("Lip and oral cavity cancer", "Nasopharynx cancer", and "Other pharynx cancer") was conducted, with corrected data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. Age-standardized rates per 100,000 inhabitants, for the global population, were gathered according to the individuals' sex. The annual average percentage change (AAPC) was estimated, as was the age-period-cohort effects. RESULTS: The incidence and mortality rates were higher for men in the studied anatomical regions. The cancers tended to decrease for men, except for nasopharynx cancer, which increased in individuals of both sexes. Mortality tended to present a decline in most of the groups studied. For men and women, the age-period-cohort model presented a better adjustment for both incidence and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence and mortality caused by the main head and neck cancers showed a tendency to decline over the past 30 years in Brazil, except for nasopharynx cancer, which showed an increase in incidence and mortality in some segments of the population. Higher rates were found for lip and oral cavity cancers in men.

3.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 37(2): e00238319, 2021. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1153694

ABSTRACT

O objetivo foi analisar os efeitos temporais (idade, período e coorte) na mortalidade por homicídios femininos nos estados da Região Nordeste do Brasil, no período de 1980 a 2017. Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal em que foram utilizados modelos APC com uma abordagem bayesiana e o método determinístico INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations) na inferência dos parâmetros. As taxas de homicídios femininos, para cada estado da região estudada, foram padronizadas pelo método direito, após correção dos registros de óbitos quanto à qualidade da informação e à subnotificação. Além disso, obtiveram-se dados segundo raça/cor, local de ocorrência e meio pelo qual a agressão foi perpetrada. No período estudado, após a correção dos registros de óbito, a Região Nordeste apresentou taxa média de 5,40 óbitos por homicídios a cada 100 mil mulheres, com aumento significativo em todos os estados nos anos 2000. Em todos os estados houve aumento do risco de óbito (RR) por homicídio na segunda e terceira década de vida e efeito de proteção para as mulheres mais velhas. Com exceção de Sergipe, constatou-se aumento do risco de óbito em quinquênios dos anos 2000. Na Região Nordeste e estados da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Piauí, verificou-se efeito protetor para mulheres de gerações mais antigas. Ainda, a maior proporção de óbitos ocorreu em mulheres negras, no domicílio, sendo perpetrado por arma de fogo. Os achados do presente estudo podem estar correlacionados ao processo de disseminação da violência ocorrido no Brasil, nos anos 2000, assim como a ineficiência do Estado brasileiro em proteger as mulheres vítimas de violência.


This study aimed to analyze the temporal effects (age, period, and cohort) on female homicide mortality in the states of Northeast Brazil from 1980 to 2017. This ecological time trend study used APC with a Bayesian approach and the deterministic method Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) in the parameters' inference. The female homicide rates for each state of the Northeast were standardized by the direct method after correction of the death records for quality of information and underreporting. Data were also obtained on race/color, place of death, and means of perpetration. During the period analyzed, after correcting the death records, the Northeast region showed a mean rate of 5.40 female homicide deaths per 100,000 women, with a significant increase in all the states in the 2000s. In all the states, there was an increase in relative risk (RR) of homicide death in the second and third decades of life and a protective effect in older women. Except for the state of Sergipe, there was an increase in the risk of death in all five-year periods in the 2000s. The Northeast region as a whole and the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Piauí showed a protective effect for women from older generations. There were also higher proportions of deaths in black women, homicides committed at home, and those perpetrated with firearms. The current study's findings may correlate with the spread of violence in Brazil in the 2000s and the Brazilian State's failure to protect women from violence.


Analizar los efectos temporales (edad, período y cohorte) en la mortalidad por feminicidios en los estados de la región Nordeste de Brasil durante el período de 1980 a 2017. Estudio ecológico de tendencia temporal en el que se utilizaron modelos APC con un abordaje bayesiano y el método determinístico INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations) para la inferencia de los parámetros. Las tasas de feminicidios, para cada estado de la región estudiada, fueron estandarizadas por el método directo, tras la corrección de los registros de fallecimientos, en cuanto a la calidad de la información y a la subnotificación. Asimismo, se obtuvieron datos según raza/color, lugar de ocurrencia y medio por el que se perpetró la agresión. Durante el período estudiado, tras la corrección de los registros por fallecimiento, la región Nordeste presentó una tasa media de 5,40 óbitos por feminicidio en cada 100.000 mujeres, con un aumento significativo en todos los estados a partir del año 2000. En todos los estados hubo un aumento del riesgo de óbito (RR) por homicidio en la segunda y tercera década de vida y efecto de protección para las mujeres mayores. Con excepción del estado de Sergipe, se observó un aumento del riesgo de fallecimientos en quinquenios de los años 2000. En la región Nordeste y estados de Paraíba, Pernambuco y Piauí se verificó un efecto protector para las mujeres de generaciones mayores. Asimismo, la mayor proporción de fallecimiento se produjo en mujeres negras, en el domicilio, siendo perpetrado por arma de fuego. Los resultados del presente estudio pueden estar correlacionados con el proceso de diseminación de la violencia, ocurrido en Brasil a partir del año 2000, así como la ineficiencia del Estado brasileño para proteger a las mujeres víctimas de violencia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Violence , Homicide , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Mortality , Bayes Theorem
4.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 55: 1-13, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1347820

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Estimate the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil and its macro-regions. METHODS Deaths from oral and oropharyngeal cancer from 1983 to 2017 were analyzed. The Poisson regression model was applied, using estimable functions proposed by Holford. RESULTS From 1983 to 2017, 142,634 deaths from oral and oropharyngeal cancer were registered in Brazil, 81% among men, and the South and Southeast regions had the highest rates. The most significant period effects were observed in male mortality in the Southeast and Central-West regions for the 2003-2007 reference period. In the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions, an increased risk of mortality was observed in the most recent male cohorts. In the North region, the most significant risk identified was for men born during 1973-1977 (RR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.05-2.08); in the Northeast, for men born during 1988-1992 (RR = 2.77; 95%CI 1.66-4.63); and in the Central-West, for women born during 1973-1977 (RR = 2.01; 95%CI 1.19-3.39). In the Southeast and South regions, the most recent cohorts had lower mortality rates. The lowest risk in the Southeast region was observed in the male cohort born during 1978-1982 (RR = 0.53; 95%CI 0.45-0.62) and 1983-1987 in the South region (RR = 0.25; 95%CI 0.12-0.54). CONCLUSIONS Age had a significant effect on mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in all regions. In the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions, an increase in risk was observed in the most recent cohorts, while in the South and Southeast regions, these cohorts presented a lower risk when compared to the older cohorts.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar o efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento na mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe no Brasil e suas macrorregiões. MÉTODO Foram analisados os óbitos por câncer de boca e orofaringe de 1983 a 2017. Aplicou-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson, utilizando funções estimáveis propostas por Holford. RESULTADOS No período de 1983 a 2017, foram registrados no Brasil 142.634 óbitos por câncer de boca e orofaringe, 81% entre o sexo masculino, e as regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentaram as taxas mais altas. Os maiores efeitos de período foram observados na mortalidade masculina das regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste para o período de referência 2003-2007. Nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste foi observado aumento do risco de mortalidade nas coortes masculinas mais recentes. Na região Norte o maior risco identificado foi para homens nascidos entre 1973 e 1977 (RR = 1,47; IC95% 1,05-2,08); no Nordeste, para homens nascidos entre 1988 e 1992 (RR = 2,77; IC95% 1,66-4,63); e no Centro-Oeste, para mulheres nascidas entre 1973 e 1977 (RR = 2,01; IC95% 1,19-3,39). Nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, as coortes mais recentes apresentaram taxas de mortalidade mais baixas. O menor risco na região Sudeste foi observado na coorte masculina nascida entre 1978 e 1982 (RR = 0,53; IC95% = 0,45-0,62), e entre 1983 e 1987 na região Sul (RR = 0,25; IC95% 0,12-0,54). CONCLUSÕES A idade teve efeito significativo na mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe em todas as regiões. Nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, foi observado aumento do risco nas coortes mais recentes, enquanto nas regiões Sul e Sudeste essas coortes apresentaram risco menor quando comparadas às coortes mais antigas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Oropharyngeal Neoplasms , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Effect , Cohort Studies , Mortality , Age Factors
5.
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine ; : 80-80, 2020.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-880315

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND@#Although change in the birth cohort effect on cancer mortality rates is known to be highly associated with the decreasing rates of age-standardized cancer mortality rates in Japan, the differences in the trends of cohort effect for representative cancer types among the prefectures remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the differences in the decreasing rate of cohort effects among the prefectures for representative cancer types using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis.@*METHODS@#Data on stomach, colorectal, liver, and lung cancer mortality for each prefecture and the population data from 1999 to 2018 were obtained from the Vital Statistics in Japan. Mortality data for individuals aged 50 to 79 years grouped in 5-year increments were used, and corresponding birth cohorts born 1920-1924 through 1964-1978 were used for analysis. We estimated the effects of age, period, and cohort on each type of mortality rate for each prefecture by sex. Then, we calculated the decreasing rates of cohort effects for each prefecture. We also calculated the mortality rate ratio of each prefecture compared with all of Japan for cohorts using the estimates.@*RESULTS@#As a result of APC analysis, we found that the decreasing rates of period effects were small and that there was a little difference in the decreasing rates among prefectures for all types of cancer among both sexes. On the other hand, there was a large difference in the decreasing rates of cohort effects for stomach and liver cancer mortality rates among prefectures, particularly for men. For men, the decreasing rates of cohort effects in cohorts born between 1920-1924 and 1964-1978 varied among prefectures, ranging from 4.1 to 84.0% for stomach cancer and from 20.2 to 92.4% for liver cancers, respectively. On the other hand, the differences in the decreasing rates of cohort effects among prefectures for colorectal and lung cancer were relatively smaller.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The decreasing rates of cohort effects for stomach and liver cancer varied widely among prefectures. It is possible that this will influence cancer mortality rates in each prefecture in the future.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cohort Studies , Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality , Japan/epidemiology , Liver Neoplasms/mortality , Lung Neoplasms/mortality , Risk Factors , Stomach Neoplasms/mortality
6.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2020. 104 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1391262

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: A relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e as desigualdades em saúde é tema relevante para análise dos comportamentos de saúde. Conhecer essa relação constitui importante contribuição para o adequado enfretamento das doenças crônicas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou analisar os comportamentos de saúde da população brasileira, a partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013), segundo a situação de domicílio e as diferentes gerações. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de delineamento transversal com o uso de dados secundários provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013). A PNS utilizou amostra aleatória simples por conglomerados, com representatividade para o Brasil, suas macrorregiões, população urbana e rural, e capitais. Identificou-se a prevalência de indicadores de alimentação saudável (consumo recomendado de frutas e hortaliças, consumo regular de peixes e feijão) e não saudável (consumo regular de refrigerantes e suco artificial, doces, carnes com excesso de gordura, substituição de refeições por lanches) na população brasileira segundo situação de domicílio ­ urbana e rural. Foram estimadas as prevalências (%) e modelos de regressão logística foram ajustados para estimar odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confiança (IC 95%). Identificou-se ainda, as diferenças nos comportamentos de saúde da população brasileira, relacionados ao consumo alimentar, uso abusivo de álcool, tabagismo e prática de atividade física no lazer e de acordo com as diferentes gerações (tradicionalistas, baby-boomer, geração X, geração Y e geração Z). Foram estimadas as prevalências (%) e realizada regressão de Poisson para estimar Razão de Prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança (IC 95%). Resultados: Em relação aos indicadores de alimentação de acordo com a situação de domicílio, observou-se nas áreas rurais maior consumo regular de feijão (OR= 1,20; IC95%: 1,14-1,26) e de carne com excesso de gordura (OR= 1,48; IC95%: 1,42-1,55); e menor consumo de refrigerantes (OR = 0,55; IC95%: 0,52-0,59) e de substituição de refeições por lanches (OR= 0,59; IC95%: 0,51-0,66). Por outro lado, foi menor o consumo recomendado de frutas e hortaliças (OR= 0,89; IC95%: 0,85-0,96) e regular de peixes (OR= 0,88; IC95%: 0,84-0,92). Em relação aos comportamentos de saúde analisados segundo as gerações, observou-se que a gerações com representantes mais velhos, os Tradicionalistas e Baby-boomers apresentaram melhores comportamentos de saúde relacionados à alimentação, com maiores prevalências de consumo de frutas e hortaliças e menores de refrigerantes e sucos artificiais, além de menores prevalências de consumo abusivo de álcool. Por outro lado, as gerações mais jovens - as Gerações Y e Z, em comparação aos Tradicionalistas, apresentaram maiores prevalências do hábito de não fumar e eram mais ativos no lazer. Conclusão: Observou-se diferenças no consumo alimentar de brasileiros residentes em áreas rurais e urbanas, assim como nos comportamentos de saúde nas diferentes gerações. Brasileiros residentes nas áreas rurais relataram maior chance de manter um padrão alimentar tradicional, com o consumo de marcadores de alimentos minimamente processados, especialmente feijão; e menor consumo de marcadores de alimentos ultraprocessados; apesar do menor consumo de frutas e hortaliças, e de peixes. As diferenças identificadas conforme a situação do domicilio e as diferente gerações investigadas denotam a importância de fomentar políticas de promoção da saúde que respeitem e valorizem as tradições, e considerem as diferenças culturais, valorizando seus aspectos positivos e reforçando a necessidade de alinhamento com os objetivos de saúde.


Background: The relationship between sociodemographic factors and health inequalities is a relevant topic for the analysis of health behaviors. Knowing this relationship is an important contribution to the adequate coping with chronic diseases. In this sense, this study aimed to analyze the health behaviors of the Brazilian population, based on data from the National Health Survey (2013), according to the situation of the home and the different generations. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the National Health Survey (2013). The PNS used a simple random sample by conglomerates, with representativeness for Brazil, its macro-regions, urban and rural population, and capitals. The prevalence of healthy eating indicators (recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables, regular consumption of fish and beans) and unhealthy (regular consumption of soft drinks and artificial juice, sweets, excess fat meats, replacement of meals with snacks) in the Brazilian population according to household situation - urban and rural. Prevalences (%) were estimated and logistic regression models were adjusted to estimate odds ratios (OR and confidence intervals (95% CI). Differences in the health behaviors of the Brazilian population, related to food consumption, alcohol abuse, smoking and physical activity during leisure and according to the different generations (traditionalists, baby-boomers, generation X, generation Y and generation Z). Prevalence (%) was estimated and Poisson regression was performed for to estimate Prevalence Ratio (PR) and confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Regarding the food indicators according to the situation at home, higher regular consumption of beans was observed in rural areas (OR = 1.20 ; 95% CI: 1.14-1.26) and meat with excess fat (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.42-1.55); and lower consumption of soft drinks (OR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.52-0.59) and replacement of meals with snacks (OR = 0.59; 95% CI %: 0.51-0.66) On the other hand, the recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables was lower (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.85-0.96) and regular fish (OR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84-0.92). Regarding the health behaviors analyzed according to the generations, it was observed that the generations with older representatives, the Traditionalists and Baby-boomers showed better health behaviors related to food, with a higher prevalence of consumption of fruits and vegetables and less of soft drinks and artificial juices, in addition to lower prevalence of alcohol abuse. On the other hand, the younger generations - Generations Y and Z, compared to Traditionalists, had a higher prevalence of the habit of not smoking and were more active at leisure. Conclusion: Differences were observed in the food consumption of Brazilians living in rural and urban areas, as well as in health behaviors across different generations. Brazilians living in rural areas reported a greater chance of maintaining a traditional dietary pattern, with the consumption of minimally processed foods, especially beans; and lower consumption of ultra-processed foods; despite the lower consumption of fruits and vegetables, and fish. The differences identified according to the situation of the home and the different generations investigated denote the importance of promoting health promotion policies that respect and value traditions, and consider cultural differences, valuing their positive aspects and reinforcing the need to align with the objectives of health.


Subject(s)
Health Behavior , Health Surveys , Eating , Rural Areas , Nutrition Surveys , Urban Area , Academic Dissertation , Healthy Lifestyle
7.
Korean Journal of Preventive Medicine ; : 188-194, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-766133

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Outbreaks of scarlet fever in Mexico in 1999, Hong Kong and mainland China in 2011, and England in 2014-2016 have received global attention, and the number of notified cases in Korean children, including in Jeju Province, has also increased since 2010. To identify relevant hypotheses regarding this emerging outbreak, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of scarlet fever incidence was conducted among children in Jeju Province, Korea. METHODS: This study analyzed data from the nationwide insurance claims database administered by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. The inclusion criteria were children aged ≤14 years residing in Jeju Province, Korea who received any form of healthcare for scarlet fever from 2002 to 2016. The age and year variables were categorized into 5 groups, respectively. After calculating the crude incidence rate (CIR) for age and calendar year groups, the intrinsic estimator (IE) method was applied to conduct the APC analysis. RESULTS: In total, 2345 cases were identified from 2002 to 2016. Scarlet fever was most common in the 0-2 age group, and boys presented more cases than girls. Since the CIR decreased with age between 2002 and 2016, the age and period effect decreased in all observed years. The IE coefficients suggesting a cohort effect shifted from negative to positive in 2009. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the recent outbreak of scarlet fever among children in Jeju Province might be explained through the cohort effect. As children born after 2009 showed a higher risk of scarlet fever, further descriptive epidemiological studies are needed.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , China , Cohort Effect , Delivery of Health Care , Disease Outbreaks , England , Epidemiologic Studies , Exotoxins , Hong Kong , Incidence , Insurance , Korea , Methods , Mexico , National Health Programs , Scarlet Fever , Streptococcus pyogenes
8.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 35(12): e00008719, 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055598

ABSTRACT

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento na evolução temporal da mortalidade por homicídios em homens nos estados das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil, entre o período de 1980 a 2014. Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal. Os modelos APC foram estimados usando funções estimáveis na inferência dos parâmetros. Os dados de mortalidade e os dados populacionais foram obtidos junto ao Departamento de Informática do SUS. As taxas de mortalidade por homicídio, segundo estados, foram padronizadas pelo método direto, tendo, como população padrão, a mundial, proposta pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A Região Nordeste apresentou 317.711 óbitos por homicídios, e o Sudeste, 544.640 óbitos, correspondendo, respectivamente, a uma taxa média padronizada por 100.000 homens de 58,68 óbitos e 64,68 óbitos. As maiores taxas de mortalidade médias padronizadas foram observadas nos estados de Alagoas (157,74 óbitos) e Pernambuco (109,58 óbitos). Em todos os estados, observou-se aumento da mortalidade até a terceira década de vida, com redução progressiva para as demais faixas etárias. Verificou-se tendência ascendente para todos os estados da Região Nordeste, Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo; nos demais estados, houve descendência das taxas. Em todos os estados, observou-se aumento do risco de óbito nas gerações mais jovens, com exceção do Estado de São Paulo que mostrou perfil inverso. Os achados do presente estudo podem correlacionar-se com o processo de descontinuidade de coorte, no qual integrantes de coortes largas encontram menor oportunidade de acesso a emprego, renda e educação, aumentando o risco de envolvimento com a criminalidade e morte por homicídios.


The objective was to assess the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on the time trend in mortality from homicides in men in the states of the Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil from 1980 to 2014. This was an ecological time trend study. PCA models were estimated using estimable functions in inference of the parameters. Mortality and population data were obtained from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department. State-by-state mortality rates from homicide were standardized by the direct method, with the world population as the standard, as proposed by the World Health Organization. The Northeast region recorded 317,711 deaths from homicides and the Southeast 544,640 deaths, corresponding, respectively, corresponding to mean standardized rates of 58.68 and 64.68 deaths per 100,000 men. The highest mean standardized mortality rates were observed in the states of Alagoas (157.74 deaths) and Pernambuco (109.58 deaths). All the states showed an increase in mortality up to the third decade of life, with a progressive reduction in the other age brackets. There was an upward trend in all the states of the Northeast and in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo in the Southeast, while in the other states there was a downward trend. All the states showed an increase in the risk of death in the younger age brackets, except for the state of São Paulo, which showed the inverse profile. The current study's findings may correlate with the process of discontinuity in the cohort, in which members of wide cohorts found less opportunity for access to employment, income, and education, thus increasing the risk of involvement in crime and death from homicide.


El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la edad, período y cohorte de nacimiento, en la evolución temporal de la mortalidad por homicidios en hombres, en los estados de las regiones Nordeste y Sudeste, Brasil, entre el período de 1980 a 2014. Se realizó un estudio ecológico de tendencia temporal. Los modelos APC se estimaron usando funciones estimables en la inferencia de los parámetros. Los datos de mortalidad y los datos poblacionales se obtuvieron mediante el Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud. Las tasas de mortalidad por homicidio, según los diferentes estados, se estandarizaron mediante método directo, considerando como población patrón la mundial, propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La Región Nordeste presentó 317.711 óbitos por homicidios y el Sudeste 544.640 óbitos, correspondiendo a una tasa media estandarizada por 100.000 hombres de 58,68 óbitos y 64,68 óbitos, respectivamente. Las mayores tasas de mortalidad medias estandarizadas se observaron en los estados de Alagoas (157,74 óbitos) y Pernambuco (109,58 óbitos). En todos los estados se observó un aumento de la mortalidad hasta la tercera década de vida, con una reducción progresiva para las demás franjas etarias. Se verificó una tendencia ascendente para todos los estados de la Región Nordeste, Minas Gerais y Espírito Santo, en los demás estados hubo un descenso de las tasas. En todos los estados, se observó un aumento del riesgo de óbito en las generaciones más jóvenes, con excepción del Estado de São Paulo, que mostró un perfil inverso. Los hallazgos del presente estudio pueden correlacionarse con el proceso de discontinuidad de cohorte, en donde integrantes de cohortes más grandes encuentran una menor oportunidad de acceso al empleo, renta y educación, así como un aumento el riesgo de implicación en la criminalidad y muerte por homicidios.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Young Adult , Homicide/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Effect , Residence Characteristics , Risk Factors , Cohort Studies , Mortality , Age Factors , Middle Aged
9.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 35(9): e00156018, 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1019629

ABSTRACT

Resumo: A evolução temporal das prevalências de incapacidade em idosos pode ocorrer devido ao efeito de idade, período ou coorte. A idade é relacionada a fatores biológicos, o período ao contexto ambiental do sujeito e a coorte às exposições que o mesmo sofre desde o seu nascimento até o momento atual. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar quais dimensões temporais mais influenciam a evolução da prevalência de incapacidade entre idosos, em 15 anos. Foram utilizados dados da Coorte de Idosos de Bambuí, e a incapacidade foi avaliada por relato de "muita dificuldade" ou "não consegue" realizar pelo menos uma entre as atividades relacionadas à mobilidade, atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária. A análise foi feita pelo modelo idade-período-coorte para dados agregados, com cálculo dos efeitos das dimensões temporais por análise do deviance. O modelo de regressão de Poisson determinou as associações entre idade, período e coorte e a prevalência de incapacidade, considerando-se a população total e a estratificação por sexo e nível de escolaridade. O efeito de período foi o mais importante para as três dimensões da incapacidade, com aumento da prevalência no início do período, seguida de redução ao longo do tempo, com pequenas diferenças em relação ao sexo e a escolaridade. O efeito de coorte foi significativo, embora menos importante que o de período. Assim, destaca-se o importante olhar para o ambiente do idoso na busca da redução da prevalência de incapacidade, com ênfase nas políticas e programas que podem impactar de forma positiva na evolução temporal desse desfecho, dado o consistente efeito de período observado neste estudo.


Abstract: Time trends in the prevalence rates of incapacity in the elderly can occur due to the effects of age, period, or cohort. Age is related to biological factors, the period to the subject's environmental context, and the cohort to the subject's exposures from birth to the present. The study aimed to verify which time dimensions most influence the evolution in the prevalence of incapacity in the elderly over the course of 15 years. Data were used from the Bambuí Elderly Cohort, and incapacity was assessed by report of "great difficulty" or "inability" to perform at least one of the activities related to mobility and basic and instrumental activities of daily living. The analysis was done with the age-period-cohort model for aggregate data, with calculation of the effects of time dimensions by analysis of deviance. A Poisson regression model determined the associations between age, period, and cohort and prevalence of incapacity, considering the total population and stratification by sex and schooling. Period effect was the most important for the three dimensions of incapacity, with an increase in prevalence at the start of the period, followed by a reduction over time, with minor differences in relation to sex and schooling. Cohort effect was significant, although less important than period effect. The results highlight the importance of analyzing the elder's environment for reducing prevalence of incapacity, with an emphasis on policies and programs that can positively impact the time trend in this outcome, given the consistent effect of period observed in this study.


Resumen: La evolución temporal de las prevalencias de incapacidad en ancianos puede estar ocasionada debido al efecto de la edad, período o cohorte. La edad está relacionada con factores biológicos, el período con el contexto ambiental del sujeto y la cohorte con las exposiciones que el mismo sufre desde su nacimiento hasta el momento actual. El objetivo del estudio fue verificar cuáles son las dimensiones temporales que más influencian la evolución de la prevalencia de la incapacidad entre ancianos durante 15 años. Se utilizaron datos de la Cohorte de Ancianos de Bambuí y se evaluó la incapacidad por el informe de "mucha dificultad" o "no consigue" realizar por lo menos una, entre todas las actividades relacionadas con la movilidad, además de las actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria. El análisis se realizó mediante el modelo edad-período-cohorte para datos agregados, con cálculo de los efectos de las dimensiones temporales por análisis de desviación. El modelo de regresión de Poisson determinó las asociaciones entre edad, período y cohorte y la prevalencia de incapacidad, considerando la población total y la estratificación por sexo y nivel de escolaridad. El efecto de período fue el más importante para las tres dimensiones de la incapacidad, con un aumento de la prevalencia en el comienzo del período, seguida de una reducción a lo largo del tiempo, con pequeñas diferencias en relación con el sexo y la escolaridad. El efecto de cohorte fue significativo, aunque menos importante que el de período. De esta forma, se destaca la importante visión del anciano respecto al ambiente, con el fin de reducir la prevalencia de incapacidad, resaltando las políticas y programas que pueden impactar de forma positiva en la evolución temporal de este desenlace, dado el consistente efecto del período observado en este estudio.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Activities of Daily Living , Geriatric Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Disabled Persons/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Cohort Studies , Age Factors , Disability Evaluation , Middle Aged
10.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 23(5): 1621-1634, Mai. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-890566

ABSTRACT

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar o efeito da idade-período e coorte (APC) de nascimento na mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio no Brasil e regiões geográficas, segundo sexo, no período de 1980 a 2009. Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade e foram corrigidos e ajustados, por meio da redistribuição proporcional dos registros com sexo e idade ignorados, causas mal definidas, e também se realizou a correção do sub-registro de morte. O APC foi calculado pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson, utilizando funções estimáveis. A análise APC nos dois sexos e em todas as regiões do país evidenciou progressiva redução no risco de morte nas coortes de nascimento a partir da década de 1940, exceto na região nordeste. Nessa região, verificou-se aumento progressivo do risco de morte a partir da década de 1940 para ambos os sexos, até a década de 1950 para os homens e a década de 1960 para as mulheres. Concluiu-se que as diferenças observadas no risco de morte nas regiões brasileiras é fruto das desigualdades socioeconômicas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde existente no território brasileiro, favorecendo a mortalidade precoce por essa causa sobretudo em localidades mais pobres.


Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of age-period and cohort (APC) of birth on mortality for acute myocardial infarction in Brazil and its geographic regions, according to sex in the period from 1980 to 2009. The data was extracted from the Mortality Information System and was corrected and adjusted by means of proportional redistribution of records with sex and age ignored, ill-defined causes, and corrections were made based on the death sub-register. The APC was calculated using the Poisson regression model with estimable functions. The APC analysis on both sexes and in all regions of the country showed gradual reductions in the risk of death in birth cohorts from the decade of the 1940s, except in the Northeast. In this region, there have been progressive increases in the risk of death from the late 1940s for both sexes. This was up until the 1950s for men and the 1960s for women. It was concluded that the observed differences in the risk of death in Brazilian regions is the result of socio-economic inequalities and poor access to health services within the Brazilian territory, favoring early mortality for this cause especially in poorer areas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Health Status Disparities , Health Services Accessibility , Myocardial Infarction/mortality , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Poisson Distribution , Sex Factors , Cohort Studies , Age Factors , Middle Aged , Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology
11.
Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine ; (12): 179-184, 2018.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-710043

ABSTRACT

Objective The aim of this study was to set up a large,longitudinal and prospective database to compare the clinical manifestations in human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 positive and negative patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS) based on real-world evidence in Chinese population.Methods A total of 897 outpatients with confirmed AS were recruited consecutively by smart management system for spondyloarthritis (SMSP) from April 13,2016 to June 6,2017 in Chinese PLA General Hospital from 30 provinces and autonomous regions.801 patients with HLA-B27 data were included in the analysis.Demographic and clinical parameters including Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index (BASDAI),Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index (BASFI),ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score (ASDAS),arthritis,enthesitis,Bath ankylosing spondylitis metrology index (BASMI),erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were compared between HLA-B27 positive and negative groups.Results A total of 801 patients were included in the analysis with an average age of (30.7± 8.8) years.There were 659 males and 142 females and HLA-B27 was present in 88.0%(705/801).Males were significantly more in HLA-B27 positive patients [83.3% (587/705) vs.75.0% (72/96);P=0.047].The average age at disease onset was (22.3 ±7.6)years in HLA-B27 positive patients and (24.4 + 8.7) years in HLA-B27 negative ones (P=0.028).There was significant difference in diagnose delay between two groups [14.3(2.5,43.6)months in HLA-B27 positive patients vs.20.3(5.0,67.4) months in HLA-B27 negative ones,P=0.041].Anterior uveitis was found to be significantly more common in HLA-B24 positive patients [18.9% (133/705) vs.7.3% (7/96),P=0.005],and knee involvement less common in HLA-B27 positive patients [4.0% (27/682) vs.10.0%(9/90),P=0.010],conversely.CRP[6.5(3.0,16.4)mg/L vs.3.5(1.6,12.3)mg/L] and ESR[11.0(4.0,24.0)mrn/1h vs.7.0(3.0,16.0)mm/1h] were significantly higher in HLA-B27 positive patients(P=0.005,0.013,respectively).But no differences in BASDAI,ASDAS,BASFI and BASMI were obtained between two groups.Conclusions HLA-B27 positive patients had a higher proportion of males,a younger age of onset and a greater risk for occurrence of anterior uveitis,suggesting a poorer prognosis.

12.
Epidemiology and Health ; : 2018054-2018.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-786824

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Although the nationwide inoculation rate of varicella vaccine was approximately 95% in Korean children recently, the number of notified varicella cases is unexpectedly continuously increasing till now. To suggest some hypotheses regarding this discrepancy, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis as a descriptive epidemiology study was conducted for children residing in Jeju-do, Korea.METHODS: The raw data were obtained from the nationwide database for insurance claim of healthcare fee provided by the National Health Insurance Service, Korea. The selection criteria were children aged 2–13 years who visited any healthcare center due to varicella from 2005 to 2016 while residing in Jeju-do. After calculating the birth cohort-specific crude incidence rates by age and year, the intrinsic estimator method was used to perform the APC analysis.RESULTS: As the annual crude incidence rates decreased with increasing age between 2005 and 2016, the age and period effects also decreased. The intrinsic estimator coefficients suggesting the cohort effect shifted from positive to negative in 2011, the starting year of free varicella vaccine program in Jeju-do.CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that inoculated varicella vaccines have preventive effects. However, further studies to evaluate waning immunity would be needed.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Chickenpox Vaccine , Chickenpox , Cohort Effect , Delivery of Health Care , Epidemiology , Fees and Charges , Immunization Programs , Immunization Schedule , Incidence , Insurance , Korea , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine , Methods , National Health Programs , Parturition , Patient Selection , Vaccines
13.
Epidemiology and Health ; : e2018054-2018.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-721380

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Although the nationwide inoculation rate of varicella vaccine was approximately 95% in Korean children recently, the number of notified varicella cases is unexpectedly continuously increasing till now. To suggest some hypotheses regarding this discrepancy, an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis as a descriptive epidemiology study was conducted for children residing in Jeju-do, Korea. METHODS: The raw data were obtained from the nationwide database for insurance claim of healthcare fee provided by the National Health Insurance Service, Korea. The selection criteria were children aged 2–13 years who visited any healthcare center due to varicella from 2005 to 2016 while residing in Jeju-do. After calculating the birth cohort-specific crude incidence rates by age and year, the intrinsic estimator method was used to perform the APC analysis. RESULTS: As the annual crude incidence rates decreased with increasing age between 2005 and 2016, the age and period effects also decreased. The intrinsic estimator coefficients suggesting the cohort effect shifted from positive to negative in 2011, the starting year of free varicella vaccine program in Jeju-do. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that inoculated varicella vaccines have preventive effects. However, further studies to evaluate waning immunity would be needed.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Chickenpox Vaccine , Chickenpox , Cohort Effect , Delivery of Health Care , Epidemiology , Fees and Charges , Immunization Programs , Immunization Schedule , Incidence , Insurance , Korea , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine , Methods , National Health Programs , Parturition , Patient Selection , Vaccines
14.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 34(3): e00038017, 2018. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-889904

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a contribuição do efeito da idade, do período e da coorte de nascimento na mortalidade por câncer colorretal. Foram analisados dados de óbitos pela neoplasia entre indivíduos com mais de 35 anos de idade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, extraídos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) entre 1980 e 2014. As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas por gênero e faixa etária. O efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento foi estimado pelo método que utiliza funções estimáveis: desvios, curvaturas e drift, na biblioteca Epi do software R. As taxas de mortalidade por câncer colorretal padronizadas foram 27,37/100 mil homens e 21,83/100 mil mulheres em 2014. Verificou-se aumento da mortalidade pela neoplasia entre 1980 e 2014, sendo as taxas de mortalidade entre homens superiores às das mulheres após a década de 1990. O efeito idade foi observado com o aumento das taxas e o envelhecimento. A análise das gerações mostrou o menor risco de óbito nas coortes mais antigas comparadas às mais recentes coortes, o que pode estar ligado à adoção do estilo de vida ocidental. Tal cenário aponta a relevância da implantação de estratégias de rastreamento visando ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento precoce de lesões precursoras da doença.


The aim of this study was to estimate the contribution of the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on mortality from colorectal cancer. The study analyzed data on deaths from this cancer in individuals over 35 years of age in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 1980 to 2014. Mortality rates were calculated by gender and age bracket. The effect of age, period, and birth cohort was estimated by the method that uses estimable functions: deviations, curves, and drift in the Epi library of the R software. Standardized mortality rates from colorectal cancer were 27.37/100,000 men and 21.83/100,000 women in 2014. The data showed an increase in mortality from this cancer from 1980 to 2014, and mortality rates were higher in men than in women after the 1990s. Age effect was observed with an increase in the rates and aging. Generational analysis showed lower risk of death in older versus younger cohorts, possibly related to the adoption of the Western lifestyle. This scenario underscores the need for screening strategies aimed at early diagnosis and treatment of precursor lesions.


El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la contribución del efecto de la edad, del período y de la cohorte de nacimiento en la mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal. Se analizaron datos de óbitos por la neoplasia entre individuos con más de 35 años de edad del estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, extraídos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (SIM) entre 1980 y 2014. Las tasas de mortalidad fueron calculadas por género y franja de edad. El efecto de la edad, período y cohorte de nacimiento fue estimada por el método que utiliza funciones estimables: desvíos, curvaturas y drift, en la biblioteca Epi del software R. Las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal estandarizadas fueron 27,37/100 mil hombres y 21,83/100 mil mujeres en 2014. Se verificó un aumento de la mortalidad por la neoplasia entre 1980 y 2014, siendo las tasas de mortalidad entre hombres superiores a las de las mujeres tras la década de 1990. El efecto edad se observó con el aumento de las tasas y el envejecimiento. El análisis de las generaciones mostró un menor riesgo de óbito en las cohortes más antiguas, comparadas con las cohortes más recientes, lo que puede estar vinculado a la adopción del estilo de vida occidental. Tal escenario apunta la relevancia de la implantación de estrategias de monitoreo con el objetivo del diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoz de lesiones precursoras de la enfermedad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality , Time Factors , Urban Population , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Effect , Sex Factors , Risk Factors , Age Factors
15.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 22(9): 2949-2962, Set. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-890439

ABSTRACT

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar o efeito da idade-período e do coorte de nascimento (APC) nos homicídios em mulheres. Estudo ecológico, que analisou os registros de óbitos por agressão em mulheres com 10 ou mais anos, nas regiões geográficas brasileiras, entre 1980 a 2014. Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade. A análise da tendência se deu por meio da regressão binomial negativa e os efeitos APC foram analisados utilizando funções estimáveis. A taxa de mortalidade média para o período foi de 5,13 óbitos por 100.000 mulheres, sendo as maiores taxas observadas na região Centro-Oeste (7,98 óbitos), Sudeste (4,78 óbitos), Norte (4,77 óbitos), Nordeste (4,05 óbitos) e Sul (3,82 óbitos). Todas as regiões apresentaram redução do risco de morte no período de 2010 a 2014, exceto a Nordeste (RR = 1,06, IC 95% 1,02- 1,10). Verificou-se aumento progressivo do risco de homicídio para as mulheres nascidas de 1955 a 1959, em todas as regiões brasileiras. As mulheres mais jovens apresentam maior risco de morrer por homicídios em todas as regiões geográficas brasileiras. Foi expressivo o perfil ascendente das taxas de mortalidade por homicídio segundo coorte de nascimento, sendo o maior risco verificado em mulheres nascidas em 2000-2004.


Abstract The aim of this study is to estimate the effects of age-period-birth cohort (APC) on female homicides. This is an ecological study which analyzed the violence-related death records of women aged 10 years and older, in the Brazilian geographic regions, between 1980 and 2014. Data on mortality were extracted from the Mortality Information System. The trend analysis was conducted using negative binomial regression and APC effects were analyzed using estimable functions. The average mortality rate for the period was 5.13 deaths per 100,000 women, with the highest rates observed in the Central-West (7.98 deaths), followed by the Southeast (4.78 deaths), North (4.77 deaths), Northeast (4.05 deaths) and South (3.82 deaths) regions. All regions presented a decrease in the risk of death in the period from 2010 to 2014, except for the Northeast region (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.10). There was a progressive increase in the homicide risk for women born from 1955 to 1959 in all Brazilian regions. Younger women are at higher risk of dying from homicides in all Brazilian geographic regions. The upward trend of homicide mortality rates according to birth cohort was significant and the highest risk was observed in women born between 2000 and 2004.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Young Adult , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Mortality/trends , Homicide/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Effect , Age Factors , Health Information Systems/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged
16.
Epidemiology and Health ; : e2016010-2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-721329

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Smoking prevalence among Korean men in their thirties is substantially high (approximately 50%). An in-depth analysis of smoking trends among young adults in their twenties is necessary to devise antismoking policies for the next 10 years. This study aimed to identify the contributions of age, period, and birth cohort effects on smoking prevalence in young adults. METHODS: Subjects comprised 181,136 adults (83,947 men: 46.3%; 97,189 women: 53.7%) aged 19 to 30 years from the 2008-2013 Korea Community Health Survey. Smoking prevalence adjusted with reference to the 2008 population was applied to the age-period-cohort (APC) model to identify the independent effects of each factor. RESULTS: For men, smoking prevalence rapidly escalated among subjects aged 19 to 22 years and slowed down among those aged 23 to 30 years, declined during 2008 to 2010 but stabilized during 2011 to 2013, and declined in birth cohorts prior to 1988 but stabilized in subjects born after 1988. However, in APC models, smoking prevalence increased with age in the 1988 to 1991 birth cohort. In this birth cohort, smoking prevalence at age 19 to 20 years was approximately 24% but increased to 40% when the subjects turned 23 to 24 years. For women, smoking prevalence was too low to generate consistent results. CONCLUSIONS: Over the past six years and in recent birth cohorts, smoking prevalence in adults aged 19 to 30 years has declined and is stable. Smoking prevalence should be more closely followed as it remains susceptible to an increase depending on antismoking policies or social conditions.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Cohort Effect , Cohort Studies , Health Surveys , Korea , Parturition , Prevalence , Smoke , Smoking , Social Conditions
17.
Cancer Research and Treatment ; : 11-19, 2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-169457

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Despite the low mortality rate of breast cancer among women in Korea, the breast cancer mortality rate has increased. The aim of this study was to examine trends in breast cancer mortality from 1983 to 2012 in Korea, assessing the importance of age, period, and birth cohort as risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on the annual number of deaths due to female breast cancer and on female population statistics from 1983 to 2012 were obtained from Statistics Korea. A log-linear Poisson age-period-cohort model was used to estimate age, period, and cohort effects. RESULTS: The increasing breast cancer mortality can be explained predominantly by a birth cohort effect: the risk of breast cancer death showed a steady increase until the 1968 birth cohort, and decreased thereafter. There was a sharp increase in the magnitude of the age effect up to 60 years old, then a moderate increase in the effect during the sixties, followed by another sharp increase from 70 years old. The period effect on breast cancer mortality seems negligible based on its adjusted relative risk, even though it was statistically significant after adjusting for age and cohort effects. CONCLUSION: In this study, the mortality pattern of breast cancer in Korea can be explained predominantly by a birth cohort effect. Hence, the overall mortality rate of breast cancer may increase for a while, and show a gradual decrease in the future, which will start from the younger age group.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Cohort Effect , Cohort Studies , Korea , Linear Models , Mortality , Parturition , Population Characteristics , Risk Factors
18.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 37(6): 402-408, Jun. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-754060

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estimar o efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento na mortalidade por câncer de mama no Brasil e regiões. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados de mortalidade por câncer de mama de 1980 a 2009 em mulheres com idade >30 anos no Brasil e regiões. O efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento (modelo age-period-cohort, APC) foi calculado por regressão de Poisson, utilizando funções estimáveis - desvios, curvaturas e drift - por meio da biblioteca Epi do programa estatístico R versão 3.2.1. RESULTADOS: Para o período, a taxa de mortalidade média por 100 000 mulheres foi de 22,3 óbitos no Brasil. A maior taxa observada foi de 32,4 óbitos por 100 000 mulheres na região Sul, e a menor, de 8,6 óbitos por 100 000 mulheres na região Norte. A análise nas diferentes coortes de nascimento evidenciou aumento progressivo no risco de morrer em mulheres nascidas após a década de 1930, exceto na região Sudeste, que obteve redução no risco relativo para mulheres nascidas após a década de 1930. CONCLUSÕES: Na evolução da mortalidade por câncer de mama no Brasil e na maioria das regiões, destaca-se a redução do risco de morte para as coortes nascidas a partir da década de 1930 e o aumento do risco de morrer a partir da década de 1990 até o período de 2000 a 2005.


OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of age, period and birth cohort on mortality from breast cancer in Brazil and regions. METHODS: Data on mortality from breast cancer were analyzed for women aged > 30 years in Brazil and regions from 1980 to 2009. The effect of age, period, and birth cohort was calculated by Poisson regression model using estimable functions: deviations, curvatures and drift through the Epi library of R statistical software version 3.2.1. RESULTS: The mean mortality rate for the period was 22.3 per 100 000 women in Brazil. The highest rate was 32.4 deaths per 100 000 women in the South, and the lowest, 8.6 deaths per 100 000 women in the North. The analysis of birth cohorts showed a progressive increase in the risk of death in women born after the 1930s, except in the Southeast, where a decrease in relative risk was noted for this group. CONCLUSIONS: The analyses revealed a reduction in the risk of death from breast cancer in Brazil and in most regions for birth cohorts starting in the 1930s, and an increased in the risk of death starting in the 1990s until the period from 2000 to 2005.


Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mortality , Age Distribution , Brazil
19.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 85(1): 9-15, ene.-mar. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-746432

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: La prevalencia de los factores de riesgo tradicionales asociados a enfermedad coronaria ha cambiado con el tiempo. En la actualidad se ha aumentado la frecuencia de dislipidemia, hipertensión y diabetes mellitus, pero disminuido la de tabaquismo. El efecto de cohorte al nacer en sujetos con enfermedad coronaria como aproximación de la verdadera prevalencia en el tiempo no se ha estudiado en Latinoamérica. Objetivo: Determinar la tendencia temporal de la prevalencia de factores de riesgo tradicionales para enfermedad coronaria por efecto de cohorte al nacer en una población de alto riesgo. Métodos: En pacientes con enfermedad coronaria se estimó la prevalencia de: diabetes mellitus, tabaquismo, hipertensión y dislipidemia. Se define como la presencia del efecto de cohorte al nacer la metodología estadística, epidemiológica y sociológica que pretende identificar la influencia del entorno en el transcurso de la vida de acuerdo con la década de nacimiento. Se realizaron análisis ajustados por género. Resultados: Se incluyen 3,056 sujetos. De ellos, el 72% son varones, la mediana de edad fue de 61 años (rango intercuartílico = 53-69). Para toda la población de estudio, la prevalencia de hipertensión fue del 62.3%, diabetes mellitus del 48.8%, tabaquismo activo del 18.8% y dislipidemia del 48.8%. Para diabetes mellitus y dislipidemia se observó un incremento de la prevalencia en cada cohorte según la década de nacimiento, mientras que para la hipertensión se vio una disminución en las mismas décadas de nacimiento. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de los factores de riesgo tradicionales ha cambiado con el tiempo y se evidencia la presencia del efecto del momento al nacer, influido posiblemente por las condiciones sociales del entorno en cada década de la vida.


Background: The prevalence of major risk factors associated to coronary artery disease has changed over time. Today, the frequency of dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus has increased, while smoking has decreased. The birth cohort effect for coronary artery disease in subjects as an approximation of the true prevalence over time has not been studied in Latin-America. Objective: To determine the trends in the prevalence of major risk factors for coronary artery disease by birth cohort effect in a high risk population. Methods: We estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension and dyslipidemia from a prospective institutional registry (DREST registry) of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary event. Birth cohort effect was defined as a statistical, epidemiological and sociological methodology to identify the influence of the environment in the lifetime from birth by each decade. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed adjusted by gender. Results: Out of 3,056 subjects who were enrolled, 72% were male, with a median age of 61 years (interquartile range = 53-69). Hypertension prevalence was 62.3%, for diabetes mellitus it was 48.8%, for smoking it was 18.8% and for dyslipidemia it was 48.8%. We observed an increase in prevalence for diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia in each cohort according to birth decade, while there was a reduction in prevalence for hypertension in the same decades. Conclusions: The prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors has changed in time and the presence of time at birth effect is evident, possibly influenced by the environment's social conditions in each decade of life.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Cohort Effect , Colombia , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Diabetic Angiopathies/complications , Diabetic Angiopathies/epidemiology , Dyslipidemias/complications , Dyslipidemias/epidemiology , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/epidemiology , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Smoking/epidemiology
20.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; mar. 2015. 75 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-762424

ABSTRACT

Introducción El cáncer de cuello de útero (CCU) es el cuarto tipo de cáncer más común en las mujeres, y el séptimo en general, a nivel mundial. Este trabajo se realizó con el objetivo general de analizar la variación de las tasas de mortalidad por CCU en la República Argentina durante el periodo 1981-2010 según la edad, el período y la cohorte (EPC) de las fallecidas.Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio ecológico, con análisis del efecto EPC en mujeres de 30 años y más, de la República Argentina, durante los años 1981-2010. Se consideraron, solamente, las muertes codificadas como de CCU. El efecto EPC se estimó utilizando la distribución de Poisson, mediante la metodología INLA. Los análisis fueron realizados con el software estadístico R versión 2.7.2Resultados: Durante todo el período existió una variación no significativa de la tasa de mortalidad por CCU del -0,18% por año. El análisis del efecto EPC demostró una mayor contribución al efecto de la edad, seguido por el de la cohorte de nacimiento y un escaso impacto del efecto de período. El efecto de cohorte consistió en una marcada disminución del riesgo de muerte en las mujeres nacidas a partir de los finales de la década del ´50 y aunque no se observaron efectos de período importantes, existió una tendencia no significativa al descenso a partir de principios de la década del 2000.Discusión: las observaciones del efecto de la edad han sido comunicadas previamente en otros trabajos y nuestros datos son concordantes con la bibliografía. El efecto de período que se observó en este trabajo sugiere la necesidad de fortalecer las acciones de prevención y control del CCU. El efecto de cohorte, puede ser explicado por cambios sociales ocurridos luego de la década de los años ´50 y por la realización diferencial de los controles según las diferentes edades de las mujeres.


Introduction Cancer of the cervix (CCU) is the fourth most common cancer in women, and seventh overall, worldwide. This work was performed with the objective of analyzing the variation in mortality rates of CCU in Argentina during the period 1981-2010 by age, period and cohort (EPC) of the deceased.Materials and Methods: An ecological study was performed with analysis of EPC effect in women 30 and older, of Argentina, during the years 1981-2010. We considered only the deaths coded as CCU. The EPC effect was estimated using the Poisson distribution by the INLA methodology. The analyzes were performed with the statistical software R version 2.7.2Results: During the whole period there was no significant change in mortality rate CCU of -0.18 percent per year. EPC effect analysis demonstrated a greater contribution to the effect of age, followed by the birth cohort and effect period. The effect of cohort consisted of a marked reduction in the risk of death in women born from the late 50s and although no significant period effects were observed, but there was a nonsignificant trend to decrease from early the 2000s.Discussion: Observations on the effect of age have been previously reported in other studies and our data are consistent with the literature. The period effect observed in this study suggests the need to strengthen prevention and control of CCU. The cohort effect can be explained by social changes that occurred after the decade of the 50s and the differential performance of the screening at different ages of women.


Introdução Câncer do colo do útero (CCU) é o quarto tipo de câncer mais comum emmulheres, e em sétimo lugar, em todo o mundo. Este trabalho foi realizado com oobjetivo geral de analisar a variação nas taxas de mortalidade CCU na Argentinadurante o período 1981-2010 por idade, período e coorte (EPC).Materiais e Métodos: Estudo ecológico foi realizado com a análise do efeito de EPCem mulheres de 30 anos ou mais, da Argentina, durante os anos de 1981-2010. Foramconsiderados apenas os óbitos codificados como CCU. O efeito EPC foi estimadoutilizando a distribuição de Poisson pela metodologia INLA. As análises foramrealizadas com o software estatístico R versão 2.7.2Resultados: Durante todo o período, não houve alteração significativa na taxa demortalidade por CCU de -0,18% ao ano. A análise do efeito EPC demonstrou umamaior contribuição para o efeito de idade, seguido pelo efeito da coorte de nascimento eo efeito de período teve pouco impacto. O efeito de coorte consistiu de uma acentuadaredução no risco de morte em mulheres nascidas a partir de final dos anos 50 e, emboranão foram observados efeitos significativos período, houve uma tendência nãosignificativa para diminuir a partir do início a década de 2000.Discussão: Observações sobre o efeito da idade já foram relatados em outros estudos eos nossos dados são consistentes com a literatura. O efeito período observado nesteestudo sugere a necessidade de reforçar a prevenção e controle do CCU. O efeito decoorte pode ser explicado por mudanças sociais que ocorreram após a década de 50 e odesempenho diferencial dos controles nas diferentes idades das mulheres.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/mortality , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Age Distribution , Argentina , Cohort Effect , Time Factors
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