ABSTRACT
We reported 2 cases of plantar keratosis (59 years of age, female/39 years of age, male) successfully improved by intake of hot water extract of Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf with Husks. Both subjects were administered coix seed extract containing food for 20 weeks. The lesions improved gradually after 12 weeks, and almost cured by 20 weeks of administration. Although the food seemed to be effective in these cases, further studies are needed to define the optimal dose and duration.
ABSTRACT
We evaluated the long-term safety of eight adult volunteers (male 7, female 1: average age 47.4 years) ingesting powdered foods containing Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives (CRD/2.2g/day or 4.4g/day) for 1 year 8 months to 5 years (average 2 years 9 months). Body weight, vital signs (blood pressure, pulse rate), peripheral blood test, blood biochemical test, etc. were observed. We also investigated the presence or absence of side effects. The results showed no notable changes in vital signs or blood test results. From the above, it was speculated that long-term intake of CRD would not pose a safety problem. We plan to continue the study by increasing the number of observation cases in the future.
ABSTRACT
Objective: We investigated the effects of Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives (CRD) on fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. Methods: Various concentrations of CRD (0.00001%, 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%) were added to human fibroblasts, and changes in cell count and extracellular collagen production were measured. Results: Fibroblasts proliferated by the addition of CRD, peaked at about 1.7 times when the CRD concentration was 0.0001%, and then decreased as the addition concentration increased. On the other hand, the collagen concentration in the extracellular matrix of fibroblasts increased as the CRD addition concentration increased, and the collagen concentration increased sharply at 0.1% of CRD concentration or more. Conclusion: It was suggested that CRD has a function of increasing the proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen production.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effect of coix seed oil on chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells.Methods:HT29 cell line was cultured in vitro. Different concentrations of coix seed oil (1, 2, 4, 8 mg/ml) and 30 μg/ml 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were incubated with HT29 cells for 24 hours to simulate chemotherapy. The cell proliferation inhibition rate, apoptosis rate and cell cycle ratio were measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method and flow cytometry, and the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 was measured by Western blot. Results:The inhibition rate of cell proliferation in 1, 2, 4, 8 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group was significantly higher than that in 5-FU group and coix oil group, and the inhibition rate in 2, 4, 8 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group was significantly higher than that in 1 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group ( P<0.05). The apoptosis rate in 5-FU group, coix oil group and 1, 2, 4, 8 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group was higher than that in the blank control group ( P<0.05). The apoptosis rate in 1, 2, 4, 8 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group was significantly higher than that in 5-FU group and coix oil group ( P<0.05). The apoptosis rate of 2, 4, 8 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group was significantly higher than that of 1 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group ( P<0.05). The expression of cleaved caspase-3 in each group was basically in line with the apoptosis rate of flow cytometry. The percentage of G1/M phase cells in 5-FU group, coix oil group and 1, 2, 4, 8 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group was significantly higher than that in the blank control, and the percentage of S phase cells was lower comparing with blank control ( P<0.05). Besides, the percentage of G1/M phase cells in 1, 2, 4, 8 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group was significantly higher than that in 5-FU group and coix oil group, and the percentage of S phase cells was significantly lower than that in 5-FU group and coix oil group ( P<0.05). The percentage of G1/M phase cells in 2, 4, 8 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group was significantly higher than that in 1 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group, and the percentage of S phase cells was significantly lower than that in 1 mg/ml coix oil + 5-FU group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Coix seed oil may enhance the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
ABSTRACT
As a key gene in the regulation of long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) plays an important role in the growth and development of Coix lacryma-jobi L. In this study, the KCS gene was cloned from cDNA of Coix lachryma-Jobi L. and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Results showed that the full length KCS gene was 1 548 bp encoding 515 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the gene encoded a 58 608.12 Da protein with an isoelectric point of 9.20 containing two transmembrane helical structure domains and lacking a signal peptide, with a likely subcellular localization in main plastid membranes. The results of multiple sequence comparisons and evolutionary tree analysis revealed that KCS had three identical conserved sequences and was closely related to KCS from monocotyledons such as Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays, Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, Oryza brachyantha, Hordeum vulgare, Aegilops tauschii subsp. Tauschii. We speculated that the evolution of the gene was similar among these plants of the same family. In addition, gene expression analysis showed that the KCS gene was significantly different in Coix lacryma-jobi L. isolates having different lipid content. This work will facilitate further study of the regulatory mechanism of this enzyme in fatty acid synthesis.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the fatty acid desaturase gene FAD2 was cloned from Coix lacryma-jobi L. and its molecular structure and function were studied. The results showed that the full-length cDNA sequence of FAD2 gene was 936 bp encoding 311 amino acid residues. Bioinformatics prediction results showed that the protein encoded by the FAD2 gene was an alkaline hydrophilic unstable protein with a molecular weight of 34.87 kDa. It contained three transmembrane helix domain, and did not contain the signal peptide splicing site, and was most likely to be located in plasmid membrane. Compared with other similar genes in plants, it has only a histidine conserved site, His Box Ⅲ histidine site (HXXHH), suggesting its activity may be reduced. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that FAD2 was closely related to monocotyledonous plants, especially Maize and Oryza sativa japonica Group, but farther from dicotyledonous plants. Therefore, it was inferred that FAD2 might have similar functions with similar genes in Maize and Oryza sativa japonica Group. In addition, the expression of FAD2 gene could be detected in Coix lacryma-jobi L. with high oil content, but not in low oil content of Coix lacryma-jobi L. In order to clarify the function of FAD2, the gene was heterologously expressed in sporomyces cerevisiae. The results showed that the protein encoded by FAD2 gene did not catalyze the formation of C18∶1 unsaturated fatty acid into C18∶2 unsaturated fatty acid. Therefore, it was speculated that the deletion of histidinine conserved site of FAD2 gene might lead to the decrease of protein activity or even inactivation. This study provides reference value for further understanding the molecular structure characteristics of fatty acid desaturase. At the same time, it laid a foundation for elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of Coix lacryma-jobi L.
ABSTRACT
In this report, we presented the case of a 33-year-old woman who developed excoriation of cuticle on both fingers for over several years. Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives(CRD) was administrated at a dose of 4.0g/day per day. The lesion cured markedly within 8 weeks. Although CRD intake seemed to be effective in this case, further studies are needed to confirmation the efficacy of this food.
ABSTRACT
In this report, we presented the case of a 45-year-old man who developed intractable eczema on the thumb-index interdigital fold for over 3 years. Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives(CRD) was administrated at a dose of 2.2g/day per day. The lesion cured markedly within 7 months. Although CRD intake seemed to be effective in this case, further studies are needed to define the optimal dose of this food.
ABSTRACT
To clarify the functions of Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives(CRD), we observed 2 cases of plantar wart (case 1. 8 years of age, female/ case 2. 26 years of age, female) successfully cured by intake of CRD for several months. Although CRD intake seemed to be effective in these cases, further studies are needed to define the optimal dose and duration.
ABSTRACT
To clarify the functions of Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives(CRD), we observed 3 cases of refractory atopic dermatitis(case 1. 25 years of age, male/ case 2. 40 years of age, female/ case 3. 5 years of age, male) successfully cured by intake of CRD. Although CRD intake seemed to be effective in all cases, further studies are needed to define the optimal dose and duration.
ABSTRACT
To clarify the functions of Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives(CRD), we observed 2 cases of plantar keratosis (case 1. 34 years of age, female/ case 2. 29 years of age, female) successfully cured by intake of CRD for several months. Although CRD intake seemed to be effective in these cases, further studies are needed to define the optimal dose and duration.
ABSTRACT
We evaluated the effect of Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives (CRD) on cold sensitivity of female hands and feet. Ninety females were assigned randomly to 3 groups and CRD(2g/day, 4g/day or placebo) was administrated for 8weeks. Significant improvement of cold sensitivity was observed in both the 2g/day and 4g/day groups. It was speculated that a naringenin and a quercetin as active ingredients of adlay hull may play a critical role in ameliorating effect on blood flow.
ABSTRACT
To clarify the functions of Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives(CRD), we analyzed 13 kinds of phenolic compounds and coixol(an alkaloid) in CRD powder by using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry(LC-MS).The following are the results: p -Coumaric acid 275.0 (μg/g), p -Hydroxybenzaldehyde 50.2 (μg/g), Caffeic acid 36.9 (μg/g), Protocatechuic acid 31.9 (μg/g), Ferulic acid 27.1 (μg/g), Quercetin 16.2 (μg/g), Syringaldehyde 12.1 (μg/g), Chlorogenic acid 11.3 (μg/g), Naringenin 11.1 (μg/g), Vanillin 9.2 (μg/g), trans -Coniferylaldehyde 9.1 (μg/g), Tricin 0.7 (μg/g), Luteolin 0.5 (μg/g) and Coixol(6-Methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone) 5.5 (μg/g). CRD is composed of many substances other than these phenoic compounds. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand the various clinical features associated with CRD intake.
ABSTRACT
To optimize the formulation and preparation process of icaritin-coix seed oil microemulsion(IC-MEs) based on quality by design(QbD) concept. IC-MEs were prepared by water titration. Firstly, the risk factors that may affect the quality of IC-MEs were evaluated. Then Plackett-Burman design was used to screen out prescription factors and process parameters that had a significant effect on the indicators. Finally, Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the prescription ratio of IC-MEs. Through the risk assessment and Plackett-Burman design, three formulation factors [drug loading efficiency, the ratio of mixed-oil(coix seed oil-Glycerol tributyrate) to mixed-surfactant(HS15-RH40) and water addition] were determined as the key factors affecting IC-MEs. The regression model established by Box-Behnken design had a good predictability. The optimal formula was as following: the drug loading efficiency of 0.92%, the ratio of mixed-oil(coix seed oil-glycerol tributyrate) to mixed-surfactant(HS15-RH40) of 4∶6, and the water addition of 5.7 mL. According to this prescription, IC-MEs were prepared, and its encapsulation efficiency after 1 week was 92.45%±1.00%. Therefore, the stability of IC-MEs could be improved by optimizing prescription and process parameters of IC-MEs based on the QbD concept, which can provide certain reference value for the future development of IC-MEs.
Subject(s)
Coix , Emulsions , Flavonoids , Plant OilsABSTRACT
The aim of the study is to explore exogenous S3307 on alleviating low-temperature stress of coix seedlings. The coix cultivar, "No 5 Yiliao", was selected as the plant material, through nutrient solution cultivating in greenhouse, the effect of different S3307 concentrations(1, 3, 5, 7, 9 mg·L~(-1)) on coix seedlings traits and physiological indicators were explored under low-temperature stress. The results showed, under low-temperature 5 mg·L~(-1) S3307 could significantly increase coix seedlings stem diameter and biomass, which stem diameter and above-ground biomass, low-ground biomass separately were enhanced 11.90%, 13.59%, 10.99%. Leaf width and lateral root number separately were enhanced 7.63%, 37.52%. Meanwhile, addition of 5 mg·L~(-1) S3307 could significantly reduce relative conductivity and MDA, separately being reduced 23.33%, 17.42% compared to CKL. S3307 could also significantly increase soluble sugar and proline content, which leaf soluble sugar and proline content separately were enhanced 17.16%, 11.87%, which root soluble sugar and proline content separately were enhanced 20.00%, 33.42%. Additionally, S3307 could alleviate the cells destroy in ultra-structure level by improving cell membrane structure and chloroplast capsule layer structure. 5 mg·L~(-1) S3307 could enhance the low temperature tolerance of coix seedlings by regulating the growth and physiological indexes, and thus alleviate the damage caused by low-temperature to the coix seedlings.
Subject(s)
Coix , Cold Temperature , Seedlings , Stress, Physiological , Triazoles , PharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 4 triglyceride anti-tumor components in Coix lacryma seed oil. METHODS： HPLC-ELSD was adopted. The determination was performed on Inertsil ODS-3 C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-isopropanol （57 ∶ 43， V/V） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃， and the sample size was 10 μL. Evaporative light scattering detector was used， the drift tube temperature was 70 ℃， and the gas flow rate was 2 L/min. Using glycerol trioleateas internal standard， relative correction factors （RCF） of linolein trilinolein， 1，2-linoleic acid-3-palmitic acid glyceride and 1-palmitic acid-2-oleic acid-3-linoleic acid glyceride were calculated respectively. The contents of above 3 components in C. lacryma seed oil were calculated by RCF. The contents of 4 components in C. lacryma seed oil were determined by external standard. The results of content determination by quatitative analysis of multi-components by single marker （QAMS） were compared with external standard method. RESULTS： The linear ranges were 0.15-4.50 μg for linolein trilinolein， 0.15-4.50 μg for 1，2-linoleic acid-3-palmitate， 0.35-10.50 μg for 1-palmitic acid-2-oleic acid-3-linoleic acid glyceride， 0.35-10.50 μg for glycerol trioleate （r≥0.999 5）. The limits of quantification were 0.13， 0.06， 0.07， 0.12 μg. The limits of detection were 0.04， 0.02， 0.02， 0.03 μg， respectively. RSDs of precision， stability， and repeatability tests were less than 2.0％（n＝6）. The average recoveries were 95.43％-102.67％（RSD＜2.0％， n＝6）. Average RCFs of linolein trilinolein， 1，2- linoleic acid-3-palmitic acid glyceride and 1-palmitic acid-2- oleic acid-3-linoleic acid glyceride were 0.31， 0.88， and 1.21， respectively. RCFs reproducibility was perfect under different experiment conditions. There was no significant difference in results of content determination between QAMS and external standard method （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： The method is simple， rapid， accurate and reliable. It is used for simultaneous determination of linolein trilinolein， 1， 2-linoleic acid-3-palmitate， 1-palmitic acid-2-oleic acid-3-linoleic acid glyceride and glycerol trioleateas in C. lacryma seed oil.
ABSTRACT
To clarify the functions of Coix Reactive Derivatives(CRD), we observed 4 cases of refractory acne vulgaris (case 1. 20 years of age, male/ case 2. 46 years of age, female/ case 3. 20 years of age, male /case 4. 28 years of age, female) successfully cured by intake of CRD for several months. Although CRD intake seemed to be effective in all cases, further studies are needed to define the optimal dose and duration.
ABSTRACT
Objective: In this study, we evaluated the safety of intake of Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives (CRD) in healthy adult volunteers.Methods: Eight subjects (4 males and 4 females, ages 26.6 ± 4.7) consumed 2.0g CRD/day for 4weeks. We observed weight, vital signs(blood pressure, pulse, body temperature), complete blood count(red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and platelet count), hemogram, blood chemistry(Na, K, Cl, AST, ALT, γ-GTP, LDH, ALP, total protein, albumin, A/G, total bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholinesterase, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and neutral fats), coagulation examination (prothrombin time and partial prothrombin time), and urinalysis (sugar, protein, and occult blood in urine).Results: Although several laboratory data (MCHC, MCV and serum creatinine) changed slightly, all of these values were within normal range. Furthermore, no severe adverse effect was observed. Conclusion: These results suggest that CRD intake up to 2g/day is safe in healthy adults. Further study will be needed to define the safety of long-term administration of CRD.
ABSTRACT
In this report, we presented the case of a 52-year-old woman who developed intractable nummular eczema of fingers for over 5 years. Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives(CRD) was administrated orally 2.2 g twice a day for 6 months. The lesions cured markedly within one month. Although CRD intake seemed to be effective in this case, further studies are needed to define the optimal dose of this food.
ABSTRACT
Friction melanosis is a cutaneous entity characterized by a brownish pigmentation distributed on the skin over bony regions of various sites including a trunk or the limbs, after the use, for many years, of a nylon towel or scrub brush to clean the skin. Moreover, repeated trauma due to friction of clothes on the skin over bony prominences are another factors characterizing its pathogenesis. In this report, we presented the case of a 58-year-old man who developed severe friction melanosis around both knees and lower extremities for about 20 years. Coix-seed Reactive Derivatives (CRD) was administrated orally 2.1g twice a day for 6 months. The lesions of pigmentation diminished markedly within 3 months. Further research is needed to define the optimal dose and duration of CRD intake against friction melanosis.