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Los captadores de niebla son usados para interceptar agua contenida en la niebla y abastecer de agua a comunidades que habitan en lugares donde este recurso escasea. Se evaluó el uso de captadores de niebla para la captación de agua en un área ubicada en el páramo Pan de Azúcar, Duitama-Boyacá. Se instalaron 60 captadores de niebla, 24 de ellos, con dispositivos para medir los volúmenes de agua interceptados. Los volúmenes de agua captados, se midieron en periodos de 24 horas, por 26 días, durante un año y se usó el modelo geométrico para diferenciar el agua proveniente de la niebla. La precipitación registrada fue mayor a la reportada en la literatura. La precipitación mensual osciló entre 51 y 1198 mm y la temperatura media mensual entre los 6 y 8 °C. Los volúmenes de agua promedio colectados por los 24 captadores de niebla estuvieron entre los 0,02 Lm-2dia-1 hasta los 4,4Lm-2dia-1. Los aportes de agua provenientes de la niebla oscilaron entre los 0,02 y 1,77 mmdía-1. La dirección del viento no afectó la captación de agua y aún se presenta incertidumbre al separar el aporte real de agua proveniente de la niebla a partir de la lluvia orográfica, lo cual, sigue siendo un desafío en los ecosistemas de páramo, por lo que se debe ampliar la investigación, para mejorar los diseños y las eficiencias de los captadores de niebla.
Fog collectors are used to intercept water contained in fog and supply water to communities that live in places where this resource is scarce. We evaluated the use of mist collectors to collect water in an area located in the Pan de Azúcar paramo, Duitama-Boyacá. We installed 60 mist collectors, 24 of them with devices to measure the volumes of water intercepted. The volumes of water captured were measured in periods of 24 hours for 26 days during one year and we used the geometric model to differentiate the water from the fog. The recorded precipitation was higher than that reported in the literature. Monthly rainfall ranged between 51 and 1198mm and mean monthly temperature ranged between 6 and 8°C. The average volumes of water collected by the fog collectors were below 0.5Lm-2day-1 with a maximum of 4.4Lm-2day-1. The contributions of water from the mist ranged between 0.02 and 1.77 mmday-1. The direction of the wind did not affect the capture of water and there is still uncertainty when separating the real contribution of water from the fog from the orographic rain, which continues to be a challenge in the paramo ecosystems, for which it is necessary to expand research, to improve the designs and efficiencies of fog collectors.
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As one important member of the biological sample library , blood samples are rich in biological molecules, which can be used for disease diagnosis , prognosis of disease staging , and prognosis et al.compared with tissue samples, blood samples have some advantages , such as easier to access, sampling in a row and rich test items and so on.However, after blood samples were collected, which need to be processed, packed and frozen in ice for long-term preservation container.Otherwise RNA in the blood sample is unstable and easily degradation in normal temperature transportation and preservation condition , thus subsequently affecting the molecular diagnostic biomarkers ′detection, analysis, research and development.In this paper, This review summarizes the current clinical and research work of routine blood collection and preservation methods effecting on blood RNA degradation and solution for avoiding these degrading which can help testing changings of blood biomarker more accurately .
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Objective To investigate prospectively the nutritional risks,undernutrition,and nutritional support in hospitalized patients with later but non-end-stage malignancies in a second grade hospital in Beijing.Methods All patients who were admitted in the department of oncology in this hospital from October 2011 to April 2013 were consecutively recorded.Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002) was used for screening nutrition risks,the undernutrition assessment was performed on the first morning for patients meet the inclusion criteria,and nutritional support was evaluated until the discharge.For patients with no nutritional risk,NRS 2002 was repeated weekly during the hospitalization.Results A total of 305 cases of inpatients admitted,and 224cases meeting the inclusion criteria were screened by NRS 2002,among whom only 171 patients with non-endstage later stage cancer entered the final analysis.Among these 171 patients,116 (67.8％) were at nutritional risks.Furthermore,for different types of tumor,the nutritional risk was 45.7％ for lung cancer,89.4％ for digestive-tract cancers,81.3％ for liver-biliary and pancreatic cancers,and 83.3％ for head-and-neck cancers.The undernutrition rate was 12.3％ (21/171) if based on body mass index ＜ 18.5 kg/m2 and 19.9％ (34/171) if evaluated from the score of nutritional defect part of NRS 2002.Only 71 patients (61.2％) at nutritional risk received nutritional support,while 5 of 55 patients (9.1％) without nutritional risk received nutritional support.The average ratio of parenteral nutrition to enteral nutrition was 23∶ 1.Intravenous calories intake was 56.78 ± 8.20 k J/ (kg · d) ; the intake of nitrogen was 0.06 ± 0.01 g/ (kg · d),and the ratio of calories to nitrogen was 204∶ 1.Conclusions A large proportion of inpatients with non-end-stage later cancer were at nutritional risk,which is associated with tumor types.The application of nutritional support should be further standardized,particularly for patients at nutritional risk but with low nutritional support.Furthermore,whether the clinical outcome of inpatients at nutritional risk may be improved by nutritional support still requires further investigation.
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This paper briefly introduces the research background, combined with the practical of project, analysis the feature of the construction of information collection system of TCM clinics, and puts forward how to use the method of project management in the construction of information collection system of TCM clinics. By exploring the Project Phasing, Work Breakdown Structure, Project Responsibility Matrix, and Project management standard system, it hopes to strengthen the awareness of project management in the construction of information collection system of TCM clinics, and to guide the project management and the system construction.
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O presente trabalho apresentou os resultados das emissões de biogás pela superfície de dois aterros sanitários de grande porte. O trabalho consistiu na análise da fuga de biogás na superfície do aterro, por meio de uma placa de fluxo e análise laboratorial. A emissão média total no Aterro Bandeirantes foi de 0,00126 m³.CH4.m-2.h-1 e no Aterro Caieiras de 0,01222 m³.CH4.m-2.h-1. Com estes resultados foi possível determinar a fuga de biogás em ambos os locais. No Aterro Bandeirantes a fuga total de biogás representou 16% e no Caieiras, 35%. As conclusões demonstraram que há uma perda significativa de biogás pela superfície dos dois aterros, comprometendo assim a eficiência do sistema de captação para aproveitamento do biogás.
The present work showed the results of the biogas surface emissions from two large landfills. The study methodology consisted on escaping biogas analysis on the landfill surface, through the flux box and laboratory analysis. The total average emission of Bandeirantes Landfill was 0.00126 m³.CH4.m-2.h-1 and in Caieiras Landfill it was of 0.01222 m³.CH4.m-2.h-1. Those results were used to determinate the biogas escape both landfills. The total escape in Bandeirantes Landfill biogas accounted for 16% and in Caieiras, 35%. The conclusions demonstrated that there is a significant loss of biogas through the surface in both landfills, thus compromising the efficiency of the capture for using biogas.
ABSTRACT
O presente trabalho apresenta os primeiros resultados da avaliação da produção e qualidade do gás para a geração de energia em um aterro sanitário. Foram monitorados parâmetros de qualidade do biogás, pressão exercida pelo sistema e volume de gás extraído. A partir do acompanhamento desses parâmetros, foram feitas três análises em diferentes situações que pudessem explicar o comportamento dos parâmetros: uma análise com poços em diferentes profundidades e duas análises a caráter de comparação: (a) poços conectados ao sistema de captação por extração ativa; e (b) poços não conectados ao sistema de captação, com extração passiva. Os resultados demonstraram que poços em profundidade intermediária apresentam as maiores produções e qualidade do gás e poços com extração passiva em relação à ativa tiveram diferenças significativas dos parâmetros acompanhados.
The present work shows the initial results of the evaluation of production and quality of the landfill gas to energy. Parameters of quality, pressure exerted by the system and volume of extracted landfill gas had been monitored. From the accompaniment of these parameters, three different analyses in different situations could explain the behavior of the wells: one analysis of wells in different depths, and two comparison analyses: (a) wells hardwired to the system of collection for active extraction; and (b) wells not hardwired to the collection system, with passive extraction. The results demonstrated that wells at intermediate deep have the highest yields and quality of gas and wells with passive extraction in relation to the active ones had significant differences of the monitored parameters.
Subject(s)
Biofuels , Energy-Generating Resources , Methane , Sanitary LandfillABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The management of blood program is difficult, because there is no comprehensive data collection system in place that gathers data about blood and blood components (blood) usage in Korea. To provide basic data for estimating future blood needs and thereby adjusting the blood program to those needs, data of blood usage in ten Korean university hospitals was analyzed. METHODS: The amount of blood used in Korea from 1995 to 2004 was estimated from the data of the Korean Red Cross Blood Centers (KRCBC) and from blood collection data of hospitals. Ten top ranking hospitals regarding blood usage were selected based on a previous report, and the data for blood usage in these hospitals were evaluated. RESULTS: About 20% of red blood cells (RBC) including whole blood > or =40% of platelets (PLT), > or =30% of plasma products (Plasma), and > or =70% of single donor apheresis platelets (SDP) transfused in Korea were used in ten University hospitals. The pattern of blood utilization in ten hospitals was different from that in total hospitals in Korea. The mean units of blood transfused per 1000 admitted patients in these ten hospitals increased steadily until 2000, but from 2001 the amount of blood transfused reached a plateau until 2004, although variations between hospitals is noticed, it seems to be stabilized. About 35% of RBC, 33% of Plasma and 27% of PLT were transfused for patients aged 60 years or more, and the transfusion rate for RBC was between 5% and 17% showing an increasing tendency proportional to patients age in two hospitals. CONCLUSION: This study provides baseline data for planning a blood program, and for a blood monitoring program a continuous and comprehensive data collection system for blood supply and blood demand needs to be established at a National level.