Mediación de conflictos, competencia no difundida en médicos en formación: revisión / Conflict mediation, an undisclosed skill among medical students: A review

RESUMEN El ser humano es un ser social por naturaleza, y los desacuerdos y conflictos son situaciones comunes e inherentes a sus diferentes actividades sociales. En esta revisión se pretende describir el origen de los conflictos y las técnicas de mediación en la atención sanitaria. Se sabe de la necesidad de aprender las habilidades para la solución de conflictos, y se reconocen dentro de las prioridades cambiantes de los educandos del profesional sanitario. El desacuerdo y el conflicto son inevitables entre los miembros de los equipos clínicos, así como con los pacientes y sus familias durante el curso de la atención sanitaria. A pesar de la importancia que representa esta competencia, no se ha establecido como una necesidad educacional en los planes de estudio de los profesionales de la salud, no obstante de que los médicos requieren negociar y resolver conflictos de manera continua en los entornos sanitarios. Nuestra función como educadores es la de analizar el contexto profesional empírico cambiante y otorgar a los educandos las herramientas pertinentes para su desarrollo profesional con la mayor posibilidad de éxito en sus actividades cotidianas. Los invitamos a leer, analizar y criticar esta propuesta, que consideramos muy importante para que sea contemplada en los planes de estudio desde el pregrado y posgrado de las diferentes ramas de los profesionales de la salud, que incluyen tanto a médicos de las diferentes especialidades, el personal de enfermería y todos aquellos profesionales que trabajamos con el objetivo común de brindar asistencia sanitaria de calidad.

ABSTRACT Human beings are social beings by nature, and disagreements and conflicts are common situations inherent in their different social activities. This review aims to describe the origin of conflicts and the mediation techniques in healthcare. It is well known that conflict resolution skills are needed to be learned, and such skills are considered within the changing priorities of healthcare students. Disagreement and conflict are inevitable between members of clinical care teams, as well as with patients and their families during healthcare. Despite the importance of these skills, they have not been established as an educational need in healthcare professionals' curricula, even though physicians are required to negotiate and resolve conflicts on an ongoing basis in healthcare settings. Our role as educators is to analyze the changing empirical professional context, and provide our students with the relevant tools with the greatest chance of success for their professional development in their daily activities. We invite you to read, analyze and criticize this proposal, which we consider very important to be included in the undergraduate and graduate curricula of the different fields of healthcare professionals, i.e. specialist physicians, nursing staff and all those professionals who work with the common goal of providing quality healthcare.

A negociação coletiva e as possibilidades de intervenção nas situações de risco à saúde no trabalho / Collective bargaining and the possibilities to intervene in health risk situations at work

Resumo Introdução: neste ensaio, a negociação coletiva é vista como um processo político no qual os diferentes e desiguais atores sociais definem parâmetros para as relações de trabalho. Objetivo: discutir possibilidades e limites da negociação coletiva para modificar as situações de riscos à saúde dos trabalhadores, considerando aspectos sociais, políticos e econômicos. Métodos: analisamos a negociação coletiva no Brasil sobre a temática da saúde do trabalhador, incluindo temas como inovação tecnológica, intensidade, assédio moral organizacional e teletrabalho. Foram estudados acordos e convenções coletivas negociados entre os anos de 2010 e 2014, registrados no Sistema de Acompanhamento de Contratações Coletivas do Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socioeconômicos (Sacc-Dieese). Entre 2010 e 2012, tomamos por base estudos já realizados, a partir dessa mesma fonte, e para anos de 2013 e 2014, analisamos a partir de acesso direto a esse sistema. Resultados: embora tenham sido identificadas cláusulas inovadoras, grande parte das outras reproduz parâmetros previstos na legislação, com alcance limitado para modificar as condições adoecedoras. Conclusão: a aprovação da Lei nº 13.467/2017, aa chamada "reforma trabalhista", sob a premissa de uma relação entre "iguais", poderá resultar na desconstrução da proteção social do trabalho e na subestimação dos riscos e do sofrimento humano.

Abstract Introduction: this paper accounts for collective bargaining as a political process in which differing and unequal social actors define parameters for work relations. Objective: to discuss the possibilities and limits of collective bargaining for modifying situations of workers' health risks, considering its social, political and economical aspects. Methods: we analyze collective bargaining related to workers' health in Brazil, including subjects like tecnological innovation, intensity, moral organizational harassment, and home office. We verified collective agreements negotiated between 2010 and 2014 recorded on the Sistema de Acompanhamento de Contratações Coletivas do Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socio-econômicos (Sacc-Dieese). Analysis of studies based on Sacc-Dieese were conducted between 2010 and 2012, whereas direct access to this system was used for the period between 2013 and 2014. Results: although innovative clauses have been found, most clauses reproduce parameters established by law, which are limited in modifying conditions that lead to sickness. Conclusion: the approval of Law No. 13.467/2017, called "Brazil Labor Reform", under the false premise of agreements between "equals", can result in the deconstruction of social protection laws and the underestimation of health risks and human suffering.

Concertação social, negociações coletivas e flexibilidade: o caso italiano (1992-2002) / Social concertation, collective negotiations and flexibility: the Italian case (1992-2002)

The main objective of this article is to examine the characteristic dynamics of second-generation social concertations and their results, based on the Italian case. From the analytical point of view, we seek to demonstrate that: a) the social concertation process emerged from the combination of a specific conjuncture marked by the imperatives of the European construct, an acute national political and economic crisis, and strategic choices by social actors; b) tripartite negotiation gave rise to a collective bargaining structure at two levels, capable of simultaneously guaranteeing wage moderation, maintenance of wage purchasing power, corporate profit margins, and companies' needs for flexibility, with the exception of flexibility in lay-offs.

Dans ce travail, on cherche à examiner les caractéristiques de la dynamique et les résultats des concertations sociales de deuxième génération sous l'optique du cas italien. Du point de vue de l'analyse, on montre que: a) la concertation sociale est née de la combinaison d'une conjoncture particulière marquée par les contraintes de la construction européenne, par une crise nationale politico-économique aiguë et par des choix stratégiques des acteurs sociaux; b) la négociation tripartite a donné lieu à une structure de négociation collective à deux niveaux, qui a été à même d'assurer à la fois la modération salariale, le maintien du pouvoir d'achat des salariés, tout en préservant les marges de bénéfice des entreprises et répondant également aux besoins de souplesse de celles-ci, sauf en ce qui concerne les licenciements.