Comparison of faculty and student evaluations of the hybrid teaching of orthopedics during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background@#In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and a country-wide lockdown, the University of the Philippines College of Medicine halted face-to-face teaching in exchange for online learning for its students. For the Learning Unit VI students, clinical rotations shifted to hybrid activities to continue learning activities while minimizing exposure risk. The Philippine General Hospital Department of Orthopedics introduced the following hybrid activities in its curriculum for Learning Unit VI students: 1) Online Lectures, 2) Online Departmental Conference, 3) Online Division Rounds, 4) Online SGDs, 5) Written Case, 6) Online Exams, 7) Preceptorship, Demo, Return Demo, and 8) Online OSCE. The department used a variety of platforms including synchronous sessions, asynchronous pre-recorded lectures, and face-to-face teaching, as appropriate. @*Objectives@#The study compared the faculty and student course evaluations of activities in the hybrid ORTHO 251 course. @*Methodology@#Faculty and students were asked to evaluate each activity according to the Course Evaluation By Students (CEBS), the standard questionnaire used by the college, to determine the overall rating of each activity as well as any differences between the two groups. @*Results@#The hybrid activities conducted in the ORTHO 251 course were rated as good or excellent by the faculty and students, with differences in a few activities. Consultants rated online exams as being less effectively integrated and that there was inadequate time allotment for online SGDs, written cases, and online exams. Meanwhile, students rated all activities higher in terms of stimulating self-directed learning. @*Conclusion@#With good to excellent outcomes, this study found that it has at least satisfactorily matched the learning platform to the learning component. While knowledge may be taught via asynchronous recorded lectures or reading materials, attitude and thinking processes are better formed through synchronous discussion. Skills in medical education, including Orthopedics, are still best taught via face-to-face demoreturn demo. With this information, the department can investigate the causes of these differences and improve on the identified weaknesses.

Roll Back Stroke: The Way Forward for Physicians and Patients

The 6-lettered word "Stroke" is an ancient disease, likened Biblicallyto "666" in Revelation 13 verse 18. Globally, it is the commonestcause of acquired long-term disability. While its incidence has beendeclining in high-, low/middle-income countries (LMICs) have witnessed an increase. This increase is driven byepidemiologic-transition/modernizatio n-complex, healthcaredisparities, and increasing prevalence of vascular risk-factors. Despitethe disproportionate burden of stroke in LMICs, these countrieshave the lowest rate of access to acute reperfusion-interventions leadingto greater stroke-related morbidity /mortality. Effective primordial,primary, secondary, and quaternary prevention-strategies coordinated at all levels of care are needed to reduce stroke incidenceand poor outcomes. The World Stroke Organization (WSO) hasproposed achieving global primary prevention through 1) Population-wide approach to limiting stroke risk-factors exposure, 2) App-basedmotivational population-wide approach to mitigating stroke risk-fa cto rs, 3 ) u se of lo w-co st co mbi n at io n /po ly- p il l to tre at hypertension/dyslipidemia and 4) addressing behavioural risk-factorsthrough interventions by community health-workers.The need to set-up stroke-units, post-hospitalisation rehabilitation-centres, stroke-registers/registries, stroke-clubs, and encouragecommunity health-education, must be emphasised for optimal care inLMIC.13 Community Health Empowerment (CHE) withthe AcronymBE FAST / STRoke as warning signs of stroke must be emphasised(B: Balance-loss; E: Eye vision-loss; F: Facial Asymmetry; A: Armweakness; S: Speech difficulties; T: Time is brain; Or first 3-lettersof STRoke ­ Can Patient Smile? Talk? Or Raise-arm?). Strokehemorheology/blood-flow and treatment involve 3Ps' of pathogenicprinciples/strategies (Passenger, Passage, Power). Its complicationsinclude the 10D's: Death, Disability, Depression, Dementia, Delirium,Dysphagia, Dehydration, Deep-Venous Thrombosis, Decubitus-ulcers, Dysphasia, Seizures.

Comparison of faculty and student evaluations of the hybrid teaching of orthopedics during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background@#In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and a country-wide lockdown, the University of the Philippines College of Medicine halted face-to-face teaching in exchange for online learning for its students. For the Learning Unit VI students, clinical rotations shifted to hybrid activities to continue learning activities while minimizing exposure risk. The Philippine General Hospital Department of Orthopedics introduced the following hybrid activities in its curriculum for Learning Unit VI students: 1) Online Lectures, 2) Online Departmental Conference, 3) Online Division Rounds, 4) Online SGDs, 5) Written Case, 6) Online Exams, 7) Preceptorship, Demo, Return Demo, and 8) Online OSCE. The department used a variety of platforms including synchronous sessions, asynchronous pre-recorded lectures, and face-to-face teaching, as appropriate. @*Objectives@#The study compared the faculty and student course evaluations of activities in the hybrid ORTHO 251 course. @*Methodology@#Faculty and students were asked to evaluate each activity according to the Course Evaluation By Students (CEBS), the standard questionnaire used by the college, to determine the overall rating of each activity as well as any differences between the two groups. @*Results@#The hybrid activities conducted in the ORTHO 251 course were rated as good or excellent by the faculty and students, with differences in a few activities. Consultants rated online exams as being less effectively integrated and that there was inadequate time allotment for online SGDs, written cases, and online exams. Meanwhile, students rated all activities higher in terms of stimulating self-directed learning. @*Conclusion@#With good to excellent outcomes, this study found that it has at least satisfactorily matched the learning platform to the learning component. While knowledge may be taught via asynchronous recorded lectures or reading materials, attitude and thinking processes are better formed through synchronous discussion. Skills in medical education, including Orthopedics, are still best taught via face-to-face demoreturn demo. With this information, the department can investigate the causes of these differences and improve on the identified weaknesses.

The comparison of the different adjustment factors for admission to the University of the Philippines College of Medicine

Background@#Among the different criteria, the General Weighted Average Grade (PMGWAG) holds the biggest bearing on admission for the UP College of Medicine. However, GWAs are not comparable across different courses, different batches, different UP units and different schools. An Adjustment Factor is necessary to make PMGWAGs comparable and to level the playing field. @*Objectives@#This study covering a 24-year period aimed to compare various proposed Admission Adjusted Factors of %PMGWAG (Pre-Med GWAG) in terms of Pearson's Correlation, Linear Regression Models and Mean Differences with %MGWAG (Medical GWAG), Class Rank and Board Rating as Outcome variables. @*Methodology@#Various proposed Adjustment Factors were applied to %PMGWAG of medical students from Class 1990 to Class 2014 and Pearson's Correlation, Linear Regression Models and Mean Differences with %MGWAG, Class Rank and Board Rating were derived and analyzed. @*Results@#Adjustment Factor A3 as applied to %PMGWAG correlates best with Board Rating and Class Rank while Adjustment Factor A6 with %MGWAG. On Linear Regression, A3 likewise bested other Adjustment Factors in predicting %MGWAG and %Board Rating while A6 on predicting Class Ranking. Among the various adjustments, A3 exerted the most impact on the outcome variables, based on mean differences. @*Conclusion@#The A3 Adjustment Factor is the preferred and most ideal among the various proposed adjustment factors. Its application on %PMGWAG, correlated best with, most predictive of and most influential to %MGWAG, Board Rating and Class Rating.

The predictors of academic performance of the medical students of upcm: class1990 to class 2013 lateral entrants

Background: The criteria for admission at the University of the Philippine College of Medicine (UPCM) are sixtypercent premed general weighted average grade (PMGWAG), thirty percent National Medical Admission Test(NMAT) scores and ten percent Interview Scores. Through the years, because of the highly competitive natureof the selection process, the admissions cut-offs in PMGWAG and average NMAT has continuously risen.Objectives: This study that covered a twenty four year period, aimed to determine the correlation andpredictive value between the admissions criteria (%Pre-med GWAG, NMAT and Interview Score) withacademic performance parameters (%Med GWAG and Class Ranking) and Board Rating.Methods: The pre-admission and academic records of accepted lateral entrants from Class 1990 to Class 2013were retrieved, reviewed and analyzed. These included the pre-med GWAG (%PMGWAG), NMAT andInterview Scores, Med GWAG (%MGWAG), Class Ranking and Board Rating. Pearsons Correlation and MultipleLinear regression analysis were done.Results: All criteria (%PMGWAG, NMAT, Interview Score) for admissions were correlated with the academicperformance parameters (%MGWAG, Class Rank) and Board Rating. The strongest correlation was observed in%PMGWAG with %MGWAG and Class Rank. Interview score correlated weakly with the academicperformance. Strong correlations between %MGWAG, Class Rank and Board Rating were likewise observed.Rank upon admission also correlated strongly with Class Rank upon graduation. On linear regression analysis,%PMGWAG and NMAT were more predictive of %MGWAG, Class Rank and Board Rating.Conclusion: The weight distribution of the different admissions criteria should be adjusted accordingly.Interview score, a weak predictor of academic performance and a measure of non-cognitive traits, should betreated separately and independently as an admission criteria.

Life and Medical Activities of Yun Ti Wang / 의사학

Yun Ti Wang studied medicine in England, different from other Korean medical doctors in early days. Yun, who entered medical school at Glasgow University in England in March 1919, graduated with a Bachelor of Medicine in October 1925, along with an England medical license. Yun began working as an instructor at Severance Medical College from November 1927, and received Doctor of Medicine from the College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists at Kyoto Imperial University in August 1936. After the Liberation, Yun began working as a faculty member at the medical school at Seoul University, and he also worked as a Chief of the Second Medical Clinic of the school from 1946. Yun made a great effort in order to build an integrated committee, eventually contributing to the launching of Joseon Medical Associates in 1947. He was also elected as a first president at Joseon Obstetrics and Gynecology Associates, which was organized at the same year as the Joseon Medical Associates. Yun entered military as an army surgeon in April 1949 and has worked there until he was appointed as a principal at the Army Medical School in September 1953. His contributions to the development of military medical services include the following: expansion of medical facilities in army, stable system of workforce in military medical service, launching of Medical Aid and establishment of Department of Medical Care, and introduction of new medical technologies in anesthesiology and neurosurgery, etc. The career of Yun can be largely divided into the field of gynecology and military medical services. In the gynecological field, Yun contributed to the settlement of obstetrics in Korea, by taking in charge of the obstetrics class at Severance following medical missionaries. As for the military medical services, he has contributed to the establishment of military medical system as well as to the opening of new academic areas. The impact of his activities on the establishment of military medical services is especially significant, since it was a field that no Korean citizens had access to during the colonization era.

Biliary Cystadenoma and Cystadenocarcinoma

Biliary cystadenomas are rare cystic neoplasms of the biliary ductal system. Cystadenomas have a tendency to recur, particularly following their incomplete excision, with the potential for malignant transformation. Cystadenocarcinomas are very rare and; despite complete resection, can recur in a short time. A cystadenoma cannot be easily differentiated from a cystadenocarcinoma preoperatively or intraoperatively; therefore, complete surgical resection should be always considered. Four biliary cystadenoma and one biliary cystadenocarcinoma cases, treated at the Kyung Hee Medical Center, between 1998 and 2003, are reported. The patients were comprised of one man and four women, with a mean age of 45 years. Four patients presented with abdominal pain or jaundice, and the other was asymptomatic, with an incidentally discovered liver tumor. Preoperative CT scans demonstrated a multilocular cyst in four patients and a choledochal cyst-like appearance in the other. All patients underwent complete excision. One cystadenoma arose in the extrahepatic bile duct and the other four appeared in the liver. A histological examination revealed a mesenchymal stroma, which resembling ovary, in two cystadenomas. None of the four patients with a cystadenoma developed a recurrence. However, the patient with a cystadenocarcinoma underwent two pulmonary wedge resections for pulmonary metastases 14 and 21 months after the liver resection.

Intramural Hypoattenuated Nodules in Thickened Wall of the Gallbladder: CT Features According to Their Primary Causes

According to published reports, a common feature of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis is the presence of intramural hypoattenuated nodules in thickened gallbladder wall. These nodules can, however, also be seen in pathological conditions such as acute cholecystitis, hyperplastic cholecystoses (cholesterolosis and adenomyomatosis), gallbladder cancer, and other inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis. Retrospective review of the abdominal CT findings in 622 patients who for various reasons underwent cholecystectomy during a one-year period showed that intramural nodules were present in 60. In this pictorial essay we illustrate the imaging features of the many different pathological conditions which give rise to intramural hypoattenuated nodules in thickened wall of the gallbladder, correlating these features with the histopathological findings.

Curriculum Changes of Korea University College of Medicine / 한국의학교육

During last three decades, there has been many changes and innovations in the structure and process of medical education. The curriculum of Korea University College of Medicine, however, had sustained traditional curriculum, that is, discipline and lecture-oriented and focused on biomedical knowledges during the same period. Stimulated by educational innovations in other medical schools in Korea as well as in other countries, curricular changes has been occurred since late 1990 and new curriculum started in the year 2000 in Korea University. 12 integrated lectures, 8 elective programs for special areas such as medical informatics etc. introduced into the new curriculum. But, the large portion of new curriculum still includes department-centered lectures and total lecture hours are not much decreased. To cope with the explosion in medical scientific knowledge, longitudinal and horizontal integration between basic and clinical medical science is needed. Also, lectures should be diminished in number to allow for active learning to prepare self-directed lifelong learning doctors. Most of all, we should continuously innovate curriculum and gradually put new programs into preexisting curriculum with faculty's consensus.

Sociodemographic Characteristics, Attitudes and Personal Values of the Applicants at a College of Medicine of University / 한국의학교육

Group characteristics(sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes and personal values) of the successful applicants of 1997 at Ulsan College of Medicine were compared with those of the unsuccessful ones. The principal data were the responses of pre-entrance examination questionnaire survey were administered to all applicants. The results were presented the headings of 1) sociodemographic characteristics, 2) financial status, 3) goals of college life, 4) reasons to choose university of Ulsan College of Medicine, 5) personal values. The results of the present study may serve as the basic data to make comprehensive and systematic plans for the adjustment of medical students in the future.

Differences in Serum CEA Level between Colon and Rectal Cancer

We investigated whether there is differences in serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) between patients with colon and rectal cancer. Preoperative serum levels of CEA was determined in 65 patients with colon cancer and in 88 patients with rectal cancer. Cut-off value recommended by manufacturers is 5 ng/ml for CEA. At the recommended cut-off levels for CEA, overall sensitivity of CEA was 43.1 percent for colon and 42.0 percent for rectal cancer. In colon cancer CEA was elevated in 38.4, 46.2, 60 percent of patients with Dukes Stages B, C, and D, respectively. In rectal cancer CEA was elevated in 12.5, 31.6, 44.8, 84.6 percent of patients with Dukes Stages A, B, C, and D, respectively. In Stages B, and C, sensitivity of CEA was higher in colon than in rectal cancer, but the difference was not significant. In Stages D, sensitivity of CEA was higher in rectal cancer than in colon cancer, but the difference was not significant. In overall stages sensitivity of CEA was higher in colon than in rectal cancer, but the difference was not significant. The difference was not significant either in overall or in different stages of colon and rectal cancer.

Dr. Kung Sun Oh and the Department of Dermatology of Yonsei University College of Medicine / 의사학

The Department of Dermatology of Severance Hospital was founded on May 14, 1917. However, dermatology patients were treated at Che Jung Won in 1886 according to HN Allen's report. Accordingly, it is presumable that OR Avison also saw dermatology patients and gave lectures but these are not the records of the Department of Dermatology. When Doctor Kung Sun Oh was sent to Severance Hospital on May 12, 1913, he gave lectures on anatomy, pathology and bacteriology. He became interested in dermatology and, in 1916, went to Tokyo Imperial University to study for a year. After his return, the Skin and Genitourinary Department, named western style, was opened on May 14, 1917. Despite Japanese system of running the department as Dermatology-Urology, Professor Kung Sun Oh managed the department with dermatology as the main concern. Student education and clinical practices were very strict and based on diseases but there were only a few original research articles. In 1921, Professor Kung Sun Oh was appointed the superintendent according to the amendment of the school system. On April 30, 1931, he was appointed the deputy principal and on February 16, 1934, he became the second principal of Severance Medical School and was inaugurated on Apil 17, 1934. Thus, Professor Oh rendered distinguished services in the management of the school despite his position as a professor and brought up the Severance Medical School as a formal medical school approved by the Japanese medical system. Principal Kung Sun Oh was a Christian missionary as evidenced by his many titles such as the President and Director of Seoul Orphanage, a member of Korean Social Services, Vice-president of Seoul Mission Association, director of Central Christian Youth Association and contributed a lot to the public. His deeds were acknowledged by the Korean Medical Association and, in 1934, nominated him to a senatorial post. In 1935, he was nominated as a senator to the Japanese Dermatology Association and Japanese Urology Association. In 1942, the name of 'Severance' was changed to 'Asahi', but the management of the school was kept until liberation in 1945. In summary, Professor Kung Sun Oh was a dedicated Dermatology professor, a principal who gave his best effort for the development of the medical school and a missionary who spent all his life in purifying society.

First 50 Years of Department of Pathology Seoul National University College of Medicine / 의사학

The Department of Pathology of Seoul National University College of Medicine was launched in 1946, one year after the Korea was liberated from Japanese occupation. The Seoul National University College of Medicine, although newly started in 1946, was actually the assembly of two pre-existed national medical institutes in Korea, namely Keizo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine and Keizo Medical Academy. Accordingly the Department of Pathology of newly assembled Seoul National University College of Medicine had to depend on two pre-existed medical schools : place from the former and faculty from both. In addition, staff from other pre-existed medical schools also joined the Department to become the largest Department in Korea. Before 1946, the Department of two pre-existed medical schools was largely of Japanese style in every aspect. The Pathology Department then devoted almost entirely to basic research particularly on animal experiment. There was minimal hospitl service except for autopsy service, the number of which had also been limited to charity cases. The first 4 years of Seoul National University Pathology Department until the start of the Korean war in 1950 was the period of extreme social instability with almost no research activity. The Korean war provided opportunities for the staff to go abroad, mainly U.S.A. and get in touch with the American medicine through military personnels, health system and facilities, etc. The Pathology Department had a real start after the Korean war ceased. From around 1955 formal teaching and research became available. Therefore the first 50 years of the Department was arbitrarily divided into Early Period(1946-1950), War Period(1950-1954), Reconstruction Period(1954-1960), Stabilization Period(1961-1972), Promotion Period Phase 1(1972-1978), Promotion Period Phase 2(1979-1990), and Promotion Period Phase 3(1991-1996). Each period had its own characteristics. There was a vast expansion of space and personnel in 1979, when the Seoul National University Hospital moved into a new building and reorganized the system. It was the momentum of promoting Hospital Pathology in the University. In 1990 the basic medicine building was renovated and provided the faculty the long-cherished central air-conditioned laboratories, facilities and full time graduate students and other research assistants. This gave another momentum for the promotion of basic research for the Department staffs. In summary, through the hard works of faculty during the last 50 years the Department has improved consistently and is now producing over 100 scientific papers in a year, approximately one-third of those being published in international journals. Yearly the Department handles over 20,000 surgical specimens, over 25,000 cytology specimens and 150 autopsies at the University Hospitals including Children's Hospital. There are now 12 full time professors, 3 fellows, 12 residents, 7 full time graduate students and 8 research assistants. It seems now that the Department is ready to launch into Phase 4 of Promotion Period.

First 50 Years of Department of Pathology Seoul National University College of Medicine / 의사학

The Department of Pathology of Seoul National University College of Medicine was launched in 1946, one year after the Korea was liberated from Japanese occupation. The Seoul National University College of Medicine, although newly started in 1946, was actually the assembly of two pre-existed national medical institutes in Korea, namely Keizo Imperial University Faculty of Medicine and Keizo Medical Academy. Accordingly the Department of Pathology of newly assembled Seoul National University College of Medicine had to depend on two pre-existed medical schools : place from the former and faculty from both. In addition, staff from other pre-existed medical schools also joined the Department to become the largest Department in Korea. Before 1946, the Department of two pre-existed medical schools was largely of Japanese style in every aspect. The Pathology Department then devoted almost entirely to basic research particularly on animal experiment. There was minimal hospitl service except for autopsy service, the number of which had also been limited to charity cases. The first 4 years of Seoul National University Pathology Department until the start of the Korean war in 1950 was the period of extreme social instability with almost no research activity. The Korean war provided opportunities for the staff to go abroad, mainly U.S.A. and get in touch with the American medicine through military personnels, health system and facilities, etc. The Pathology Department had a real start after the Korean war ceased. From around 1955 formal teaching and research became available. Therefore the first 50 years of the Department was arbitrarily divided into Early Period(1946-1950), War Period(1950-1954), Reconstruction Period(1954-1960), Stabilization Period(1961-1972), Promotion Period Phase 1(1972-1978), Promotion Period Phase 2(1979-1990), and Promotion Period Phase 3(1991-1996). Each period had its own characteristics. There was a vast expansion of space and personnel in 1979, when the Seoul National University Hospital moved into a new building and reorganized the system. It was the momentum of promoting Hospital Pathology in the University. In 1990 the basic medicine building was renovated and provided the faculty the long-cherished central air-conditioned laboratories, facilities and full time graduate students and other research assistants. This gave another momentum for the promotion of basic research for the Department staffs. In summary, through the hard works of faculty during the last 50 years the Department has improved consistently and is now producing over 100 scientific papers in a year, approximately one-third of those being published in international journals. Yearly the Department handles over 20,000 surgical specimens, over 25,000 cytology specimens and 150 autopsies at the University Hospitals including Children's Hospital. There are now 12 full time professors, 3 fellows, 12 residents, 7 full time graduate students and 8 research assistants. It seems now that the Department is ready to launch into Phase 4 of Promotion Period.