ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi are the most common microsporidia associated with different clinical manifestations such as diarrhoea, respiratory tract inflammation and acalculous cholecystitis, especially in immunocompromised patients. Infection usually occurs by ingestion of food and water contaminated with spores, but can also result from direct contact with spores through broken skin, eye lesions, and sexual transmission, depending on the microsporidian species. Although there are reports of E. bieneusi found in humans and animals in Brazil, there are no published studies of environmental samples examined by molecular methods. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to verify the presence of E. bieneusi in raw sewage and treated effluent from a combined system by molecular methods. METHODS Raw sewage and treated effluent samples collected from a combined system were analysed for the presence of E. bieneusi using the internal transcriber spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi by nested polymerase chain reaction. FINDINGS The analysis revealed E. bieneusi presence and a novel genotype (EbRB) in one raw sewage sample and one treated effluent. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The presence of E. bieneusi in final effluent indicates that the combined system may not remove microsporidian spores. This study is the first report of E. bieneusi in environmental samples in Brazil.
Subject(s)
DNA, Fungal/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Enterocytozoon/isolation & purification , Enterocytozoon/genetics , Phylogeny , Brazil , Sequence Analysis , GenotypeABSTRACT
O estudo visou a investigação da degradação de formaldeído em um sistema combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio, de fluxo ascendente e com biomassa imobilizada, constituindo-se por um filtro anaeróbio seguido de biofiltro aerado submerso. As concentrações de formaldeído aplicadas ao sistema variaram de 26 a 1.055 mg HCHO.L-1, resultando em eficiências de remoção de formaldeído de 97±3% e de DQO de 90±6%. A partir dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o sistema combinado se apresentou adequado para o tratamento de esgoto sanitário contendo formaldeído, uma vez que além de eficiências de remoção representativas, apresentou estabilidade de operação durante o decorrer do estudo.
The study aimed to investigate the degradation of formaldehyde in an anaerobic-aerobic combined system, upflow and with immobilized biomass, consisting of an Anaerobic Filter (AF) followed by Aerated Submerged Biofilter (ASB). The concentrations of formaldehyde applied to the system ranged from 26 to 1,055 mg HCHO.L-1, resulted in a removal efficiency of formaldehyde of 97±3% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 90±6%. From the results, it is concluded that the combined system was suitable for treating wastewater containing formaldehyde, since besides representative removal efficiencies; operation was stable during the course of the study.
ABSTRACT
Os resíduos líquidos provenientes dos estabelecimentos assistenciais de saúde são mais complexos do que os esgotos domésticos. Sua composição contém inúmeros compostos farmacêuticos, saneantes, elementos radiativos e de laboratórios. O conhecimento desses compostos pode auxiliar na escolha do tratamento adequado para esses esgotos e diminuir os impactos ambientais nos corpos receptores. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando um sistema combinado (UASB e lodos ativados) para tratar a água residuária de um hospital. Neste trabalho, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas para caracterização do esgoto e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa para identificação de compostos químicos farmacêuticos, podendo-se constatar a presença de inúmeros elementos residuais dos fármacos usados no hospital.
Liquid waste residues from health care establishments are more complex than those from residential sewage. Their composition contains several pharmaceutical chemical composites, sanitizers, radioactive, and laboratorial elements. Knowing about these composites may aid in choosing the proper treatment for these sewages, and diminish the environmental impact in receptors. The study was carried out in a combined system (UASB and activated sludge) to treat a hospital wastewater. In this experiment, material and chemical analyses were employed to trace sewage characteristics and gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry to identify pharmacologic chemical composites, where innumerous residual elements were found in chromatographs.