ABSTRACT
RESUMEN La resistencia a la fuerza es la capacidad física de mantener la fuerza a un nivel constante mientras dure un gesto deportivo determinado, capacidad determinante en muchos deportes, donde la escalada deportiva no es excepción; por tanto, el estudio teórico-práctico que contribuya a mejorar dicha capacidad en la escala deportiva permitirá mejorar la gestión del entrenamiento deportivo en dicho deporte. El objetivo de este trabajo es validar teóricamente una propuesta de ejercicios físicos para el entrenamiento de la resistencia-fuerza, en la prueba combinada de escalada deportiva, en un rango etario comprendido entre 16-21 años. La investigación aplicada es de tipo teórico-descriptiva de orden correlacional y base cualitativa, con estudio de criterios, de 13 especialistas en cuatro ítems (originalidad, calidad, especialización y objetividad) que evalúan teóricamente en dos momentos un grupo de ejercicios físicos especializados para potenciar la resistencia-fuerza. Como resultados, se exponen que se incrementaron cuantitativa y cualitativamente todas las categorías evaluables como parte del postest, en originalidad (pretest: dos puntos; postest: cuatro puntos; p=0.000); en calidad (pretest: tres puntos, postest: cuatro puntos; p=0.000); en especialización (pretest: tres puntos, postest: cuatro puntos, p=0.000) y en objetividad (pretest: cuatro puntos; postest, cinco puntos; p=0.001). La propuesta de ejercicios de resistencia-fuerza para la prueba combinada de escalada deportiva cumple teóricamente con los supuestos de originalidad, calidad, especialización y objetividad, es una propuesta satisfactoria, según el criterio teórico de los especialistas consultados.
RESUMO A resistência à força é a capacidade física de manter a força a um nível constante enquanto durar um gesto desportivo determinado, capacidade determinante em muitos desportos, onde a escalada desportiva não é excepção; portanto, o estudo teórico-prático que contribua para melhorar essa capacidade na escala desportiva permitirá melhorar a gestão do treino desportivo no desporto. O objetivo deste trabalho é validar teoricamente uma proposta de exercícios físicos para o treinamento da resistência-força, na prova combinada de escalada esportiva, em uma faixa etária compreendida entre 16-21 anos. A pesquisa aplicada é de tipo teórico-descritivo de ordem correlacional e base qualitativa, com estudo de critérios, de 13 especialistas em quatro itens (originalidade, qualidade, especialização e objetividade) que avaliam teoricamente em dois momentos um grupo de exercícios físicos especializados para potenciar a resistência-força. Como resultados, é exposto que todas as categorias avaliáveis aumentaram quantitativa e qualitativamente como parte do pós-teste, em originalidade (pré-teste: dois pontos; pós-teste: quatro pontos; p=0.000); em qualidade (pré-teste: três pontos, pós-teste: quatro pontos; p=0.000); em especialização (pré-teste: três pontos, pós-teste: quatro pontos, p=0.000) e em objetividade (pré-teste: quatro pontos; pós-teste, cinco pontos; p=0.001). A proposta de exercícios de resistência para o teste combinado de escalada desportiva obedece teoricamente aos pressupostos de originalidade, qualidade, especialização e objetividade; é uma proposta satisfatória, de acordo com os critérios teóricos dos especialistas consultados.
ABSTRACT Strength endurance is the physical capacity to maintain strength at a constant level for the duration of a given sporting gesture, a determining capacity in many sports, where sport climbing is no exception; therefore, the theoretical-practical study that contributes to improve this capacity in sport climbing will allow improving the management of sport training in this sport. The objective of this work is to theoretically validate a proposal of physical exercises for endurance-strength training, in the combined sport climbing test, in an age range between 16-21 years old. The applied research is of theoretical-descriptive type of correlational order and qualitative base, with a study of criteria, of 13 specialists in four items (originality, quality, specialization and objectivity) that evaluate theoretically in two moments a group of specialized physical exercises to enhance endurance-strength. As results, it is presented that all the evaluable categories increased quantitatively and qualitatively as part of the post-test, in originality (pre-test: two points; post-test: four points; p=0.000); in quality (pre-test: three points, post-test: four points; p=0.000); in specialization (pre-test: three points, post-test: four points, p=0.000) and in objectivity (pre-test: four points; post-test, five points; p=0.001). The proposal of endurance-strength exercises for the combined sport climbing test theoretically complies with the assumptions of originality, quality, specialization and objectivity; it is a satisfactory proposal, according to the theoretical criteria of the specialists consulted.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to review the screening performance of combined test at the Ewha Womans University Mokdong hospital. METHODS: All women admitted for routine antenatal care between January 1st 2008 and December 31st 2012 with a known pregnancy outcome were included in this study, totaling 1,156 women with singleton pregnancies presenting at 10 to 13 weeks of gestation. Women were offered screening using a combination of maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, free β-human chorionic gonadotropin and fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Those with an estimated risk of ≥1 in 250 of carrying a fetus with trisomy 21 or ≥1 in 300 risk of trisomy 18 were offered genetic counseling with the option of an invasive diagnostic test. RESULTS: The median of gestational age was 11+3 weeks, the median of crown-rump length was 47.1 mm, and the median age of the women was 31 years. The detection rate was 80% for trisomy 21 (4 of 5) and 100% for trisomy 13 and 18 (all 2). The false-positive rate was 7.73% for trisomy 21 and 1.21% for trisomy 18. CONCLUSION: This study was the first large population study performed with the aim of analyzing the performance of the combined test in Korea. This study demonstrated that the detection rates and other figures of the first trimester combined test are comparable to the results reported in other papers worldwide. Consequently, if strict conditions for good screening outcomes are achieved, the first trimester combined test might well be the earliest detectable screening, improving detection rates without increasing karyotyping or economic and other implications that inevitably ensue.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy , Chorionic Gonadotropin , Chromosome Aberrations , Crown-Rump Length , Diagnostic Tests, Routine , Down Syndrome , Fetus , Genetic Counseling , Gestational Age , Korea , Mass Screening , Nuchal Translucency Measurement , Pregnancy Outcome , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A , Prenatal Diagnosis , TrisomyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to review the screening performance of combined test at the Ewha Womans University Mokdong hospital. METHODS: All women admitted for routine antenatal care between January 1st 2008 and December 31st 2012 with a known pregnancy outcome were included in this study, totaling 1,156 women with singleton pregnancies presenting at 10 to 13 weeks of gestation. Women were offered screening using a combination of maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, free β-human chorionic gonadotropin and fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Those with an estimated risk of ≥1 in 250 of carrying a fetus with trisomy 21 or ≥1 in 300 risk of trisomy 18 were offered genetic counseling with the option of an invasive diagnostic test. RESULTS: The median of gestational age was 11+3 weeks, the median of crown-rump length was 47.1 mm, and the median age of the women was 31 years. The detection rate was 80% for trisomy 21 (4 of 5) and 100% for trisomy 13 and 18 (all 2). The false-positive rate was 7.73% for trisomy 21 and 1.21% for trisomy 18. CONCLUSION: This study was the first large population study performed with the aim of analyzing the performance of the combined test in Korea. This study demonstrated that the detection rates and other figures of the first trimester combined test are comparable to the results reported in other papers worldwide. Consequently, if strict conditions for good screening outcomes are achieved, the first trimester combined test might well be the earliest detectable screening, improving detection rates without increasing karyotyping or economic and other implications that inevitably ensue.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy , Chorionic Gonadotropin , Chromosome Aberrations , Crown-Rump Length , Diagnostic Tests, Routine , Down Syndrome , Fetus , Genetic Counseling , Gestational Age , Korea , Mass Screening , Nuchal Translucency Measurement , Pregnancy Outcome , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A , Prenatal Diagnosis , TrisomyABSTRACT
Objective To explore the value of glypican-3(GPC-3)mRNA and paternally expressed 10(PEG10)mRNA in peripheral blood in diagnosis of metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Methods With SYBR Green I as fluorescence signal,real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was employed to detect the expression of GPC-3 mRNA and PEG10 mRNA in peripheral blood from patients with HCC with metastasis(n=8),HCC without metastasis(n=12)and hepatic cirrhosis(n=11),and receiver operator characteristics curve(ROC)and specific parameters were adopted to analyse their value in predictive and exclusive diagnosis. Results The expression of GPC-3 mRNA and PEG10 mRNA in HCC with metastasis was significantly higher than that in HCC without metastasis and in hepatic cirrhosis(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference in the expression of GPC-3 mRNA and PEG10 mRNA between HCC without metastasis and hepatic cirrhosis.In single test,the sensitivities in the differential diagnosis between HCC with metastasis and HCC without metastasis were 66.7%for GPC-3 mRNA and 72.2%for PEG10 mRNA,and the specificities were 91.7%and 91.7%.respectively.The areas under ROC were 0.748 for GPC-3 mRNA and 0.812 for PEG10 mRNA.With two markers in parallel test,the sensitivity,specificity,negative likelihood and diagnostic accuracy were 90.7%,84.O%,0.11 and 83.3%,respectively.In serial test,the sensitivity,specificity,positive likelihood and diagnostic accuracy were 60.5%,98.7%,45.5 and 73.3%,respectively. Conclusion Detection of GPC-3 mRNA and PEG10 mRNA in peripheral blood may help to predict blood metastasis and extrahepatic metastasis of HCC,and PEG10 mRNA works better than GPC-3 mRNA.The serial test of GPC-3 mRNA and PEG10 mRNA is helpful to the predictive diagnosis of peripheral blood metastasis of HCC.