Relação entre saúde mental de idosos do Distrito Federal e exposição a informações sobre COVID-19

A fim de conhecer o tempo e a frequência com que idosos se expõem a notícias e informações sobre a COVID-19 por diferentes mídias e relacioná-los com sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade, 154 idosos (M = 69,06) do Distrito Federal responderam a um questionário online. A amostra foi composta majoritariamente por mulheres, brancas, escolarizadas e com renda proveniente de aposentadoria e/ou pensão. Constatou-se que a televisão foi o meio de comunicação mais utilizado pelos participantes, seguido pelas redes sociais. Ao considerar características demográficas, idosos mais jovens (60 a 74 anos) e com ensino superior completo apresentaram maior exposição a notícias por meio das redes sociais do que os mais velhos e com menor escolaridade. Idosos com rastreio para depressão e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada permaneceram mais horas expostos a informações sobre a COVID-19 veiculadas pela televisão que idosos não rastreados. Além disso, aqueles com rastreio para depressão relataram maior frequência de exposição a esse conteúdo pela televisão e pelas redes sociais. Os resultados deste estudo revelam a necessidade de planejamento de medidas de promoção e prevenção em saúde específicas para a população idosa a fim de lidar com as consequências da pandemia e, especialmente, infodemia de COVID-19.

Para conocer el tiempo y la frecuencia con que los ancianos están expuestos a noticias e informaciones sobre el COVID-19 por diferentes medios de comunicación y relacionarlos con los síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad, 154 ancianos (m = 69,06) del Distrito Federal respondieron a un cuestionario online. La muestra estaba compuesta mayoritariamente por mujeres, de raza blanca, con estudios y con ingresos por jubilación y/o pensión. Se comprobó que la televisión era el medio de comunicación más utilizado por los participantes, seguido de las redes sociales. Teniendo en cuenta las características demográficas, los más jóvenes (60 a 74 años) y con estudios superiores completos presentan una mayor exposición a las noticias a través de las redes sociales que los más mayores y con menor escolaridad. Los ancianos con cribado de depresión y trastorno de ansiedad generalizada permanecieron más horas expuestos a la información sobre COVID-19 emitida por televisión que los ancianos no cribados. Además, los que se sometieron a pruebas de detección de la depresión informaron de una mayor frecuencia de exposición a este contenido por parte de la televisión y los medios sociales. Los resultados de este estudio revelan la necesidad de planificar medidas de promoción de la salud y de prevención específicas para la población de edad avanzada con el fin de hacer frente a las consecuencias de la pandemia y, especialmente, de la infodemia de COVID-19.

In order to know the time and frequency with which elderly are exposed to news and information about COVID-19 through different media and relate them with depressive and anxiety symptoms, 154 elderly (M = 69.06) from Distrito Federal answered an online questionnaire. The sample was composed mostly of women, white, educated, and with income from retirement and/or pension. It was found that television was the media most used by participants, followed by social networks. Considering demographic characteristics, younger elders (60 to 74 years old) and with complete college education had more exposure to news through social networks than the older ones and with less education. Elderly with screening for depression and generalized anxiety disorder remained exposed more hours to information about COVID-19 broadcast on television than unscreened elderly. In addition, those with screening for depression reported greater frequency of exposure to this content on television and social media. The results of this study reveal the need for health promotion and prevention measures planning specific to the elderly population to deal with the consequences of the pandemic and especially infodemic of COVID-19.

Noticias de suicidio en canales de televisión peruanos: evaluación del cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de la OMS para su notificación / Suicide news on peruvian television channels: evaluation of compliance with WHO's reporting recommendations

Objetivo. Determinar el cumplimiento a las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) de las noticias sobre suicidio emitidas por canales de la televisión peruana. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuantitativo y descriptivo. La unidad de análisis fueron las noticias de suicidio emitidas por ocho canales de televisión peruana durante los años 2020 y 2021. Las noticias se clasificaron en tres categorías: noticias sobre suicidio, intento de suicidio y prevención del suicidio. Se utilizó un instrumento de evaluación compuesto por las recomendaciones de la OMS. Resultados. Se analizaron un total de 126 noticias. Ninguna de estas noticias cumplió en su totalidad con las recomendaciones de la OMS. Las noticias sobre suicidio o intento de suicidio cumplieron con 4 de 13 recomendaciones, siendo la recomendación más acatada la de evitar publicar notas suicidas (97,4%), mientras que la menos cumplida fue la de instruir a la población sobre el suicidio y su prevención, y no difundir mitos (0,9%). Las noticias de prevención de suicidio cumplieron 5 de 7 recomendaciones. Conclusiones. Las noticias sobre suicidio emitidas en la televisión peruana en los años 2020 y 2021 mostraron un bajo cumplimiento a las recomendaciones de la OMS. Los profesionales de la comunicación tienen un rol fundamental en la prevención del suicidio, limitando la información sensible y difundiendo información de ayuda. Es fundamental el conocimiento de estas recomendaciones por los comunicadores, y el trabajo conjunto entre el equipo periodístico y los profesionales de la salud mental en la comunicación de noticias relacionadas con el suicidio.

Objective. To determine if suicide news reports broadcasted by Peruvian television channels comply with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for reporting suicide news. Materials and methods. Quantitative and descriptive study. The unit of analysis was the suicide news broadcasted by eight Peruvian television channels during the years 2020 and 2021. News were classified into three categories: news about suicide, attempted suicide and suicide prevention. We used an evaluation instrument composed of WHO recommendations. Results. A total of 126 news reports were analyzed; but none of these complied fully with the WHO recommendations. The news reports on suicide or attempted suicide complied with 4 of 13 recommendations. Most reports complied with avoiding to publish suicide notes (97.4%); on the other hand, educating about suicide and its prevention, and not disseminating myths was the recommendation least complied with (0.9%). Suicide prevention news reports complied with 5 of 7 recommendations. Conclusions. Suicide news reports on Peruvian television in 2020 and 2021 showed low compliance with WHO recommendations. Communication professionals have a fundamental role in suicide prevention, limiting sensitive information and disseminating helpful information. It is essential for communicators to be aware of these recommendations and for the journalism team and mental health professionals to work together in the communication of news related to suicide.

Sistema automatizado para el control de medios de informática, ofimática y comunicaciones CIMIOC

Introducción: en las instituciones pertenecientes al Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba, la forma habitual de registrar el control de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación ha sido mediante hojas de Excel, procesadores de texto y fichas técnicas impresas. El control informatizado ofrece ventajas, pero las aplicaciones informáticas existentes a nivel mundial son costosas o no adaptables a los requerimientos. Objetivo: desarrollar una herramienta informática para el control institucional de medios informáticos, ofimáticos y de comunicaciones. Materiales y Métodos: investigación de desarrollo e innovación tecnológica, realizada durante 2018 y 2019, en dos etapas: 1) trabajo de mesa, definición de objetivos y establecimiento de pre-requisitos; 2) desarrollo de la aplicación, siguiendo la política de utilización de software libre. Las pruebas de funcionamiento y la evaluación se realizaron en la empresa MEDICuba S.A. Resultados: se desarrolló y registró una aplicación para el Control Informatizado de Medios de Informática, Ofimática y Comunicaciones (CIMIOC), con interfaz web, base de datos centralizada y un diseño adaptable a varios tipos de dispositivos. Permite registrar cualquier recurso de este tipo, su historial de movimiento, el estado técnico, los programas de mantenimiento y salvas de información, y ofrece diferentes reportes estadísticos. Conclusiones: la herramienta informática CIMIOC ofrece una solución robusta y económica para la gestión de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, aplicable a cualquier institución. Facilita de manera objetiva el establecimiento de políticas que tributen a elevar los niveles de calidad en los servicios asociados a la utilización intensiva de estas tecnologías. Se recomienda generalizar la implantación en el Sistema Nacional de Salud.

Introduction: in the institutions belonging to the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, the usual way of recording the control of Information and Communication Technologies has been through Excel sheets, word processors and printed technical sheets. Computerized control offers advantages, but existing computer applications worldwide are expensive or not adaptable to the requirements. Objective: to develop a computer tool for the institutional control of computer, office and communications media. Materials and Methods: technological development and innovation research, carried out during 2018 and 2019, in 2 stages: 1) table work, definition of objectives and establishment of pre-requisites. 2) development of the application, following the policy of use of free software. The performance tests and the evaluation were carried out in the company MEDICuba S.A. Results: an application for the Computerized Control of Informatics, Office Automation and Communications Media (CIMIOC) was developed and registered, with a web interface, centralized database and a design adaptable to various types of devices. It allows recording any resource of this type, its movement history, technical status, maintenance programs and information saves, and offers different statistical reports. Conclusions: the CIMIOC computer tool offers a robust and economical solution for ICT management, applicable to any institution. It objectively facilitates the establishment of policies that contribute to raising quality levels in services associated with the intensive use of ICT. Authors recommend to generalize the implementation in the National Health System.

Costing analysis of an information & communications technology-enabled primary healthcare facility in India

Background & objectives: Information and communications technology (ICT) has often been endorsed as an effective tool to improve primary healthcare. However, evidence on the cost of ICT-enabled primary health centre (PHC) is lacking. The present study aimed at estimating the costs for customization and implementation of an integrated health information system for primary healthcare at a public sector urban primary healthcare facility in Chandigarh. Methods: We undertook economic costing of an ICT-enabled PHC based on health system perspective and bottom-up costing. All the resources used for the provision of ICT-enabled PHC, capital and recurrent, were identified, measured and valued. The capital items were annualized over their estimated life using a discount rate of 3 per cent. A sensitivity analysis was undertaken to assess the effect of parameter uncertainties. Finally, we assessed the cost of scaling up ICT-enabled PHC at the state level. Results: The estimated overall annual cost of delivering health services through PHC in the public sector was ? 7.88 million. The additional economic cost of ICT was ? 1.39 million i.e. 17.7 per cent over and above a non-ICT PHC cost. In a PHC with ICT, the cost per capita increased by ? 56. On scaling up to the state level (with 400 PHCs), the economic cost of ICT was estimated to be ? 0.47 million per year per PHC, which equates to approximately six per cent expenditure over and above the economic cost of a regular PHC. Interpretation & conclusions: Implementing a model of information technology-PHC in a state of India would require an augmentation of cost by about six per cent, which seems fiscally sustainable. However, contextual factors related to the availability of infrastructure, human resources and medical supplies for delivering quality PHC services will also need to be considered.

Neuronal guidance genes in health and diseases

Neurons migrate from their birthplaces to the destinations, and extending axons navigate to their synaptic targets by sensing various extracellular cues in spatiotemporally controlled manners. These evolutionally conserved guidance cues and their receptors regulate multiple aspects of neural development to establish the highly complex nervous system by mediating both short- and long-range cell-cell communications. Neuronal guidance genes (encoding cues, receptors, or downstream signal transducers) are critical not only for development of the nervous system but also for synaptic maintenance, remodeling, and function in the adult brain. One emerging theme is the combinatorial and complementary functions of relatively limited classes of neuronal guidance genes in multiple processes, including neuronal migration, axonal guidance, synaptogenesis, and circuit formation. Importantly, neuronal guidance genes also regulate cell migration and cell-cell communications outside the nervous system. We are just beginning to understand how cells integrate multiple guidance and adhesion signaling inputs to determine overall cellular/subcellular behavior and how aberrant guidance signaling in various cell types contributes to diverse human diseases, ranging from developmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders to cancer metastasis. We review classic studies and recent advances in understanding signaling mechanisms of the guidance genes as well as their roles in human diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the remaining challenges and therapeutic potentials of modulating neuronal guidance pathways in neural repair.

Research progress on the effects of social media use on adolescents mental health / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Social media use and mental health problems in adolescents have long been a concern, but there is controversy in the conclusions on the direction of the relationship and the size of the effect. In order to clarify the relationship between social media and mental health, the paper mainly summarizes the concepts, mediating and moderating factors, as well as protective and risk factors, it also summarizes the limitations of past studies, so as to provide theoretical basis for future research directions.

Research progress of fear of missing out in mobile social media among college students / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Fear of missing out is an emerging type of anxiety disorder in the context of the Internet and has showed significant impacts on physical and mental health of college students. The review provides an overview on the connotation, extension, and adverse effects, as well as potential underlying mechanisms of fear of missing out in mobile social media among college students, which aims to highlight future attention, as well as prevention and intervention reference on fear of missing out in college students.

Relationship between social short form video usage and mental health related behaviors among college students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the impact of social short form videos on the health of college students, and to provide a basis for health education.@*Methods@#A total of 1 369 college students in 5 universities from Songjiang University Town in Shanghai, participated in this study. A cluster sampling method was employed and questionnaires were designed using a short video social media dependence scale and the Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90). Data were analyzed and processed by independent sample t test.@*Results@#Participants who were dependent on social short form videos accounted for 31.99%, and significant differences in mental and physical health were found between participants who were dependent on short video use and those who were not dependent. Among short video use dependents, scores corresponding to negative mental health symptoms, such as anxiety (1.73±0.67), were higher than those in the non dependent group (1.64±0.42). Furthermore, scores corresponding to smoking, drinking, eating sweet food (1.88±0.40, 1.91±0.32, 2.15±0.51) and other physiological health factors were higher in the dependent group than the non dependent group (1.70±0.33, 1.79±0.29, 1.54±0.47)( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The use of short video social media platforms has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of college students. It is suggested that the critical ability of short video media through psychological counseling, strengthen the check ability of short video social media platforms, so as to help college students to develop coping strategies to diminish their dependence on short video social media.

Historia clínica electrónica: miradas críticas de médicos del área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina / Electronic medical records: critical views of doctors in the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires, Argentina / Registro médico eletrônico: pontos de vista críticos dos médicos da área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Resumen Los procesos de digitalización del siglo XX extendieron el uso de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación al campo de la salud. El artículo aborda la Historia Clínica Electrónica a partir de las críticas y debilidades señaladas por especialistas en Clínica Médica, Medicina General y/o de Familia del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El diseño metodológico cualitativo incluyó 43 entrevistas realizadas entre junio de 2019 y marzo de 2020. El andamiaje teórico interpretativo articula tres campos: Comunicación y Salud; Biomedicina, Biopolítica y Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación; Subjetividad, Derechos y Género. Los principales resultados conciernen a cambios en las relaciones médico-paciente, registro y uso de datos, implicancias sobre los derechos y las subjetividades, potencialidades y problemáticas de la informatización en salud en un contexto de precaria infraestructura, desafíos en la regulación y desigualdades estructurales.(AU)

Abstract Digitalization has extended the use of information and communications technologies in the field of health. This article addresses electronic medical records drawing on the criticisms and weaknesses highlighted by clinical specialists, general practitioners, and family doctors working in the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The qualitative research design included 43 interviews conducted between June 2019 and March 2020. We developed an interpretive framework structured around three categories: communications and health; biomedicine, biopolitics and information and communication technologies; subjectivity, rights and gender. The main results refer to: changes in doctor-patient relations; data recording and usage; implications for rights and subjectivities; potential and challenges of health informatization in a context of precarious infrastructure; and regulatory challenges and structural inequalities.(AU)

Resumo Os processos de digitalização do século XX estenderam o uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação ao campo da saúde. O artigo aborda o Registro Médico Eletrônico a partir das críticas e fragilidades apontadas por especialistas em Clínica Médica, Medicina Geral e / ou Família da Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. O desenho metodológico qualitativo incluiu 43 entrevistas realizadas entre junho de 2019 e março de 2020. O referencial teórico interpretativo articula três campos: Comunicação e Saúde; Biomedicina, Biopolítica e Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação; Subjetividade, Direitos e Gênero. Os principais resultados referem-se a mudanças nas relações médico-paciente, registro e uso de dados, implicações em direitos e subjetividades, potencialidades e problemas de informatização em saúde em um contexto de infraestrutura precária, desafios na regulação e desigualdades estruturais.(AU)

Cumplimiento de la normatividad en la publicidad televisiva de medicamentos de venta libre en Colombia. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo 2018 / Compliance with regulations in the television advertising of over-the-counter drugs in Colombia. Retrospective descriptive study 2018

Resumen Introducción: la publicidad televisiva es una estrategia utilizada por la industria farmacéutica para ofrecer sus productos. En el caso de los medicamentos de venta libre, se tiene la responsabilidad de ajustarse a la normativa relacionada con estos productos, con el propósito de proteger al televidente de influencias negativas por posible publicidad imprecisa o engañosa. Objetivo: evaluar el cumplimiento normativo de la publicidad televisiva de medicamentos de venta libre en Colombia de agosto de 2018 en los canales nacionales Caracol y RCN. Metodología: se revisaron las grabaciones de anuncios publicitarios de medicamentos en los canales Caracol y RCN. Aleatoriamente, se seleccionaron los días 2, 4, 22 y 26 de agosto de 2018. La revisión de las grabaciones se realizó por dos evaluadores independientes. Los datos de los anuncios publicitarios se analizaron con estadística descriptiva. Resultados: se identificaron 624 anuncios publicitarios relacionados con medicamentos de venta libre: 601 pautas (96,3 %) y 23 comerciales (3,7 %). Entre los 624 anuncios emitidos, 226 (36,2 %) de 18 medicamentos no cumplieron con algunas condiciones establecidas en la normatividad. Discusión: este estudio, comparado con la publicación del 2014, mostró un incremento en la cantidad de anuncios que no cumplen con la norma, pasando de 8 % a 36,2 %. La principal situación de incumplimiento se debe al tamaño de la fuente, que puede limitar la lectura en poblaciones especiales. Conclusiones: los anuncios televisivos emitidos en los canales nacionales Caracol y RCN, en un 36,2 %, no cumplen con los requisitos definidos por la normatividad vigente.

Abstract Introduction: Advertising broadcast by mass media is a strategy used by the pharmaceutical sectors to offer their products. For of over-the-counter drugs, this sector is responsible for complying with the regulations related to these products, in order to protect the viewers from negative influences, for possible inaccurate or misleading advertising. Objective: To evaluate regulatory compliance in television advertising of over-the-counter drugs in Colombia in August 2018 on Caracol and RCN national channels. Methods: The recordings of the drug advertisements of two national television channels Caracol and RCN were reviewed. The days 2, 4, 22, 26 of august 2018 were randomly selected. Two independent evaluators reviewed the recordings. The data from the advertisements was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 624 commercials related to over-the-counter drugs were identified: 601 guidelines (96.3%) and 23 commercials (3.7%). Among the 624 advertisements broadcast by both national channels, 226 (36.2%) of 18 drugs did not meet some of the conditions established in the regulations. Discussion: Compared to the work done in 2014, shows that there was an increase in the number of advertisements that do not comply with the norm (from 8% to 36.2%). The main non-compliance situation presented by advertisements is related to the source size since small letters can limit the reading of special populations. Conclusion: 36.2% of the television advertisements broadcast on the national television channels Caracol and RCN do not meet the requirements defined by current regulations.

ICT and the Trading Negotiation for International Sale Contracts in the Pacific Alliance Firms / Las TIC y la Negociación de Contratos de Compraventa Internacional en las Empresas de la Alianza del Pacífico / TIC e a Negociação Comercial para Contratos de Venda Internacional nas Firmas da Aliança do Pacífico

Abstract Introduction. Information and communication technologies (ICT) have changed the way firms conduct their international business transactions, as small, medium and large companies are increasingly adopting these tools in order to improve productivity in operational processes, including the internationalization of goods and services. Objective. This paper aims to identify the ICT most commonly used in the international trade negotiation process for the achievement of import and export contracts in Pacific Alliance firms. Methodology. A survey was conducted among 401 internationalized firms in this regional trade bloc formed by Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. A descriptive analysis was also applied to present the results of the study, highlighting the ICT most used in international trade negotiations and, likewise, an ordered logistic regression was applied to explain both the level of importance given to ICT in the negotiation process and the frequency of use within this trade agreement. Results The research reveals that ICT are essential for each phase of the international negotiation, especially in the preparation phase. Conclusion. The use of specialized ICT, such as e-procurement, ERP, CRM, NSS and scenario building software, increases as the size of companies also increases.

Resumen Introducción. Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) han cambiado la forma en que las empresas llevan a cabo sus transacciones comerciales internacionales, ya que las pequeñas, medianas y grandes empresas están adoptando cada vez más estas herramientas con el fin de mejorar la productividad en los procesos operativos, incluida la internacionalización comercial e industrial. Objetivo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar las TIC más utilizadas en el proceso de negociación comercial internacional para la consecución de contratos de importación y exportación en las empresas de la Alianza del Pacífico. Metodología. Se realizó una encuesta en 401 empresas internacionalizadas en este bloque comercial regional conformado por Chile, Colombia, México y Perú. Asimismo, se aplica un análisis descriptivo para presentar los resultados del estudio destacando las TIC más utilizadas dentro de la negociación comercial internacional y, del mismo modo, se aplica una regresión logística ordenada para explicar tanto el nivel de importancia que se le da a las TIC en el proceso de negociación como la frecuencia de uso dentro de este acuerdo comercial. Resultados. La investigación también revela que las TIC son esenciales para cada fase de la negociación internacional, especialmente en la fase de preparación. Conclusión. El uso de las TIC especializadas, como la contratación electrónica, el ERP, el CRM, el NSS y el software de creación de escenarios, aumenta a medida que aumenta también el tamaño de las empresas.

Resumo Introdução. As tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC) mudaram a maneira como as empresas realizam transações comerciais internacionais, já que as pequenas, médias e grandes empresas estão adotando cada vez mais essas ferramentas a fim de melhorar a produtividade nos processos operacionais, incluindo a internacionalização comercial e industrial. Objetivo. Este artigo visa identificar as TIC mais utilizadas no processo de negociação comercial internacional para a obtenção de contratos de importação e exportação em empresas da Pacific Alliance. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma pesquisa entre 401 empresas internacionalizadas neste bloco comercial regional formado pelo Chile, Colômbia, México e Peru. Uma análise descritiva também foi aplicada para apresentar os resultados do estudo, destacando as TIC mais utilizadas nas negociações comerciais internacionais, e uma regressão logística ordenada foi aplicada para explicar tanto o nível de importância dado às TIC no processo de negociação quanto a frequência de uso dentro deste acordo comercial. Resultados. A pesquisa também revela que as TIC são essenciais para cada fase da negociação internacional, especialmente na fase de preparação. Conclusão. O uso de TIC especializadas, tais como e-procurement, ERP, CRM, NSS e software de construção de cenários, aumenta conforme aumenta o tamanho das empresas.

Análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de las campañas argentinas de prevención de cáncer de mama difundidas mediante imágenes fijas en redes sociales durante octubre del 2019 / Quantitative and qualitative analysis of Argentine breast cancer prevention campaigns disseminated by still images on social networks during October 2019

Objetivos. Documentar cuantitativamente el grado de concordancia con las recomendaciones del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (INC) de los mensajes institucionales emitidos en redes sociales de Argentina durante octubre de 2019, en el contexto de las campañas de prevención del cáncer mamario, y analizar cualitativamente los elementos icónicos y textuales que conforman sus piezas de difusión. Materiales y métodos. Análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de 171 piezas de difusión emitidas durante octubre de 2019 por 54 instituciones, a partir de la evaluación de su concordancia con las recomendaciones del INC, la descripción de las principales recomendaciones discordantes (análisis cuantitativo) y el análisis cualitativo de 30 piezas. Resultados. Ninguno de los mensajes emitidos mencionó potenciales daños del tamizaje. Solamente los del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación fueron totalmente concordantes con las recomendaciones del INC, mientras que los restantes recomendaban realizar mamografías a edades más tempranas o a intervalos más breves. El autoexamen mamario fue la recomendación más frecuente entre las discordantes. Predominaron las imágenes de cuerpos femeninos vinculadas con los estereotipos predominantes de género y belleza, y los discursos paternalistas que apelan al miedo y a la culpa. Conclusiones. Los mensajes emitidos en las piezas de difusión analizadas no fueron concordantes con las recomendaciones del INC, a pesar de que estas últimas están respaldadas por evidencia científica. Por otro lado, los mensajes refuerzan los estereotipos de género y belleza, la culpa y el modelo médico-hegemónico.

Objectives. To quantitatively document the degree of compliance of institutional messages broadcast on social networks with the recommendations of the National Cancer Institute (INC) in Argentina during October 2019, in the context of breast cancer prevention campaigns, and to qualitatively analyze the pictorial and textual elements that make up their dissemination pieces. Materials and methods. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of 171 dissemination pieces issued during October 2019 by 54 institutions, based on the evaluation of their compliance with INC recommendations, the description of the main discordant recommendations (quantitative analysis) and the qualitative analysis of 30 pieces. Results. None of the issued messages mentioned potential screening harms. Only the messages of the National Ministry of Health complied completely with the INC recommendations, while the remaining ones recommended mammograms at younger ages or at shorter intervals. Breast self-examination was the most frequent recommendation among those who didn't comply. The images of female bodies linked to common stereotypes of sex and beauty, and paternalistic discourses appealing to fear and guilt were predominant. Conclusions. The messages broadcasted in the analyzed diffusion pieces did not comply with the INC recommendations, despite the fact that the latter are supported by scientific evidence. On the other hand, the messages reinforce sex and beauty stereotypes, guilt and the medical-hegemonic model.

Intención de vacunarse contra COVID-19 en la población de 40 años en adelante en México

Objetivo Evaluar el efecto de las fuentes de información sobre COVID-19, los beneficios y las barreras percibidas de la vacunación, y la actitud hacia la vacunación sobre la intención de vacunarse contra COVID-19 en la población de 40 años en adelante en México. Métodos Se desarrolló una investigación cuantitativa, transversal y explicativa. Se aplicó una encuesta electrónica a 703 personas de 40 años en adelante que residen en México. El análisis de resultados se realizó a través de la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales por medio del método de mínimos cuadrados parciales. Resultados Las fuentes de información sobre COVID-19 influyen positivamente sobre los beneficios percibidos de la vacuna y disminuyen las barreras percibidas. Además, los beneficios percibidos influyen positivamente sobre la actitud hacia la vacunación de COVID-19; sin embargo, las barreras no afectan la actitud. Adicionalmente, esta última influye en la intención de vacunarse contra COVID-19 e, indirectamente, las fuentes de información y los beneficios percibidos influyen sobre la intención a vacunarse mediados por la actitud.

Objective To evaluate the effect of information sources on COVID-19, the benefits and perceived barriers of vaccination, and the attitude towards vaccination on the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in the population aged 40 and over in Mexico. Methods A quantitative, cross-sectional and explanatory investigation was developed. An electronic survey was applied to 703 people aged 40 and over who reside in Mexico. The analysis of results was carried out through the technique of structural equations by means of the method of partial least squares. Results The sources of information on COVID-19 positively influence the perceived benefits of the vaccine and reduce the perceived barriers. Furthermore, the perceived benefits positively influence the attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination; however, barriers do not affect attitude. Additionally, the latter influences the intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and indirectly the sources of information and the perceived benefits influence the intention to be vaccinated mediated by the attitude.

Conocimientos, actitudes y percepción sobre el rol de los medios de comunicación respecto a la COVID-19 en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad peruana / Knowledge, attitudes, and perception of the role of the media regarding COVID-19 in medical students from a peruvian university

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio transversal en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad privada de Lima. El objetivo fue describir el nivel de conocimientos y las actitudes sobre la COVID-19, además de su percepción sobre el rol de los medios de comunicación y de las redes sociales. El 32% no sabía que en los primeros cinco días de la enfermedad, las pruebas serológicas son preferibles para diagnosticar la COVID-19, comparadas con las pruebas moleculares; el 73% reportó estar dispuesto a trabajar como voluntario durante la pandemia y el 94% recibió información falsa sobre la COVID-19 en las redes sociales. Este estudio demuestra que la información sobre el uso de pruebas diagnósticas debe ser reforzada y que se debe tomar en cuenta el alto porcentaje de estudiantes dispuestos a ser voluntarios durante la pandemia de la COVID-19.

ABSTRACT A cross-sectional study was carried out on medical students from a private Peruvian university. The aim was to describe knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19 as well as the student's perception of the role of media outlets and social media. Of the students, 32% did not know that during the first five days of illness, serological tests are preferred for diagnosing COVID-19 over molecular tests; 73% reported being willing to work as a volunteer during the pandemic, and 94% received false information regarding COVID-19 on social media. This study demonstrated that information regarding diagnostic tests should be reinforced and that the high percentage of students willing to volunteer during the COVID-19 pandemic should not be overlooked.

Competencias comunicativas en estudiantes de medicina / Communication skills in medical students

Objetivo: Analizar las competencias comunicativas en estudiantes de medicina de UNIANDES. Método: Descriptiva observacional. Resultados: El 80% de los docentes encuestados mencionó que los estudiantes no poseen habilidades de expresión oral, pero no demuestran un dominio completo sobre la actividad. Conclusión: Los estudiantes de segundo semestre de la carrera de medicina carecen de algunas de las competencias comunicativas como son: lectura comprensiva, lenguaje no verbal, persuasión y expresión oral. falta de claridad e la ideas, fluidez verbal, lenguaje científico, ajuste al tema. Las competencias comunicativas son muy importantes dentro del desenvolvimiento personal y social del estudiante y son de gran relevancia en de la formación del futuro profesional en medicina.

Objective: To analyze the communicative competences in medical students of UNIANDES. Method: Descriptive observational. Results: 80% of the teachers surveyed mentioned that students do not possess oral expression skills, but they do not demonstrate a complete mastery of the activity. Conclusion: Second semester medical students lack some of the communicative competences such as: comprehensive reading, nonverbal language, persuasion and oral expression, lack of clarity of ideas, verbal fluency, scientific language, adjustment to the topic. The communicative competences are very important in the personal and social development of the student and are of great relevance in the formation of the future medical professional.

Investigation on the risk awareness of medical live webcast of physicians in public hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To investigate the current risk awareness of medical online live webcasts among physicians in public hospital, so as to provide reference in promoting the peaceful development of medical online live webcast.Methods:From March 15th to 31st, 2022, the research team used the convenience sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey on the risk awareness of medical online live webcast among doctors in public hospitals with the help of the " Physician Daily" Internet platform. All data were analyzed descriptively, and the comparison between groups was conducted by Chi square test.Results:1 015 questionnaires were recovered, of which 828 were valid, with an effective recovery rate of 81.6%. 741 doctors (89.5%) knew about the medical webcast, and 752 doctors (90.8%) thought that the medical webcast was risky. More than 50.0% of doctors believed that misleading the public, disclosing patients′ privacy and ideological risk were the risk points of live webcast; Health science popularization, doctor-patient humanistic activities and free medical activities were suitable for live webcast; Live webcast with goods and medical diagnosis were inappropriate for live webcast. There were significant differences in the cognition of doctors with different professional titles on the ideological risk, disclosure of patient privacy, health science popularization, medical and patient humanistic activities, and live webcasting with goods ( P < 0.05). 219 doctors participated in the medical network live webcast, of which 148 (67.6%) reported live webcast. Conclusions:Physicians in public hospitals are generally aware of medical webcasting and believe that there are risks in such behavior. But physicians with different professional titles have different cognitions on the risk points, suitable content, inappropriate behavior, and live webcastreporting of medical webcasting.

Nem tudo o que reluz é ouro: análise discursiva das campanhas educativas sobre a hanseníase / All that glitters is not gold: discursive analysis of educational campaigns on leprosy

A hanseníase é uma doença infectocontagiosa de caráter crônico cuja transmissão ocorre, preferencialmente, pelo contato prolongado de um indivíduo susceptível com as secreções das vias aéreas de um indivíduo doente. Manifesta-se principalmente por lesões na pele, olhos e comprometimento de nervos periféricos que se não tratados precocemente, podem evoluir para incapacidade física. Essas incapacidades físicas são os principais aspectos estgmatizantes da hanseníase, ainda atrelados à concepções divinas. Nesse sentido, notas-se que a hanseníase é uma doença conhecida, porém, pouco compreendida pela população. Por isso, torna-se fundamental pesquisar sobre o potencial educativo e transformador dessas campanhas, se agem como obstáculo à transformação do estigma sobre a doença ou se são potencialmente transformadoras. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as representações sociodiscursivas das campanhas sobre hanseníase produzidas e circuladas pelo Ministério da Saúde; identificar e analisar os discursos produzidos nos cartazes das campanhas sobre hanseníase do Ministério da Saúde; identificar os aspectos da conjuntura social acerca da representação da hanseníase; analisar como as campanhas representam em sua linguagem multimodal a doença e as pessoas afetadas pela hanseníase; analisar e explanar criticamente sobre o potencial educativo e transformador das campanhas sobre hanseníase: agem como obstáculo à transformação do estigma sobre a doença ou são potencialmente transformadoras. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental e discursiva sobre cartazes de campanhas sobre hanseníase, produzidas pelo Ministério da Saúde entre 2010 e 2021, disponibilizadas no Google Search Imagens, Ministério da Saúde, Movimento de Reintegração das Pessoas Atingidas pela Hanseníase, DHAW e Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Para análise do texto verbal foi utilizada a abordagem discursivo-crítica dialético-relacional de Norman Fairclough. Já a análise das imagens foi feita por meio da Gramática do Design Visual de Gunther Kress e Theo van Leeuwen para análise das imagens. Ao analisar os recursos semióticos produzidos nos 17 cartazes que compõem o corpus dessa pesquisa identificamos a articulação entre os discursos biomédico, pedagógico-instrutivo e do autocuidado. A multimodalidade dos cartazes constrói uma ideia positiva da doença, ao destacar imagens de corpos "saudáveis" em contato físico e cores que representam boas vibrações. Velam a realidade da vivência da doença ao desconsiderarem aspectos sociais importantes que envolvem a hanseníase. Contruir uma nova imagem para uma doença tão antiga não é um desafio fácil, principalmente quando se mantem relações com senso comum, permeado de estigmas. As escolhas feitas para a construção dos cartazes buscam reafirmar a hegemonia do saber biomédico influenciado pelo modelo cartesiano que reduz e fragmenta o corpo em partes, como se essas partes fossem mais importantes que o todo. Esse discurso foi construído na tentativa de imprimir na hanseníase a ideologia de uma doença crônica comum, desconsiderando todo seu percurso histórico cultural, que atualmente, representa um dos desafios no controle da doença no Brasil. Os discursos do autocuidado e pedagógico instrutivo buscam transferir para a sociedade a responsabilidade de procurarem pelo diagnóstico e tratamento da doença, que por muito tempo, estiveram sob responsabilidade do Estado

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease whose transmission occurs, preferably, through prolonged contact of a susceptible individual with secretions from the airways of a sick individual. It is mainly manifested by lesions in the skin, eyes and impairment of peripheral nerves that, if not treated early, can progress to physical disability. These physical disabilities are the main stigmatizing aspects of leprosy, still linked to divine conceptions. In this sense, it is noted that leprosy is a known disease, however, little understood by the population. Therefore, it is essential to research the educational and transforming potential of these campaigns, whether they act as an obstacle to the transformation of the stigma about the disease or whether they are potentially transformative.To analyze the socio-discursive representations of leprosy campaigns produced and propagated by the Ministry of Health; to identify and analyze the discourses contained within the posters of the Ministry of Health's leprosy campaigns; to perform an identify of the social conjuncture on the representation of leprosy; analyze how campaigns represent the disease and the people affected by it in their multimodal language; critically analyze and explain the educational and transforming potential of leprosy campaigns: if they act as an obstacle to the transformation of the stigma about the disease or if they are potentially transformative. Documentary and discursive research on leprosy campaign posters, produced by the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2021, available on Google Search Images, MS, MORHAN, DHAW, and FIOCRUZ. For verbal text analysis, Norman Fairclough's dialectical-relational approach to critical discourse was used. Image analysis was carried out using the Grammar of Visual Design by Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen. The socio- discursive representations are guided by the biomedical ideology. Verbs in the imperative mood indicate that governments hold the population accountable for disease control actions. The multimodality of the posters builds a positive idea of the disease, by highlighting images of "healthy" bodies in physical contact and colors that represent good vibes. They veil the reality of experiencing the disease by omitting important social aspects involving leprosy. To build a new image for such an old disease is not an easy challenge, especially when relationships are kept with common sense, permeated by stigmas. It is noted that the discourses on leprosy are related, even if indirectly, with the memories that address the stigma and, therefore, the setbacks linked to the formation of social identity and the full exercise of citizenship. The posters, by presenting images of "perfect bodies" and disjointed body parts with the manifestations of the disease, reinforce the stereotypes of the disease, in the same way that they bring insecurity, fear, anxiety, and doubts about it. Such socio-discursive representations accumulate socially and, in this way, perpetuate the mutilating, segregating, punitive, and dishonorable representation of the disease of the past.

Food diet and representations of dental caries published in a traditional brazilian newspaper / Dieta alimentar e representações da doença cárie publicadas em um tradicional jornal brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To apprehend the representations of dental caries present in a Brazilian print media, considering different historical periods, with emphasis on the dietary factor in the issue of etiology and disease prevention. Methods: This is a descriptive documentary research study carried out from the analysis of digitalized printed editions of Jornal do Brasil, published between 1891 and 1990, available for consultation on the electronic portal of the collection of periodicals entitled Brazilian Digital Library. For the search, the terminologies 'cárie dentária' and 'cárie dental' (both meaning dental caries) were used. The platform displays editions from pre-determined time periods. The displays were considered for all journalistic genres, composing or not the main or prominent theme. The data found were analyzed qualitatively. Results: In total, 675 occurrences were registered with the term 'cárie dentária' and 33 with the term 'cárie dental'. The representations of dental caries had multiple and complex variations. The object reconstruction process generated the categories: prevention, public policy and etiology. The topic of food diet significantly crossed the entire time span studied and remained frequently linked to tooth decay, sometimes related to the etiology, sometimes to the prevention of the disease. Conclusion: Jornal do Brasil reflected old knowledge in the field of dentistry, added new scientific knowledge and popularized it for the readership of the written press.

RESUMO Objetivo: Apreender as representações da cárie dentária presentes em um veículo da mídia impressa brasileira, considerando diferentes períodos históricos, com destaque para o fator dieta alimentar na questão da etiologia e da prevenção da doença. Métodos: Trata-se de pesquisa documental de caráter descritivo, realizada a partir da análise de edições impressas digitalizadas do Jornal do Brasil, publicadas entre 1891 e 1990, disponíveis para consulta no portal eletrônico de acervo de periódicos intitulado Hemeroteca Digital Brasileira. Para a busca foram utilizadas as terminologias 'cárie dentária' e 'cárie dental'. A plataforma expõe as edições a partir de períodos de tempo pré-determinados. As aparições foram consideradas para todos os gêneros jornalísticos, compondo ou não tema principal ou de destaque. Os dados encontrados foram analisados qualitativamente. Resultados: No total, foram registradas 675 ocorrências com o termo 'cárie dentária' e 33 com o termo 'cárie dental'. As representações da doença cárie tiveram múltiplas e complexas variações. O processo de reconstrução do objeto gerou as categorias: prevenção, política pública e etiologia. O tema dieta alimentar atravessou significativamente todo o arco temporal pesquisado e permaneceu frequentemente ligado à cárie dentária, ora relacionado à etiologia ora à prevenção da doença. Conclusão: O Jornal do Brasil refletiu antigos conhecimentos do campo da odontologia, agregou novos saberes científicos e os vulgarizou para o público leitor da imprensa escrita.

Sociodiscursive representations about leprosy in educational campaigns: implications on stigma reduction / Representaciones sociodiscursivas sobre la lepra en campañas educativas: implicaciones en la reeducación del estigma / Representações sociodiscursivas sobre a hanseníase em campanhas educativas: implicações na redução do estigma

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the socio-discursive representations about leprosy produced in posters of educational campaigns of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Methods: a documentary and discursive research about posters of campaigns about leprosy produced by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and available on Google Search Images. For the analysis, we used the Critical Discourse Analysis approach and the Grammar of Visual Design. Results: the socio-discursive representations of leprosy are based on the biomedical ideology, through a normative-curative discourse that focuses on the dermatological manifestations of the disease. Regarding the construction of the compositional space, there are posters that emphasize the meaning that the disease does not prevent affectionate relationships, and others highlight as "new" the clinical manifestations of the disease. Final Considerations: the normative-curative discourse produced in the campaigns is not enough to face stigma related to the disease. For leprosy to be understood as a common chronic disease, it is first necessary to fight the "social leprosy": the stigma.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar representaciones sociodiscursivas sobre lepra producidas en carteles de campañas educativas del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Métodos: investigación documental y discursiva acerca de carteles de campañas sobre lepra producidas por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil y disponibles en Google Search Imagens. Para análisis, utilizado el abordaje del Análisis Crítico del Discurso y Gramática de Diseño Visual. Resultados: las representaciones sociodiscursivas sobre lepra basadas en ideología biomédica, mediante un discurso normativo curativista que enfoca manifestaciones dermatológicas de la enfermedad. Relacionada a construcción del espacio composicional, hay carteles que enfatizan la significación de que la enfermedad no impide relaciones de afecto, y otros remarcan como "nuevo" las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad. Consideraciones Finales: el discurso normativo curativista producido en campañas no es suficiente para enfrentar estigma relacionado a enfermedad. Para la lepra ser comprendida como una enfermedad crónica común, antes es necesario, combatir la "lepra social": el estigma.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as representações sociodiscursivas sobre hanseníase produzidas em cartazes de campanhas educativas do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Métodos: pesquisa documental e discursiva acerca de cartazes de campanhas sobre hanseníase produzidas pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil e disponibilizadas no Google Search Imagens. Para análise, usou-se a abordagem da Análise Crítica do Discurso e a Gramática do Design Visual. Resultados: as representações sociodiscursivas sobre hanseníase se pautam na ideologia biomédica, mediante um discurso normativo-curativista que focaliza as manifestações dermatológicas da doença. Com relação à construção do espaço composicional, há cartazes que enfatizam a significação de que a doença não impede relações de afeto, e outros remarcam como "novo" as manifestações clínicas da doença. Considerações Finais: o discurso normativo-curativista produzido nas campanhas não é suficiente para enfrentar estigma relacionado à doença. Para a hanseníase ser compreendida como uma doença crônica comum, é necessário, antes, combater a "lepra social": o estigma.

Vozes de uma Reforma Sanitária: trabalhadores, sanitaristas e suburbanos na imprensa carioca da Primeira República / Voices of a Sanitary Reform: workers, public health phisicians and suburbanites in the Rio de Janeiro press of the First Republic

A partir da compreensão que a formação de valores públicos e a cultura política são partes constituintes da política e dos processos de mudança histórica, a presente tese aborda o debate sobre o saneamento em jornais comerciais e populares como parte integrante do processo de politização da saúde que desembocou na Reforma Sanitária de 1920. A análise de diferentes periódicos comerciais do período aponta que os integrantes do Movimento Pró-Saneamento se articularam à imprensa por meio de suas redes de sociabilidade e fizeram da comunicação um instrumento político para a efetivação de mudanças institucionais para a saúde pública. Entre 1916 e 1920, a interpretação que repunha a saúde como problema central para a formação nacional e responsabilidade do governo federal se sedimentou no debate público e se estabeleceu como parte do senso comum, antecipando a consolidação do aparato institucional. A vocalização pública dos argumentos e propostas do Movimento Pró-Saneamento não encontrou um público apático ou indiferente entre os grupos populares. A consideração de periódicos produzidos por trabalhadores e moradores dos subúrbios cariocas publicados no período anterior à publicização do argumento pró-saneamento identificou que a saúde era objeto de reivindicações e se articulava a diferentes pautas de lutas populares. Suas formulações sobre a saúde e o adoecimento antecipavam elementos que estariam presente nas teses do movimento pró-saneamento, tais como as relações entre abandono pelo Estado e adoecimento e entre as condições de vida, de trabalho e saúde. Durante o período de maior publicização do argumento sanitarista, trabalhadores e suburbanos estabeleceram afinidades e críticas à proposta de saneamento. O saneamento ao qual esses diferentes grupos de trabalhadores se referiam guardava aproximações e cruzamentos com a proposta dos sanitaristas ao mesmo tempo em que apontava para outros sentidos, vinculados a uma gramática de luta própria. Por meio do periodismo, parcelas mais amplas da população politizaram a saúde, apontaram contradições e lacunas existentes entre os argumentos e as práticas das autoridades sanitárias, imprimiram novos sentidos a palavra saneamento e reivindicaram melhorias em suas condições de vida e trabalho. Por fim, a tese argumenta que o processo de Reforma Sanitária colocado em curso na década de 1920 pode ser compreendido como um momento que não se encerrou nas formulações e ações de uma determinada elite política e intelectual, mas que abrigou também a agência de grupos sociais subalternizados.

Based on the understanding that the formation of public values and political culture are constituent parts of politics and processes of historical change, this thesis addresses the debate on sanitation in commercial and popular newspapers as an integral part of the process of politicization of health that led to the Brazilian Sanitary Reform of 1920. The analysis of different commercial journals of the period points out that the members of the Pro-Sanitation Movement articulated themselves to the press through their networks and made of this communication media a political instrument to effect institutional changes for public health. Between 1916 and 1920, the interpretation that repositioned health as a central problem for national formation and responsibility of the federal government became sedimented in the public debate and established as a part of the common sense, anticipating the consolidation of the institutional apparatus. The public vocalization of the Pro-Sanitation Movement's arguments and proposals did not find an apathetic or indifferent audience among the popular segments. The consideration of the newspapers produced by popular segments and published in the period before the publicizing of the pro-sanitation argument identified that health was an object of claims and articulated with different agendas of popular struggles. Their formulations on health and illness anticipated elements that would be present in the theses of the pro-sanitation movement, such as the relations between abandonment by the State and illness, as well as between life and working conditions and health. During the period of greater publicization of the pro-sanitation argument, workers and residents of the suburbs established affinities and criticisms to the sanitation proposal. The sanitation to which the workers referred kept approximations and intersections with the health reformers proposal, while it pointed to other meanings linked to its own grammar of struggle. Through journalism, wider segments of the population politicized health, pointed out contradictions and gaps between the arguments and practices of health authorities, gave new meanings to the word sanitation and claimed improvements in their living and working conditions. Finally, the thesis argues that the process of Sanitary Reform set in motion in the 1920s can be understood as a moment that did not end in the formulations and actions of a particular political and intellectual elite, but also harboured the agency of subalternized social segments.