Asociación entre enfermedad periodontal y parto pretérmino en un grupo de mujeres puérperas del norte de México / Association between periodontal disease and preterm birth in a group of puerperal women from northern of Mexico

Introducción: La enfermedad periodontal puede ser causa de lesiones sistémicas. Se conoce la prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal en mayores de 35 años y el aumento de los factores de riesgo en mujeres embarazadas, pero no se sabe si estos factores se potencializan en mujeres embarazadas menores de 35 años. En México son muy prevalentes tanto el embarazo en mujeres jóvenes como el parto pretérmino. Con el objetivo de conocer la prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal y su asociación con el parto prematuro, se realizó este estudio en mujeres puérperas menores de 35 años en una población abierta. Material y métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo y transversal, analizando casos y controles. La población de estudio fueron pacientes puérperas entre 17 y 35 años que ingresaron a un hospital público durante parte del año 2019. Se utilizó el índice de necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en la comunidad (CPITN, por sus siglas en inglés) para la medición de enfermedad periodontal (EP), se consideró embarazo prematuro (PP) cuando el parto ocurrió con menos de 37 semanas de embarazo. Como covariables se consideraron edad, tabaquismo y paridad. Se buscó la asociación mediante regresión logística para el cálculo de la razón de momios. Resultados: Se analizaron 323 mujeres, 200 (62%) tuvieron niveles 3 y 4 CPITN; 10.8% (35) tuvieron parto prematuro, la razón de momios cruda para la asociación entre código CPITN 3 y 4 y parto prematuro fue de 3.3 (p < 0.01). Después de ajustar por otros predictores la asociación se mantuvo en 3.8 (p < 0.01). Conclusiones: Es la primera vez en nuestro medio que se encuentra esta asociación entre enfermedad periodontal y parto prematuro. La prevalencia de parto prematuro en este grupo fue más alta que la media nacional. Es necesaria la revisión odontológica durante las visitas prenatales. Debe continuarse la línea de investigación con un estudio prospectivo (AU)

Introduction: Periodontal disease can cause systemic injuries. Prevalence of periodontal disease in people older than 35 years old is known, as well as the risk factors for pregnant women; however, it is not known if these factors also apply for pregnant women younger than 35 years of age. In Mexico, pregnancy among young women and preterm birth are very prevalent. The present study was done with the objective of finding out the prevalence of periodontal disease and its relationship with preterm birth in puerperal women younger than 35 years old in a population without social security. Material and methods: The study is observational, descriptive and transversal, analysis type cases and controls was done. The population for the study consists on puerperal patients between the ages of 17 to 35 years, all of them were admitted into a public hospital in a period of 2019. The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need (CPITN) was used to measure periodontal disease in the patients. Preterm birth was defined as a birth occur before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Age, smoking and parity were used as covariables. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between periodontal disease and preterm birth through odds ratio values. Results: 323 women were analyzed, 200 (62%) had levels of 3 and 4 on the CPITN. 10.8% (35) had preterm birth, the raw odds ratio for the association between the codes 3 and 4 from the CPITN was of 3.3 (p < 0.01), after adjusting other predictors the association was 3.8 (remaining as a p < 0.01). Conclusions: It is the first time that such an association between periodontal disease and preterm birth has been found in the region. Prevalence of preterm birth in the group studied was higher than the national's average. An odontological revision during prenatal visits is needed. This line of research should be continued through a prospective study (AU)

Prevalence of tobacco usage and its effect on the periodontal health parameters in the mining employees and the general population - A comparative study

Objective: Comparison of the prevalence of usage of tobacco products and its effect on the periodontal health parameters of the mining laborers and the general population of Udaipur city, India. Materials and methods: the cross sectional study was performed on the sample of 980 adults including 500 mining employees and 480 subjects from the general population. The presence or absence of the tobacco products usage was noted. The ADA type III examination using the community periodontal probe was done. The data obtained was subjected to chi-square and Cramer' v statistical analysis. Results: 79.40% of the mining-employees and 61.67% of the general population used different tobacco products, the difference noted was statistically significant (p=0.000). The most common periodontal condition amongst the mining employees and the general population was the presence of calculus (39% and 35.63% respectively) followed by the 4-5mm periodontal probing depth (29.20% and 26.04% respectively). The difference spotted was significant (p=0.018). There was statistically significant difference between the tobacco users and non- users for the different periodontal conditions (p=0.000). Conclusion: the tobacco product usage was high in mining employees group. There was a positive correlation between the usage of tobacco products and the periodontal health parameters (AU)

Grado de concordancia de los índices más utilizados en estudios epidemiológicos de la enfermedad periodontal / Level of agreement of the most used indexes in epidemiological studies for periodontal disease

INTRODUCCIÓN El estudio de la enfermedad periodontal (EP) ha presentado resultados imprecisos y heterogéneos debido a diversos factores, entre ellos, los métodos usados en la medición, las diferencias en el momento de definir el grado de afectación y los valores desde los cuales se consideraría que un paciente presenta EP. Existen múltiples índices periodontales utilizados frecuentemente en estudios epidemiológicos, cada uno con sus criterios y protocolos de medición. OBJETIVO Determinar la concordancia del valor de la prevalencia de la EP dada por algunos índices periodontales utilizados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal descriptivo en una población de 58 pacientes adultos de 35-44 años pertenecientes al CESFAM Lorenzo Arenas, Concepción, en el año 2013. Los examinadores fueron calibrados. Se realizó un examen con registro de boca completa midiendo 6 sitios por diente, con exclusión de los terceros molares, para medir pérdida de inserción clínica, profundidad de sondaje y hemorragia al sondaje. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el programa estadístico EPIDAT 3.0. RESULTADOS Se determinaron unos valores de prevalencia de EP muy distintos entre los indicadores evaluados, obteniéndose una variación de incluso 31 puntos en una escala porcentual. El análisis de la concordancia de los índices periodontales con el indicador CDC/AAP mostró que tanto ICEP, como CPI y CPITN lograron un buen valor kappa. CONCLUSIÓN A pesar de la gran diversidad de los índices con respecto a su formulación, se observó cierta concordancia entre algunos de ellos.

INTRODUCTION The study of periodontal disease (PD) has shown inaccurate and heterogeneous results due to various factors, among them: most used methods to measure the illness, differences at the time of deciding the level in which it affects patients and the values from which a patient would be considered to suffer from PD. There are numerous periodontal indexes frequently used in epidemiological studies, each one with different criteria and measurement protocols. OBJECTIVE To establish the agreement in PD prevalence value given by some periodontal indexes used. MATERIALS AND METHOD A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 58 adult patients between 35-44 years old belonging to Lorenzo Arenas Primary Health Care Center in Concepcion during the year 2013. All examiners who participated in the study were calibrated. A full mouth registration exam was carried out, measuring 6 places per tooth, not including the third molars, in order to measure the clinical attachment loss, probing depth, and bleeding on probing. The results were analyzed using EPIDAT 3.0 statistical program. RESULTS Very different PD prevalence values were obtained using the measured indicators, having a variation of up to 31 points in a percentage scale. The analysis of the agreement in periodontal indexes with the CDC/AAP indicator showed ICEP, CPI and CPITN scored a good kappa value. CONCLUSION Despite the great diversity of the indices with respect to their formulation, some correlation between them was observed.

Status of dental health in chemical warfare victims: The case of Isfahan, Iran.

Background: Little evidence is available regarding the dental health of victims of chemical warfare in Iran. Therefore, in this study, we examined the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT), community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and saliva secretion rate of chemical warfare victims living in the province of Isfahan in Iran. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted with 300 chemical warfare victims as the treatment group and 300 age-matched individuals without exposure to chemical warfare as the control group. DMFT and CPITN indices and saliva secretion rate were measured and compared between the two groups. Results: Chemical warfare victims had significantly higher scores than the control group for decayed teeth (4.25±3.88 vs 3.52±2.81; P=0.009), missing teeth (8.79±9.3 vs 6.15±8.43; P<0.001), total DMFT index (17.00±6.72 vs 13.20±6.89; P<0.001), and CPTIN (2.81±0.81 vs 1.71±1.04; P<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in filled teeth (4.00±4.2 vs 3.59±2.48; P=0.148). The level of saliva secretion in warfare victims was significantly lower than that in the control group (1.71±0.05 vs 3.85±1.95 cc/5 min; P<0.001). Conclusion: Chemical warfare victims have relatively poor dental/oral health. Chemical injury might cause a dysfunction in saliva secretion, with decrease in saliva secretion increasing the risk for tooth decay and periodontal disorders. Further research is required to find out the exact underlying mechanisms and the factors associated with poor dental/oral health in chemical warfare victims.

Assessment of periodontal status among dental fluorosis subjects using community periodontal index of treatment needs.

Aim: To determine the periodontal status and treatment needs among dental fluorosis subjects residing in Ennore, Chennai, using Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Materials and Methods: All the subjects with dental fluorosis above 15 years of age, permanent residents of Ennore, were included in the study. Subjects with known systemic diseases and subjects with other intrinsic dental stains were excluded from the study. Periodontal status was estimated using CPITN and Dental fluorosis was recorded using Dean's Dental Fluorosis Index. Results: The total number of study subjects was 1075, of which 489 were males and 586 were females. Males were predominantly affected with periodontal disease than females. This was found to be statistically significant (P=0.000). The association between Degree of Fluorosis and Periodontal Status is statistically significant (P=0.000). There was statistically significant difference in mean number of sextants between the degree of fluorosis in each of the periodontal status (P=0.000). Conclusion: The finding that the lower prevalence of shallow pockets in the study area, where the fluoride level in the drinking water ranges from 1.83 to 2.01 ppm, indicates that the use of fluoride in water is beneficial to the periodontal tissues.

Community periodontal index of treatment needs index: An indicator of anaerobic periodontal infection.

Background : Community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) index is commonly used to measure periodontal disease. It's uniqueness, apart from assessing the periodontal status, also gives the treatment needs for the underlying condition. Benzoyl-DL-arginine napthylamide (BANA) test is a chair side diagnostic test used to detect the presence of putative periodontal pathogens. We correlated the CPITN scores of patients with BANA test results to assess the validity of CPITN as an indicator of anaerobic periodontal infection. Objectives : The present study was aimed to correlate the CPITN scores with the BANA activity of subgingival plaque. The objective was to assess the validity of CPITN index as indicator of anaerobic periodontal infection. Patients and Methods : A total of 80 sites were selected from 20 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. After measuring the probing depth with CPITN C probe, the highest score from each sextant was selected according to the CPITN criteria and subgingival plaque samples were collected using a sterile curette and the BANA test was performed. Results : Kendall's tau-b and Chi- square test were used to assess the correlation between the BANA test results and CPITN scores. Results indicated sensitivity (92.86%), specificity (80%) and agreement (91.25%); indicating the validity of CPITN in assessing anaerobic infection. Conclusion : There was a significant correlation between BANA test results and scores 3 and score 4 of CPITN index (P < 0.001) clearly indicating the presence of anaerobic periodontal infection.

Creencias, prácticas y necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en una población adulta en Cali, 2003 / Beliefs, practices and periodontal treatment needs of an adult population in Cali, 2003

Objetivo: Identificar las creencias, prácticas y necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en la población adulta que asiste al Colegio Odontológico Colombiano de Cali en el año 2003. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. Por muestreo aleatorio simple proporcional, se obtuvo una muestra de 127 pacientes que asisten a las clínicas del Colegio Odontológico Colombiano. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario de 41 puntos (basado en el modelo de creencias en salud) sobre creencias de enfermedad periodontal y prácticas de higiene oral más un componente clínico en el que se utilizaron los índices IPB (Greene y Vermilion) y el ICNTP. Resultados: De 127 participantes, 69.3% creen que el sangrado gingival es signo de enfermedad, y 65.4% creen que la enfermedad periodontal es consecuencia de la mala higiene oral; 86.6% afirmaron que no tener la enfermedad les ayuda a desempeñarse socialmente. Además, 23% creen que prevenir la enfermedad periodontal es costoso. Sólo 2.3% presentaron valores menores a 12% (considerado como normal) en el índice de IPB. En 97.6% hubo algún parámetro de enfermedad periodontal como sangrado, cálculo y bolsas. Conclusiones: El modelo de creencias en salud permitió conocer las creencias sobre enfermedad periodontal. Aunque una gran proporción de los participantes sufre de enfermedad periodontal, un poco más de la mitad ignora que la padece; los participantes no cuentan con suficiente información sobre la enfermedad. Aunque los participantes se sienten susceptibles y conocen los beneficios de estar libre de la enfermedad periodontal, casi la totalidad de los encuestados están afectados.

Objective: To identify the beliefs, practices and periodontal treatment needs in an adult population who assist to the clinics of the Colegio Odontológico Colombiano, Cali, 2003. Materials and methods: An observacional, descriptive cross sectional study was made. A proportional simple random sampling was used. A sample of 127 patients was obtained from the total number of attendants to the clinics of the Colegio Odontológico Colombiano. For data collection a questionnaire of 41 items (based on the health belief model) about the beliefs and practices of periodontal disease was used. Also, a clinical approach was made using the oral Greene & Vermilion hygiene index and the index of community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Results: Of the total, 69.3% believed that gum bleeding is a sign of disease; 65.4% believed that the cause of periodontal disease is the bad oral hygiene. 86.6% said that not having the disease helps to have a better social relation. 23% thought that preventing the periodontal disease is expensive. 2.3% had the oral hygiene index lower than the normal one of 12%, and 97.6% presented a sign of periodontal disease like bleeding, calculus, pockets. Conclusions: The Health Belief Model allowed to know the beliefs on periodontal disease. Although a great proportion of participants suffer periodontal disease, more than half of the population ignores that they suffer the disease. The participants do not have sufficient information about this disease. Although the participants feel susceptible and know the benefits of not having periodontal disease, almost all of them were affected.