ABSTRACT
Licorice extract has the efficacy of anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-oxidation and anti-aging. It is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. This paper analyzes the status of licorice extract’s global trade and its international competitiveness. The main purpose is to clarify the status of our country’s licorice extract in the international market and provide reference for improving the international competitive advantage of licorice extract of China. Germany, the United States, Netherlands, France, Japan, Israel and China were the main import and export countries for licorice extract. The international market share (IMS), trade competitiveness index (TC Index), revealed comparative advantage index (RCA Index) and competitive advantage index (CA Index) were used to compare the licorice extract’s international competitiveness of these countries. It showed that Israel has the strongest international competitiveness and followed by France. The United States has the maximum IMS, but its competitiveness was on sagging tendency. Germany and the Netherlands are the major importers of licorice extract. Although they are lack of international competitiveness, its international competitiveness is on the rise, especially in Germany. China’s licorice extract has a high IMS, but its international trade competitiveness is weak, far lower than the United States and France. Japan was the basic export country of China’s licorice extract. The TC index and CA index of licorice extract in Japan are less than zero, which means Japan’s licorice extract is not competitive.
ABSTRACT
To study the data of the trade of the ginseng products in the UN COMTRADE database and analyze the overall situation of the international trade of the ginseng products. China, South Korea, Canada, and the United States are not only the market for the production of ginseng products, but also the main consumer markets for Ginseng products. Hong Kong, China is dominated by entrepot trade and is an important consumer market for ginseng products as well. The four countries mentioned above and Hong Kong, China, play a decisive role in the international trade of ginseng products. Using trade specialization coefficient (TSC), international market share (IMS), revealed comparative advantage (RCA), and competitive advantage (CA), the trade status of the Ginseng products in the four countries from 2007 to 2015 was studied, and the situation of its trade competitiveness was analyzed. The results showed that the average values of three indicators of international trade competitiveness of Canada were ranked the first with the absolute superiority except the mean value of TSC, which was slightly lower than that of South Korea. The average of TSC indicators of South Korea was ranked first, the means of RCA and CA were ranked the second in the world. As for China, the three indexes were all ranked the third except for IMS, ranked the second. However, the four indicators in the United States were all ranked in the last place.
ABSTRACT
La Alianza del Pacífico se define como una iniciativa de integración profunda que procura abordar temas complejos (no de índole exclusivamente comercial) y que se fundamenta en las motivaciones y aspiraciones de los países miembros y fundadores, que tienen como objetivo lograr: una eficiente apertura comercial, la incursión a nuevos mercados y la inserción en las Cadenas Globales de Valor (GCV). A pesar de que entre Colombia y cada uno de los países que hoy conforman la Alianza del Pacífico existen acuerdos y tratados comerciales de décadas atrás, una revisión de la dinámica comercial entre el país cafetero y este grupo evidencia: por una parte, el deterioro en el volumen de las exportaciones, y por otra, un aumento de las importaciones, principalmente con México, lo que ha generado una balanza comercial en déficit, y un rezago considerable de apertura comercial, medida en términos per cápita. No obstante, al profundizar en el análisis por medio de la aplicación de indicadores como el de Balassa, se determina una cierta estabilidad y eficiencia de Colombia al exportar hacia estos países, como también la existencia de un grupo de productos con una considerable ventaja comparativa, pero poco exportados por el país cafetero.
The Pacific Alliance is an initiative characterized by deeper integration that seeks to address complex issues (not those related exclusively to trade). The PA is founded on the motivations and aspirations of its founder countries. The PA aims to achieve efficient trade liberalization, entry into new markets and integration into Global Value Chains (GVC). Although the existing trade agreements between Colombia and each of the member countries date from several decades ago, a current review of trade dynamics between Colombia and all the other member countries highlights, on the one hand, the deterioration in the volume of exports, and on the other hand, an increase in imports, mainly from Mexico. This has generated a negative trade balance and a considerable lag in terms of openness to foreign trade, measured in per capita terms. However an in-depth analysis through the application of indicators such as Balassa, shows Colombia possesses a measure of stability and efficiency to export to these countries, as well as highlighting the existence of a group of products with considerable comparative advantage, but barely exported by Colombia.
A Aliança do Pacífico é definida como uma iniciativa de integração profunda que procura abordar questões complexas (natureza não puramente comercial) e baseia-se nas motivações e aspirações dos países membros e fundadores, que visam alcançar: uma liberalização do comércio eficiente a incursão em novos mercados e integração nas Cadeias Globais de Valor (GCV). Embora entre a Colômbia e cada um dos países que hoje compõem a Aliança do Pacífico, existem acordos comerciais e tratados de décadas atrás, uma revisão da dinâmica das trocas comerciais entre o país de café e este grupo evidência: por um lado, a deterioração o volume de exportações, e, por outro, o aumento das importações, principalmente do México, o que gerou um déficit da balança comercial e um atraso considerável de liberalização do comércio, medido em termos per capita. No entanto, uma análise mais aprofundada através da aplicação de indicadores, tais como Balassa, determina-se uma certa estabilidade e eficiência da Colômbia para exportar para esses países, bem como a existência de um grupo de produtos com considerável vantagem comparativa, mas pouco café exportado pelo país.
ABSTRACT
Exchange rate and market liberalization policies put in place by recent Chilean administrations with the stated goal of promoting exports in both traditional and non-traditional sectors have resulted in a relative boom for the aquacultural activities in particular. The farming of salmon is well known, and less traditional exports in this area are beginning to play a larger role in the performance of the Chilean economy as a whole. This papers objective is the analysis of the performance of the Chilean aquacultural exports for the period 1995-2005, as a complement of a previous work on agricultural exports. The performance of several indicators of specialization (revealed comparative advantage and contribution to the trade balance), commerce structure (share of exports of the selected items to the total of exports) and competitiveness (indices of sector participation and market share) of each export category was analyzed. Eleven categories of the Harmonized System were reduced to six: salmon, fish fillets, seaweed, scallops, mussels and aquatic invertebrates. The performance of the worlds top exporter in each category was also included in the analysis. A relatively high level of specialization of aquacultural exports for Chile and its main competitors in almost all categories, with exceptions, is inferred. Trends in competitiveness that may help take remedial measures where needed are revealed. These results may prove useful for those responsible of implementing policies with beneficial effect for the sector and the economy as a whole.
Las políticas cambiarias y de libre mercado introducidas por los últimos gobiernos de Chile con el objetivo expreso de promover las exportaciones de productos tradicionales y no tradicionales, han tenido como consecuencia, en particular, un relativo auge de la acuicultura. El cultivo del salmón es de renombre, y exportaciones menos conocidas de este sector tienen una importancia cada vez mayor en el comportamiento global de la economía chilena. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis del comportamiento de las exportaciones acuícolas chilenas para el periodo 1995-2005, como complemento de un trabajo anterior sobre las exportaciones agrícolas chilenas. Se analizó el comportamiento de varios indicadores de especialización (ventaja comparativa revelada y contribución a la balanza comercial), estructura de comercio (participación de la exportación de los productos seleccionados en el total de las exportaciones) y competitividad (índices de participación sectorial y de cuota de mercado) en cada categoría exportada. Once categorías del Sistema Armonizado fueron reducidas a seis: salmón, filete de pescado, algas, ostiones, mejillones e invertebrados acuáticos. Además, se analizó el comportamiento del principal país exportador y competidor de Chile en cada categoría seleccionada. Los resultados permiten concluir que, excepciones aparte, las exportaciones acuícolas tanto de Chile como de sus principales competidores gozan de un relativamente alto grado de especialización. También muestran tendencias en la competitividad que pueden ayudar a tomar medidas correctivas donde se necesite. Estos resultados pueden ser útiles a aquellos responsables de implementar políticas con beneficio para el sector y para la economía en general.
As políticas cambiárias e de livre mercado introduzidas pelos últimos governos do Chile com o objetivo expresso de promover as exportações de produtos tradicionais e não tradicionais, têm tido como conseqüência, em particular, um relativo auge da aqüicultura. O cultivo do salmão é de renome, e exportações menos conhecidas deste setor têm uma importância cada vez maior no comportamento global da economia chilena. O objetivo deste artigo é a análise do comportamento das exportações aqüícolas chilenas para o período 1995-2005, como complemento de um trabalho anterior sobre as exportações agrícolas chilenas. Analisou-se o comportamento de vários indicadores de especialização (vantagem comparativa revelada e contribuição à balança comercial), estrutura de comercio (participação da exportação dos produtos selecionados no total das exportações) e competitividade (índices de participação setorial e de quota de mercado) em cada categoria exportada. Onze categorias do Sistema Harmonizado foram reduzidas a seis: salmão, filete de peixe, algas, ostras, mexilhões e invertebrados aquáticos. Além disso, se analisou o comportamento do principal país exportador e competidor de Chile em cada categoria selecionada. Os resultados permitem concluir que, exceções aparte, as exportações aqüícolas tanto de Chile como de seus principais competidores contam com um relativamente alto grau de especialização. Também mostram tendências na competitividade que podem ajudar a tomar medidas corretivas onde necessárias. Estes resultados podem ser úteis para os responsáveis na implementação de políticas com beneficio para o sector e para a economia em geral.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To discuss about the strategy of technology advancement in pharmaceutical industry of Chi?na.METHODS:According to the analysis of comparative advantages of chemical pharmaceutical industry and industry of Chi?nese materia medica,the different competitive status of them was made definite.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:In the inter?national competition,Chinese traditional materia medica has distinctive advantage,while the chemical pharmaceutical industry lags behind,therefore the innovation strategy should be different between them.