Regional comparison and implications of China's long-term care insurance system / 中国卫生政策研究

This paper attempts to review the long-term care insurance policies which have been issued in 13 national pilot cities such as Qingdao and Haidian district,Beijing. The paper investigates the problems and challen-ges China's long-term care insurance system faces with,and put forward the construction of long-term care insurance system. The preliminary thinking on some issues, such as the relationship between welfare and marketization when the long-term care insurance has been put into practice on a trial basis,the relationship between long-term care insur-ance and medical insurance,and the specific implementation plan of the long-term insurance. According to the issued documents issued by pilot regions,it was found that there are not only differences but also similarities among the pilot cities in who are insured,who pays the insurance fee,what might be covered,what the levels of insurance are,and what kind of service will be provided. Although the long term care insurance system has been initially established in these cities, the specific implementation remains to be demonstrated, e. g. supervision and management, nursing service provision. In addition,local governments need to continuously expand the benefit range of long-term care in-surance to ensure long-term success,do good coordination and connection of long-term care insurance and pension in-surance,and reasonably allocate the medical insurance,pension,and health care resources.

The Comparison between Government Accounting System (Draft for Discussing) and Hospital Accounting System / 中国卫生经济

Based on comparing between Government Accounting System (Draft for Discussing) and Hospital Accounting System,there were some similarities between Government Accounting System and Hospital Accounting System,but it had significant difference on the whole structure,application,determinants,accounting model,setting and ordering fro accounting title and financial report.Government Accounting Svstem not only inherited correct comments and points from Hospital Accounting System,but also made some progress and breakthrough.Meanwhile,there were some problems in Government Accounting System.

Comparison of resources development for institutional repository between college and university libraries in China and USA and its enlightenments / 中华医学图书情报杂志

The resources development for institutional repository between college and university libraries in China and USA was comparatively analyzed in aspects of its richness,usability,normality and sustainability with C9 League Colleges and Universities in China and Ivy League Colleges and Universities in USA as examples,which showed that the construction of institutional repository in domestic college and university library is still at its initial stage,its usability and normality are limited,and its sustainability is not so promising.

Impactos da terceirização em empregados efetivos: um caso na construção de edificações / Impacts of outsourcing on effective employees: a case in building construction / Los impactos de la subcontratación en los empleados fijos: un caso de la construcción de edificios

Em um contexto de expansão da terceirização na economia, pesquisamos com o objetivo de comparar a percepção sobre aspectos das condições de trabalho e a atribuição de significados ao trabalho por empregados efetivos em uma empresa de construção de edificações com adoção extensiva de terceirização (EA) com os de outra empresa (EB) que com menor adoção de terceirização (EB). Na pesquisa de campo, aplicamos, junto a 187 operários, partes do Inventário do Significado do Trabalho e do Questionário de Condições de Trabalho, e entrevistamos 16 operários e gestores para diferenciar os contextos organizacionais. Encontramos, entre outros aspectos, que os empregados da EB percebem mais Riscos de Acidentes de Trabalho e mais Autonomia (jornada de trabalho e escolha de colegas), enquanto os da EA tendem a valorizar mais a Expressão de Respeito e o Acolhimento e a atribuir mais fortemente significados de Ser Reconhecido e Ser Retribuído Equitativamente. Concluímos que o estilo gerencial provavelmente impacta mais tais conteúdos simbólicos dos operários efetivos do que a extensão da terceirização.

In the context in which outsourcing has expanded in the economy, we conducted research aiming to compare the perception of aspects of working conditions, and the attribution of meaning to work, between effective employees in a building construction company (cA), with extensive adoption of outsourcing, and others those in another company (cB), with less adoption of outsourcing. In the field research, we applied parts of the Meaning of Work Inventory and the Questionnaire on Working Conditions to 187 workers, and interviewed 16 workers and managers to differentiate the organizational contexts. We found, among other aspects, that the employees of cB perceive more Risk of Work Accidents and more Autonomy (working hours and choice of colleagues), while the employees of cA tend to value more the Expression of Respect and Acceptance and attribute stronger meanings to Being Recognized and Being Equitably Rewarded. We conclude that managerial style probably has more impact on such symbolic content from effective workers than does the extent of outsourcing.

En un contexto en que la expansión de la subcontratación en la economía, investigamos con el objetivo de cotejar la percepción de aspectos de las condiciones de trabajo y la atribución de significados al trabajo por parte de empleados con puestos fijos de una empresa de construcción de edificios, con adopción extensiva de subcontratación (EA), con los de otra empresa con menos adopción de subcontratación (EB). En el estudio de campo, aplicamos, a 187 obreros, partes del Inventario de Significado del Trabajo y del Cuestionario de Condiciones de Trabajo, y entrevistamos a 16 obreros y dirigentes para diferenciar los contextos organizacionales. Verificamos, entre otros aspectos, que los empleados de la EB perciben más Riesgos de Accidentes Laborales y más Autonomía (jornada de trabajo y elección de colegas), mientras que los de la EA tienden a valorar más la Expresión de Respeto y Aceptación y atribuir más fuertes significados de Ser Reconocido y Ser Retribuido Equitativamente. Concluimos que el estilo gerencial probablemente causa más impacto en tales contenidos simbólicos de los obreros con puestos fijos que la extensión de la subcontratación.

Z-plasty: a comparative study between theoretical and practical elongation / Zetaplastia: estudo comparativo entre o alongamento teórico versus prático

Introduction: The study of the final elongation values produced by 45º, 60º, 75º, and 90º-angle z-plasties performed on the skin of the lower abdomen of fresh cadavers were compared with the theoretical mathematical data published in the literature. Methods: Four z-plasties with 2-cm main and secondary branches each, and with 45º, 60º, 75º, and 90º angles were performed on the skin of the lower abdomen in 11 fresh cadavers to evaluate the final elongation produced. Results: The mean elongation at their respective angles was lower than that found in the literature, with a p value of <0.01. Conclusion: The elongation values obtained from the present study showed a significant difference from the published values.

Introdução: O estudo do alongamento final produzido por zetaplastias com ângulos de 45, 60, 75 e 90 graus na pele do abdome inferior de cadáveres frescos foi comparado com os dados matemáticos teóricos apresentados pela literatura. Métodos: Foram realizadas quatro zetaplastias com ramos principais e secundários de 2 cm cada um deles e ângulos de 45, 60, 75 e 90 graus na pele do abdome inferior de 11 cadáveres frescos para avaliar o alongamento final produzido. Resultados: A média dos alongamentos para os respectivos ângulos foi inferior ao encontrado na literatura, com valor de p < 0,01. Conclusão: Existiu diferença significativa entre os valores da literatura e os encontrados no presente estudo.

ESTUDO COMPARADO INTERNACIONAL: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA O CAMPO DA EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL / INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE STUDY: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIELD OF SPECIAL EDUCATION

RESUMO Objetivamos contribuir no refinamento de construções teóricas que subsidiem a pertinência de estudos em Educação Comparada para o adensamento da produção do conhecimento em Educação Especial. Observamos que em nosso país, a produção de conhecimento em Educação Especial, no âmbito da Educação Comparada, ainda é bastante escassa. Ressaltamos a necessidade de superar os modelos hegemônicos de comparação, eminentemente quantitativos e largamente utilizados pelos organismos internacionais, que estudam realidades circunscrevendo-as num perfil cultural único e ideal, e arregimentando elementos que legitimem uma política imperialista e colonizadora. Apresentamos conexões de uma perspectiva investigativa comparada com as obras de Norbert Elias, em diálogo com a história, com o objeto e com as bases teórico-metodológicas que perpassam a Educação Comparada, desde sua instituição como campo de investigação. Compreendemos a Educação Comparada como campo interdisciplinar, fundamentado num saber dinâmico e aberto metodologicamente. Afinal, os diferentes tipos de conhecimento correlacionam-se às diferenças específicas na situação das sociedades em que são produzidos. Conhecer outras realidades nos ajuda a compreender o capítulo da história humana que escrevemos com os outros.

ABSTRACT We aim to contribute to the refinement of theoretical constructions that underpin the relevance of studies in Comparative Education for enhancing knowledge production in Special Education. We note that the production of knowledge in Special Education in our country, especially in Comparative Education, is still rather scarce. We highlight the need to overcome hegemonic models of comparison, mostly quantitative and widely used by international organizations, which study realities circumscribing them in a single and ideal cultural profile, and reinforce elements that legitimize an imperialist and colonizing policy. We present connections of an investigative perspective compared to the works of Norbert Elias, in dialogue with history, with the object and with the theoretical and methodological foundations that permeate Comparative Education from its establishment as a research field. We understand Comparative Education as an interdisciplinary field, based on methodologically dynamic and open knowledge. Finally, different types of knowledge correlate with specific differences depending on the societal situation in which they are produced. Acknowledging other realities helps us understand the chapter of human history we write with others.

Acolhimento familiar em Portugal e Espanha: uma investigação comparada sobre a satisfação dos acolhedores / Family foster care in Portugal and Spain: a comparative research on the satisfaction of foster carers

ResumoEste estudo apresenta uma comparação entre as experiências de famílias de acolhimento de Portugal e Espanha, avaliando-se a sua satisfação com a informação recebida antes do acolhimento; a preparação da criança para o acolhimento; os apoios técnico e financeiro; e a evolução do processo de acolhimento. Pretende-se contribuir para melhorar e promover a medida de acolhimento familiar nos dois países. Os processos de acolhimento familiar dependem de fatores históricos e culturais que produzem diferenças importantes nos diversos contextos internacionais. Assim, foram realizadas entrevistas em duas amostras aleatórias constituídas por 52 famílias de acolhimento em Portugal e 46 na Espanha, cujos resultados foram comparados através de testes estatísticos paramétricos e não paramétricos. Os acolhedores, em ambos os países, mostraram um elevado grau de satisfação com o processo de acolhimento. No entanto, em Portugal, existe maior preocupação com o fraco apoio financeiro, as informações não fornecidas pelos serviços de acolhimento ou a má preparação da criança para o acolhimento. Por fim, são apresentadas sugestões para a melhoria da gestão e implementação desta resposta social. (AU)

AbstractThis study provides a comparison between experiences of Portuguese and Spanish foster families and evaluates their satisfaction with the information received before the host; the preparation of the child for the foster care; the technical and financial support; and the evolution of the foster care process. It aims to contribute to improving implementation and development of this social response in both countries. The foster care processes depend on historical and cultural factors that have significant differences in various international contexts. Thus, two random samples of 52 foster families in Portugal and 46 in Spain were interviewed, and the results were compared using parametric and non parametric statistical tests. The carers, in both countries, show a high degree of satisfaction with the foster care process. However, in Portugal there is greater concern about the poor financial support, information not provided by the foster care services or poor preparation of the child for childcare. Finally, the study presents suggestions for improving the management and implementation of this social response. (AU)

Características y desarrollo del acogimiento familiar en dos países con fuerte tradición de acogimiento residencial: España y Portugal / Characteristics and Development of Foster Care in Two Countries with a Strong Tradition of Residential Care: Spain and Portugal

Los procesos de acogimiento familiar que se producen en cada país dependen de factores históricos y culturales que dan lugar a grandes diferencias internacionales. A pesar de que las comparativas internacionales ofrecen un medio de intercambio de experiencias, lo que permite el aprendizaje mutuo y la transferencia de buenas prácticas, a menudo encontramos enormes barreras para su realización debido, entre otros factores, al limitado acceso a los datos sobre la práctica de la protección infantil. Frente a estas limitaciones, este artículo ofrece una investigación comparativa realizada en España y Portugal, cuyo objetivo ha sido la evaluación del acogimiento familiar en dos países donde la investigación en el ámbito de la protección infantil ha sido tradicionalmente desatendida. Sobre una muestra de 357 casos en España y 289 en Portugal, se realizó un estudio del perfil de características de los niños acogidos, las familias de origen y los acogedores, así como de los procesos de acogida en ambos países. La comparativa reveló importantes diferencias relacionadas con la mayor edad al inicio del acogimiento de los niños en España; el perfil de los acogedores, con edades más avanzadas, un bajo nivel educativo y llevando a cabo acogidas de más de un niño simultáneamente en Portugal. El estudio comparado nos ha permitido identificar áreas que requieren mayor atención en ambos países, como la renovación generacional del banco de acogedores en Portugal o la necesidad de acelerar los procesos de toma de decisiones para la entrada en acogimiento familiar en España. Se pretende que este artículo sirva de aliento para la recogida de datos y comparación con otros países iberoamericanos.

Fostering processes that occur in each country depend on historical and cultural factors that give rise to large international differences. Despite the fact that international comparisons offer a way of exchanging experiences, allowing mutual learning and transfer of good practice, we often encounter major barriers for its completion due to limited access to data on child protection practice, among other factors. Given these limitations, this article provides a comparative study conducted in Spain and Portugal. The aim is the evaluation of family foster care interventions in two countries where research in the field of child protection has traditionally been neglected. The profile of foster children, families of origin and foster families, as well as the features of the fostering processes were studied in a sample of 357 cases in Spain and 289 in Portugal. The comparison revealed significant differences related to the older age of Spanish foster children at the beginning of the foster placement. The profile of foster carers revealed older age, low educational level and frequent situations of multiple placements in Portugal. The comparative study has identified areas that require further attention in both countries, such as the generational shift of foster carers in Portugal or the need to speed up the decision-making processes for entry into a family foster placement in Spain. This article intends to be an encouragement for data collection and comparison in other Latin American countries.

Research on the optimization and comparative analysis in working process of digital radiology / 中国医学装备

Objective:To compare the huge changes in working process between complete digital radiology and conventional radiology (screen-film system). Methods: Through analysis of the pre-digital and post-digital working processes, the different working effectiveness were analyzed. Results: The working effectiveness of post-digitization transcended that of pre-digitization evidently, especially in waiting time, delivery and archive of reports and images, and accuracy of diagnosis. Conclusion:Digital radiology is a development direction in the future, which can increase the working effectiveness and detectability of disease.

Total knee arthroplasty:Comparison between quadriceps sparing approach and medial parapatellar approach / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Now, domestic total knee arthroplasty surgeries mainly use medial parapatel ar approach, with the disadvantages of large trauma and slower recovery. The quadriceps sparing approach is more accorded with normal anatomy, which can keep the knee extension system intact. The clinical comparison between quadriceps sparing approach and medial parapatel ar approach is rare. OBJECTIVE:To compare the early effect of total knee arthroplasty through quadriceps sparing approach and medial parapatel ar approach. METHODS:From January 2009 to January 2010, 55 patients (70 knees) were randomly divided into quadriceps sparing approach group (n=26, 35 knees) and medial parapatel ar approach group (n=29, 35 knees). Patients in two groups received total knee arthroplasty through quadriceps sparing approach and medial parapatel ar approach respectively. The incision length, operative time, postoperative drainage volume, additional amount of etoricoxib tablets, pain degree, straight leg raising time, start walking time, hospitalization time, range of motion of knee joint, Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score, radiographic alignment of al components and complications were compared between two groups. Al the prostheses used in this study were the Sigma type prostheses provided by the rotation platform of Johnson&Johnson Company. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Al the patients were fol owed-up for 12-24 months without infections, deep vein thrombosis, neurovascular injury, prosthesis instability, prosthesis loosening or displacement. Position of al the prostheses was normal in patients. The operative time in the quadriceps sparing approach group was longer than that in the medial parapatel ar approach group (P=0.00), while the incision length, postoperative drainage volume, additional amount of etoricoxib tablets, visual analog scale, straight leg raising time, start walking time, hospitalization time, range of motion of knee joint at 3 days after replacement and Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score in the quadriceps sparing approach group were better than those in the medial parapatel ar approach group (Psignificant differences in range of motion of knee joint at 3 days after replacement and Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score between two groups. The early effect of total knee arthroplasty through quadriceps sparing approach is better than the medial parapatel ar approach, and there is no significant difference in prosthesis alignment between two methods.

Comparison of the Cyt b Gene Sequences in Tibet Mini-Pig and Other Chinese Pigs / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To analyze the Cyt b gene sequences in Tibet mini-pigs and clarify the differences and genetic relationship with other Chinese pigs.Method The sequence of Cyt b gene was amplified from genome DNA of Tibet mini-pig,Bama miniature pigs,Guizhou xiang pigs and Wuzhishan (WZS) pigs.After sequencing,the base sequences were compared and analysed.The blood relationship tree and evolution position of Tibet mini-pig were established.Result There were 14 mutation sites between domestic pigs in China and pigs from Europe.Besides there was a significant differenee in two nucleotide site:a T→C switch in site 420 and the G→A switch in site 883 at the same time.Conclusion Chinese pigs include Bama miniature pigs,Guizhou xiang pigs and WZS pigs,have a very close blood relationship with some of Tibet mini-pigs.It has been confirmed that there is a certain genetic differentiation in the Tibet mini-pig.

Características de los cuidadores de personas en situación de cronicidad: Cartagena (Colombia): un estudio comparativo / Characteristics of the caretakers in people with chronicity situation: Cartagena (Colombia): a comparative study

Contexto: El incremento de las enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles como respuesta al patrón epidemiológico que caracteriza a la región y al país se refleja en todos los grupos etáreos. Paralelo al gasto total que representa el curso de la enfermedad crónica, surge el fenómeno creciente del desgaste y la carga de aquellas personas que tienen que asumir el cuidado del otro: el cuidador familiar. Se requiere investigación en enfermería que permita conocer la experiencia y problemática de los cuidadores en diferentes contextos de cuidado. Objetivo: Comparar las características de los cuidadores familiares de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas de Cartagena, Colombia. Método: Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal para comparar las características de los cuidadores de pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer, niños en situación de discapacidad y enfermedad cerebro vascular, y las características de los cuidadores de personas que conviven con el virus del VIH-sida. Para la caracterización de los cuidadores se utilizó la encuesta diseñada por el grupo de cuidado al paciente crónico de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Resultados: Participaron 294 cuidadores. Un total de 85 cuidadores de pacientes con Alzheimer; 96, de niños en situación de discapacidad; 58, de pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular; y 55, de personas que conviven con el virus del VIH-sida. Conclusiones: Se encontró heterogeneidad entre las características de los cuidadores de personas que conviven con el virus del VIH y los tres grupos de cuidadores restantes en la ciudad de Cartagena...

Context: The increased rates of the non transmissible chronic diseases as an answer to the epidemiological pattern in the region and the country is reflected in all the age groups. With the total cost of the illness’ chronic course, comes the increasing phenomenon of wearing out and the weigth of those who have to take care of another person: The family caregiver. It requires research in nursing that permits the knowledge of the experience and issues related in different contexts. Object: To compare the characteristics of the family caregivers, whose patients suffer critical diseases in Cartagena, Colombia. Methodology: Cross sectional study was carried out to compare the characteristics of the patients’ caregivers with Alzheimer, children in disability situations, and cerebro-vascular illnesses and the characteristic of caregivers of people with HIV-aids. For characterization of caregivers, we used the survey called “Caracterización de los Cuidadores”, which was well-documented by the Care Team from Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Results: A total of 294 caretakers took part in the study: 85 caretakers of patients with Alzheimer, 96 of children in disability, 58 with cerebro-vascular disease and 55 people with HIV-aids. Conclusions: Differences were found between the characteristics of caregivers whose patients are infected with HIV-aids and three groups of caretakers remaining in the city of Cartagena...

Comparative Research on TCM and Psychiatry / 浙江中医药大学学报

TCM and psychiatry are two different medical systems,but they diagnose and treat diseases through clinical symptoms observation.Both have the characteristics of entity,variety and flexibility on medical thoughts,basic theory and diagnosis and treatment.The difference lies in that TCM has unified medical thought easy for learning,the psychiatry has unified diagnosis standard easy for operation.The two’s mutual supplementation will have great meaning in their development.

Comparison and Consideration of the 5-year and 3-year Ophthalmology and Optometry Education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

In order to analyze the difference and the significance of the 5-year and 3-year Ophthalmology and Optometry education,we compare the 5-year and 3year teaching.The result indicates that there are different emphases and characteristics between the 5-year and 3-year teaching,especially in bringing up the students with practice skills.It also offers the reference to the teaching of different levels.

Comparative Study of the Developmental Conditions Between Chinese and American Drug Retail Chain Management / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To understand the gap between and common regularity of China and USA in development of drug retail chain management METHODS:The sales volume,number of drugstore and the average sales volume of a drugstore of Chinese and American drug retail chain enterprises were collected and analysed These enterprises occupied the front 50 places in sales volume RESULTS & CONCLUSION:There exists a wide gap between Chinese and American drug retail chain enterprises,however,Chinese enterprises can improve the market competition ability and gradually reduce the distinction between China and America in management through scientific expanding strategy

Comparation of D_3 with D_2 lymphadenectomy for advanced right colon cancer / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To study the safety, reasonableness and feasibility of D 3 lymphadenectomy(LC) for advanced right colon cancer(ARCC). Methods 97 cases of ARCC were divided randomly into two groups: D 2.LC group (55cases) and D 3 LC group (42cases). The climical data between D 3 LC and D 2LC were compared. Results Comparing to D 2 LC,D 3 had higher operative invasive degree, but the incidence of postoperative complications did not increase, the ratio of the curable resection and the three-year and five-year survival rate after operation were significantly higher (88.1% and 73.8% vs 72.8% and 52.7%) (all P

Allodecellular sheath extracellula matrix for repairing hernia / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To study the effect of allodecedllular sheath extracellular matrix(ASECM) for repairing of the hernia. Methods 12 dogs were randomly divided into two groups:(1)ASECM repairing group (ASECM group), 6 dogs; (2) artificial materia (AM) repairing group (Control group), 6 dogs. Abdominal wall defect of 3cm?5cm area was made on both of right and left abdomen in ASECM group and control group. The defect of left abdomen was not repaired as a self-control. The defect of right abdoment was repaired by ASECM in ASECM group , and by AM in control group . Microscopically, imunohistochemical study and electroscopy were performed 2,8,16 weeks after operation in both ASECM group and control geoup. Results A hernia could be seen on the defect of left abdominal wall in both groups 2 days after operation, but no hernia was found on the defect of right abdominal wall. In ASECM group , microscopy showed that the number of fibroblast cells (FBC) growing in the ASECM increased graduately 2～8 weeks after operation, but decreased 16 weeks after operation, and no inflammatory cells infiltration was seen at any time;electroscopically, the ASECM was filled with clear ranked thin collegen 16 weeks after operation. Contrarily, in control group, microscopy showed that the amount of covering the superficialness of AM increased graduately 2～8 weeks after operation, but not many FCs could be seen inside the AM, and inflammatory cells infiltration was found at every time postoperativly. Electroscopically, FCs grew to cover the superficialness as reaction of host to the foreign body ,and the AM had not merged with host tissues. Immuohistochemical study showed that there were typy I and III collegen presented in the repairing materias. Conclusions ASECM can provide a fram for the host FCs growth, So the ASECM can be mixed together with host tissues to provide a good intensive potency against hernia recurrence, and ASECM might be an ideal tissue-engineering materia for repairing hernia.

The contrast of the efficacy of minimally invasive endoscopic thyroidectomy with traditional operation / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective: To compare minimally invasive endoscopic thyroidectomy and traditional operation on their effects.Methods: 54 cases in aimed group accepted minimally invasive endoscopic partial thyroidectomy without air chamber;as a control,54 cases undergone traditional partial thyroidectomy.The compared indexes include bleeding volume in operation,hospitalization time,incision length,ache extent in incision,complications post-operation,and exterior inflammatory swelling on neck as well.Results: The bleeding volume in operation,hospitalization time and incision length in investigated group were markedly less than control(P