Pé diabético: o cuidado de enfermeiras / Diabetic foot: nurses' care / Pie diabético: cuidados de enfermeira

Objetivo: Descrever o cuidado para prevenção do pé diabético realizado por enfermeiras. Método:revisão integrativa da literatura a partir do levantamento realizado em janeiro de 2024 através da biblioteca virtual da PubMed. Foram incluídos artigos nos idiomas inglês e português, artigos originais relacionados ao tema e disponíveis na íntegra com acesso gratuito, publicados entre os anos de 2012 até o ano de 2024. Como critérios de exclusão: artigos que não atendam o objeto de estudo, duplicados, teses, livros, revisões e artigos não originais.Resultados:O levantamento resultou na seleção de 15 artigos que evidenciaram que o cuidado para prevenção do pé diabético se desenvolvem a partir da atuação do enfermeiro, e por meio da aplicação de cuidados, como avaliação do paciente, educação em saúde para os pacientes e a educação permanente para os profissionais de saúde, controle glicêmico, verificação do Índice tibial braquial-ITB para diagnóstico de doença arterial obstrutiva periférica (DAOP), uso de termometria cutânea ou imagem infravermelha, criação de software e exames laboratoriais. Conclusão:O estudo poderá contribuir para melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes diabéticos através do conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem acerca dos cuidados elencados para melhor atender aos pacientes bem como contribuir com a diminuição de casos de úlceras em pé diabético.

Objective: To describe the care to prevent diabetic foot provided by nurses. Method:integrative literature review based on the survey carried out in January 2024 through the PubMed virtual library. Articles in English and Portuguese were included, original articles related to the topic and available in full with free access, published between 2012 and 2024. Exclusion criteria were: articles that do not meet the object of study, duplicates, theses, books, reviews and non-original articles. Results:The survey resultedin the selection of 15 articles that showed that care to prevent diabetic foot develops from the role of nurses, and through the application of care, such as patient assessment, health education for patients and continuing education for health professionals, glycemic control, verification of the brachial tibial index-ABI for diagnosing peripheral arterial obstructive disease (PAOD), use of skin thermometry or infrared imaging, creation of software and laboratory tests. Conclusion:The study may contribute to improving the quality of life of diabetic patients through the knowledge of nursing professionals about the care provided to better serve patients as well as contributing to the reduction of cases of diabetic foot ulcers.

Objetivo: Describir los cuidados para la prevención del pie diabético brindados por enfermeras. Método:revisión integrativa de la literatura a partir de la encuesta realizada en enero de 2024 a través de la biblioteca virtual PubMed. Se incluyeron artículos en inglés y portugués, artículos originales relacionados con el tema y disponibles íntegramente con acceso gratuito, publicados entre 2012 y 2024. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: artículos que no cumplan con el objeto de estudio, duplicados, tesis, libros, reseñas y artículos no originales. Resultados:La encuesta resultó en la selección de 15 artículos que mostraron que los cuidados para prevenir el pie diabético se desarrollan desde el rol del enfermero, y a través de la aplicación de cuidados, como la evaluación del paciente, la educación en salud de los pacientes y la educación continua de los profesionales de la salud, la glucemia. control, verificación del índice braquial tibial-ITB para el diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial obstructiva periférica (EAP), uso de termometría cutánea o imágenes infrarrojas, creación de software y pruebas de laboratorio. Conclusión:El estudio puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes diabéticos a través del conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería sobre los cuidados brindados para atender mejor a los pacientes, así como contribuir a la reducción de casos de úlceras del pie diabético.

Complicações por diabetes mellitus no Brasil: estudo de base nacional, 2019 / Complications due to diabetes mellitus in Brazil: 2019 nationwide study

Resumo O manejo inadequado da diabetes mellitus (DM) pode levar a complicações que afetam a qualidade de vida. A prevalência da DM e suas complicações está aumentando, apresentando distribuição desigual na população. O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de complicações devido à DM e avaliar as desigualdades na população brasileira. Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), de 2019. As complicações avaliadas foram: coma diabético, infarto/Acidente Vascular Cerebral/derrame, problema nos rins, problema na visão e úlcera nos pés ou amputação. As exposições foram a escolaridade e renda. Foram calculadas as prevalências das complicações separadamente, combinação em duplas, presença de alguma complicação e número de complicações. A desigualdade foi estimada por meio de análise ajustada e dos índices: slope index (SII) e o concentration index (CIX). A amostra foi composta por 6.317 pessoas com DM. Mais de um terço (37,8%) referiu ter alguma complicação. O problema na visão (30,6%) e nos rins (9,7%) foram os mais prevalentes. As prevalências de ter "uma" e "duas ou mais" complicações foram 25,4% e 12,4%. Foram evidenciadas desigualdades com maior prevalência de complicações entre os menos escolarizados e mais pobres.

Abstract Inadequate management of diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to complications that affect quality of life. The prevalence of DM and its complications is increasing, presenting an uneven distribution in the population. The objective was to estimate the prevalence of complications due to DM and to assess inequalities in the Brazilian population. It involved a cross-sectional study, with data from the 2019 National Health Survey (NHS). The complications evaluated were: diabetic coma, heart attack/cerebrovascular accident/stroke; kidney problem; vision problem and foot ulcer or amputation. The related factors were schooling and income. The prevalence of complications was calculated separately, combination in pairs, presence of any complications and number of complications. Inequality was estimated through adjusted analysis and the slope index (SII) and concentration index (CIX) indices. The sample consisted of 6,317 people with DM. More than a third (37.8%) reported having some complication. Vision problems (30.6%) and kidney problems (9.7%) were the most prevalent. The prevalence of having "one" and "two or more" complications were 25.4% and 12.4%, respectively. Inequalities were found with a higher prevalence of complications among the least educated and the poorest.

Correlation of meal timing and interval with glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes

Background: Eating is very essential for life. The timing of food can set all the organs and tissues in the body which relates to food digestion, absorption, and metabolism. Much research performed on many animals proves that food intake is very important which will integrate the peripheral clocks. Consequently, traditional eating habits with a good meal, timing, and interval should be ideal, and not skipping breakfast is very much important in maintaining glucose homeostasis. To make people aware of the meal timing, healthy portion of food components that have to be consumed and the time interval between food, and the importance of morning meals, this study helps to give the same. Aims and Objectives: The study of meal timing and the interval between the meals in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Materials and Methods: Five hundred known cases of Type 2 diabetes patients were enrolled in the study. Reports necessary for glycemic status are collected. Diet history obtained from the patients. Results: Individuals who had their meals at an earlier time and the less time gap between their meals had good control of Diabetes when compared to the persons who had late meals and the increased time gap between the meals. Conclusion: Early or correct meal timings and fewer time intervals between meals will help in the control of Type 2 diabetes. Unhealthy timings of taking the food can lead to a severance in normal homeostasis which can result in unhealthy events. This study helps to be aware of the morbidity associated with their lifestyle habits. Further, it also helps in changing their lifestyle to a healthy eating habit which will help in reducing glycemic index and comorbidities.

A Health Education Program for Home Emergency Management of Acute Complications of Diabetes in the Elderly / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To establish a health education program for home emergency management of acute complications of diabetes in the elderly.Methods The program was drafted by literature review and panel discussion.The final draft was formed after two rounds of correspondence from 13 experts.Results The recovery rate of the two rounds of expert correspondence was 100%,and the expert authority coefficient was 0.98.The Kendall's harmony coefficients of the two rounds of correspondence were 0.263 and 0.212 respectively(both P<0.001).The established health education program included indicators of three categories:early stage of acute complications of diabetes at home(understanding the inducing factors),emergency warning(quick and early identification in case of emergency),and emergency treatment at home.Conclusion The contents of the health education program are systematic and reliable and meet the needs of health education for home emergency management of the elderly with diabetes.

Research progress on the mechanism of silibinin in preventing and treating diabetes and its complications / 中国药房

Silibinin is a kind of flavonoid extracted from the dried ripe fruit of Silybum marianum，a plant of compositae. It has a variety of pharmacological activities and can effectively prevent and treat diabetes and its complications. This paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism of silibinin in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications. It is found that silibinin can prevent and treat diabetes by up-regulating the expression of estrogen receptor-α，activating the duodenum-brain-liver axis pathway and stabilizing the protein structure. It can prevent and cure the nervous system diseases of diabetes by activating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor/protein kinase A signal pathway and inhibiting the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. It can prevent and treat diabetic retinopathy by down-regulating the expression and activity of pro-inflammatory，pro-oxidative factors and histone deacetylase 6. It can prevent diabetic nephropathy by activating protein kinase B signal pathway and reducing the level of transforming growth factor-β1，and prevent and treat diabete’s obesity by inhibition of hepatobiliary transporter CD36 expression， and suppressing nuclear factor-κB pathway and its downstream expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines（tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β），etc.

Gravidade do pé diabético: fatores socioeconômicos em estudo envolvendo 5300 operados / Diabect foot severety: socieconomic factors in a study with 5300 patients / Gravedad del pie diabético: factores socioeconómicos en un estudio con 5300 operados

As amputações decorrentes de pé diabético são graves e geram impacto social e econômico, porém são passíveis de prevenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a hipótese de que há associação entre fatores socioeconômicos e a gravidade do pé diabético. Em estudo observacional restrospectivo, foram avaliados 5.300 prontuários de pacientes portadores de pé diabético operados pelo Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital Geral Roberto Santos (HGRS), no período de fevereiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2015. Foram coletadas as condições socioeconômicas para verificar correlação com a gravidade do pé diabético. Os dados foram tabulados no Excel e a distribuição foi analisada no GraphPad Prism 8.0, por meio do teste qui-quadrado e da técnica de regressão logística. Foram considerados valores de p < 0,05 como estatisticamente significantes. A maioria dos pacientes era de meia-idade (entre 53 e 58 anos), do sexo masculino (57,58%), com o ensino fundamental completo (50,38%) e ganhava menos de um salário mínimo (56,81%). A principal doença associada foi a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) (55,64%). Com relação à distância, foi observado que 48,15% residiam a menos de 100 km da unidade hospitalar. Observou-se prevalência de amputação menor (37,36%) e taxa de letalidade de 6,32%. Também foi possível correlacionar, quanto à amputação maior, maiores frequências nos pacientes acima de 70 anos (p = 0,045), naqueles com renda familiar abaixo de um salário mínimo (p = 0,05), nos portadores de doença arterial coronariana (Daop) (p = 0,035) e nos indivíduos que residiam a uma distância acima de 400 km do HGRS. Registrou-se maior taxa de óbito nos portadores de coronariopatia, com idade superior a 70 anos e nos submetidos à amputação maior. Diante disso, faz-se necessário treinamento de profissionais e adoção de medidas de saúde pública, visando identificar precocemente a população de maior gravidade, a fim de evitar desfechos desfavoráveis.

Amputations due to diabetic foot are serious and generate social and economic impact, but are preventable. This research sought to verify whether socioeconomic factors are associated with diabetic foot severity. A retrospective observational study evaluated 5,300 medical records from patients with diabetic foot, operated by the Vascular Surgery Service at Roberto Santos General Hospital (HGRS), between February 2005 and December 2015. Socioeconomic data were collected to verify correlation with diabetic foot severity. After tabulation in Excel, data distribution was analyzed by GraphPad Prism 8.0 using the Chi-square test and logistic regression. P-values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Most patients were middle-aged (between 53 and 58 years old) men (57.58%), with basic education (50.38%) and earning less than one minimum wage (56.81%). Hypertension was the main associated disease (55.64%). Regarding distance, 48.15% of the patients lived less than 100 km from the hospital unit. Results showed prevalence of minor amputation (37.36%) and a fatality rate of 6.32%. Major amputation was associated with patients over 70 years of age (p = 0.045), family income below 1 MW (p = 0.05), patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (p = 0.035), and individuals who lived 400 km away from the HGRS. Patients with CAD aged over 70 years and those who underwent major amputation showed a higher death rate. As such, training professionals and adopting public health measures aimed at early identification of at risk population are necessary to avoid unfavorable outcomes.

Las amputaciones por pie diabético son graves y generan impacto social y económico, pero son prevenibles. El objetivo de este estudio fue probar el hipótesis de que existe una asociación entre los factores socioeconómicos y la gravedad de pie diabético. En un estudio observacional retrospectivo, se evaluaron 5.300 historias clínicas de pacientes con pie diabético operados por el Servicio de Cirugía Vascular del Hospital General Roberto Santos (HGRS), en el período comprendido entre febrero 2005 a diciembre 2015. Se recogieron condiciones socioeconómicas para verificar una correlación con la gravedad del pie diabético. Los datos se tabularon en Excel y la distribución se analizó en GraphPad Prism 8.0 mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado y la técnica de regresión logística. Los valores de p < 0,05 se consideraron estadísticamente significativos. La mayoría de los pacientes eran de mediana edad (entre 53 y 58 años), del sexo masculino (57,58%), con el nivel de estudios de la primaria (50,38%) y que ganaban menos de 1 salario mínimo (56,81%). La principal enfermedad asociada fue la hipertensión arterial sistémica ­HAS­ (55,64%). En cuanto a la distancia, se observó que el 48,15% vive a menos de 100 km de la unidad hospitalaria. Hubo mayor frecuencia de amputaciones menores (37,36%) y una tasa de mortalidad del 6,32%. También fue posible correlacionar la amputación mayor, mayor frecuencia en pacientes mayores de 70 años (p = 0,045), en aquellos con renta familiar inferior a 1 salario mínimo (p = 0,05), en aquellos con enfermedad arterial coronaria ­Daop­ (p = 0,035) y en personas que residen a una distancia superior a 400 km del HGRS. Hubo una mayor tasa de muerte en pacientes con enfermedad de las arterias coronarias, mayores de 70 años y sometidos a una amputación importante. Ante esto, es necesario una formación de profesionales y adopción de medidas de salud pública, con el objetivo de identificar tempranamente la población más grave y así evitar resultados desfavorables.

Physical fitness assessment and management of patients with diabetes mellitus / 中华全科医师杂志

Physical fitness is the basic ability necessary to meet daily living activities,including walking, running, jumping, throwing, climbing, and so on. Adequate physical fitness is essential for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. Impaired physical fitness is common in patients with diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications. This article reviews the impact of diabetes and its complications on physical fitness, current methods for assessment and management to provide a reference for comprehensive prevention and treatment of diabetic patients.

Conhecimento, prática e impedimentos do autocuidado com os pés de pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Knowledge, practice and barriers of diabetic foot self-care among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus / Conocimiento, práctica e impedimentos del autocuidado de los pies en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

RESUMO: Objetivo: relacionar o conhecimento, a prática e os impedimentos do autocuidado com os pés em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 conforme sexo e escolaridade. Método: estudo transversal analítico, com 102 usuários de 4 unidades básicas de cidade interiorana do Piauí, Brasil. Coletaram-se dados socioeconômicos e clínicos, entre dezembro de 2018 a julho de 2019, analisados descritivamente por meio do teste de Qui-quadrado. Resultados: as mulheres obtiveram maior conhecimento e prática de hidratação (p<0,001), secagem entre os dedos do pé no pós-banho (p=0,020), hidratação dos pés com cremes/óleos hidrantes nos calcanhares (p<0,001), hidratação na planta do pé (p=0,003) e uso de calçados macios e fechados (p=0,001); uso frequente de meias pelos homens (p<0,001) e de algodão (p<0,001). Houve associação entre o nível de escolaridade e o uso de salto >5cm (p=0,001) e <5cm (p<0,001). Conclusão: espera-se que este estudo permita uma nova forma de abordagem, visando à aquisição e aperfeiçoamento do autocuidado.

ABSTRACT Objective: To relate knowledge, practice and barriers of diabetic foot self-care among people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, according to gender and education. Method: Analytical cross-sectional study with 102 users of 4 basic units in the inland of the state of Piauí, Brazil. Socioeconomic and clinical data were collected between December 2018 and July 2019. Descriptive analysis was performed with the use of the Chi-square test. Results: Women showed greater knowledge and practice of moisturizing (p<0.001), drying between the toes after bathing (p=0.020), foot hydration with moisturizing creams/oils on the heels (p<0.001), hydration on the sole of the foot (p=0.003) and use of soft and closed-toed shoes (p=0.001); there was frequent use of socks by men (p<0.001) and they were mostly made of cotton (p<0.001). There was an association between educational level and the use of shoes with heels >5cm (p=0.001) and <5cm (p<0.001). Conclusion: It is hoped that this study will allow a new type of approach aimed to the improvement of diabetic foot self-care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: relacionar el conocimiento, la práctica y los impedimentos del autocuidado de los pies en personas con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, de acuerdo con sexo y nivel de estudios. Método: estudio transversal y analítico realizado con 102 usuarios de 4 unidades básicas de una ciudad del interior de Piauí, Brasil. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos entre diciembre de 2018 y julio de 2019, y se los analizó en forma descriptiva por medio de la prueba de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: las mujeres presentaron mayor conocimiento y práctica en las siguientes acciones de autocuidado: hidratación (p<0,001), secado del espacio entre los dedos de los pies después de bañarse (p=0,020), hidratación de los pies con cremas/aceites hidrantes en los talones (p<0,001), hidratación de la planta de los pies (p=0,003) y uso de calzado macizo y cerrado (p=0,001); en los hombres se observó uso frecuente de calcetines (p<0,001) y medias de algodón (p<0,001). Se registró una asociación entre nivel de estudios y uso de tacones de más de 5 cm (p=0,001) y menos de 5 cm (p<0,001). Conclusión: se espera que este estudio haga posible una nueva modalidad de enfoque, con vistas a adquirir y perfeccionar acciones de autocuidado.

Amputação por complicações do diabetes: protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem / Amputation due to complications of diabetes: nursing care protocol / Amputación por complicaciones de la diabetes: protocolo de atención de enfermería

RESUMO Objetivo Construir e validar um protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem à pessoa amputada por complicações diabéticas. Métodos Pesquisa metodológica realizada em Recife-PE entre fevereiro de 2019 a outubro de 2020, compreendendo as seguintes etapas: 1) Fase teórica: revisão integrativa da literatura; 2) Fase de construção; 3) Validação por especialistas; 4) Validação pelo público-alvo. Na validação por especialistas, foi utilizado o Índice de Validação de Conteúdo. Na validação do público-alvo, fez-se uso do Índice de Concordância. Resultados Os itens inclusos no instrumento perpassam pelas seguintes dimensões do cuidar: Biológica; Psicológica e Socioeducacional. A validação pelos juízes contou com 13 especialistas. O instrumento apresentou índice de 0,94. A validação pelo público-alvo contou com 33 participantes, todos os itens receberam índice de concordância ≥ 80%. Conclusão O protocolo possibilita um cuidar integral, humanizado, incentivando a autonomia e auxiliando a reabilitação, permite a reflexão a respeito da individualização dos cuidados de enfermagem.

ABSTRACT Objective: to produce and validate a Nursing care protocol for people amputated due to diabetic complications. Methods a methodological research study conducted in Recife-PE between February 2019 and October 2020, comprising the following stages: 1) Theoretical phase: integrative literature review; 2) Production phase; 3) Validation by specialists; and 4) Validation by the target population. The Content Validity Index was used in the validation by specialists. The Agreement Index was employed in the validation by the target population. Results the items included in the instrument permeate the following care dimensions: Biological, Psychological and Socio-educational. Validation by the evaluators was in charge of 13 specialists. The instrument presented an index of 0.94. Validation by the target population was conducted with 33 participants; all the items achieved an agreement index ≥ 80%. Conclusion the protocol enables comprehensive and humanized care, encouraging autonomy and assisting in rehabilitation; it also allows for a reflection regarding individualization of Nursing care.

RESUMEN Objetivo producir y validar un protocolo de atención de Enfermería para personas amputadas por complicaciones diabéticas. Métodos investigación metodológica realizada en Recife-PE entre febrero de 2019 y octubre de 2020, por medio de las siguientes etapas: 1) Fase teórica: revisión integradora de la literatura; 2) Fase de producción; 3) Validación a cargo de especialistas; y 4) Validación a cargo de la población objetivo. En la validación a cargo de especialistas se empleó el Índice de Validez de Contenido. En la validación a cargo de la población objetivo se recurrió al Índice de Concordancia. Resultados los ítems incluidos en el instrumento corresponden a las siguientes dimensiones de la atención: Biológica; Psicológica y Socioeducativa. En la validación a cargo de los evaluadores participaron 13 especialistas. El instrumento obtuvo un índice de 0,94. En la validación a cargo de la población objetivo hubo 33 participantes y todos los ítems alcanzaron índices de concordancia ≥ 80%. Conclusión el protocolo permite ofrecer atención integral y humanizada, lo que fomenta la autonomía y ayuda en la rehabilitación, además de hacer posible una reflexión con respecto a la individualización de la atención de Enfermería.

Itinerário terapêutico do paciente com Diabetes Mellitus na rede básica / Therapeutic itinerary of patients with Diabetes Mellitus in the basic network / Itinerario terapéutico de pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus en la red básica

Objetivo: conhecer o itinerário terapêutico dos pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus na rede de atenção à saúde pública de Sergipe e identificar os pontos de falhas nessa rede. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal, realizado em um hospital de ensino e pesquisa no município de Aracaju, Sergipe. A amostra foi composta por 13 participantes com diabetes, internados no referido hospital, no período de maio de 2015 a dezembro de 2016. Foram realizadas análises de tendência central e associações através do teste Exato de Fisher. Resultados: foram identificadas falhas no itinerário terapêutico dos participantes, quanto ao percurso percorrido entre diagnóstico até as internações; o papel da atenção secundária a saúde; a baixa resolutividade da atenção primária dos problemas apresentados a fim de evitar a procura da assistência terciária. Conclusão: a interface dos fluxos pré-estabelecidos pelo sistema público de saúde, para assistência integral aos pacientes com complicações crônicas por diabetes, ainda é insuficiente

Objective: todiscuss the therapeutic itinerary of patients with Diabetes Mellitus in the public health care network of Sergipe and to identify the points of failure in this network. Method: thisis alldescriptive, cross-sectional, carried out in a teaching and research hospital in the municipality of Aracaju, Sergipe. The sample consisted of 13 participants with diabetes, hospitalized in the hospital, from May 2015 to December 2016. Central trend analyses and associations were performed using fisher's exact test. Results: fowes identified failures in the therapeutic itinerary of the participants, regarding the route traveled between diagnosis to hospitalizations; the role of secondary health care; the low resolution of primary care of the problems presented in order to avoid the search for tertiary care. Conclusion: the interface of flows pre-established by the public health system, for comprehensive care to patients with chronic complications due to diabetes, is still ineffective

Objetivo: conocer el itinerario terapéutico de los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus en la red sanitaria pública de Sergipe e identificar los puntos de fallo en esta red. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado en un hospital docente e investigador del municipio de Aracaju, Sergipe. La muestra consistió en 13 participantes con diabetes, hospitalizados en el hospital, desde mayo de 2015 hasta diciembre de 2016. Los análisis de tendencias centrales y las asociaciones se realizaron utilizando la prueba exacta del pescador. Resultados: se identificaron fallas en el itinerario terapéutico de los participantes respecto al camino recorrido entre el diagnóstico y las hospitalizaciones; el papel de la atención secundaria de la salud; la baja resolución de la atención primaria de los problemas presentados con el fin de evitar la búsqueda de atención terciaria. Conclusión: la interfaz de flujos preestablecida por el sistema público de salud, para la atención integral a pacientes con complicaciones crónicas por diabetes, sigue siendo ineficaz

Incidence, characteristics and long-term outcomes of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a prospective prognosis cohort study in an emergency department

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Diabetic ketoacidosis is the most frequent hyperglycemic complication in the evolution of diabetes mellitus. Common precipitating factors include newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, noncompliance with therapy and infections. However, few studies have been conducted in Brazil and none were prospective in design. OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence, clinical and laboratory characteristics and precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis among emergency department patients in a tertiary-level teaching hospital in Brazil. We also aimed to identify immediate and long-term mortality within two years. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective prognosis cohort study conduct at a tertiary-level teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: All patients > 12 years old presenting diabetic ketoacidosis who were admitted to the emergency department from June 2015 to May 2016 were invited to participate. RESULTS: The incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis per 1,000 admissions was 8.7. Treatment noncompliance and infection were the most common causes of diabetic ketoacidosis. The immediate mortality rate was 5.8%, while the six-month, one-year and two-year mortality rates were 9.6%, 13.5% and 19.2%, respectively. Death occurring within two years was associated with age, type 2 diabetes, hypoalbuminemia, infection at presentation and higher sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score at admission. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic ketoacidosis among patients presenting to the emergency department was relatively frequent in our hospital. Treatment noncompliance and infection were major precipitating factors and presence of diabetic ketoacidosis was associated with immediate and long-term risk of death.

Correlation between chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome / 中国实用内科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2 DM)and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS). METHODS: The data of 153 hospitalized T2 DM patients aged 40-65 years were collected; the demograhic data was recorded, biochemical indicators were recorded and analyzed, and the patients were screened for chronic complications of diabetes and OSAS. The patients with ketosis, acidosis and infection, and those who were addicted to alcohol,smoking or drug or with mental illness, or severe organ dysfunction were excluded.According to whether OSAS was combined, they were divided into the OSAS group and the control group were divided into groups. The differences in the incidence of chronic complications between the two groups were compared.Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between chronic complications and OSAS.RESULTS: The incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN)in the OSAS group was higher than in the control group(45% vs. 26.9%, P=0.017). The incidence of coronary heart disease was significantly higher in the OSAS group than in the control group(20% vs. 8.6%, P=0.038). The differences were statistically significant.Spearman correlation analysis showed that OSAS was positively correlated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy(P=0.021)and coronary heart disease(P=0.041). CONCLUSION: OSAS may be associated with peripheral neuropathy and coronary heart disease in patients with T2 DM.

Niveles de glucemia intraoperatoria y su relación con la morbimortalidad a corto y largo plazo en pacientes con trasplante de hígado en un hospital de alta complejidad / Levels of intraoperative glycemia and their relations to short and long term morbidity and mortality in liver transplant patients at a highly complex hospital

Resumen Objetivo: se realizó un estudio en pacientes sometidos a trasplante de hígado (TH) con el objetivo de determinar los valores de glucemia en cada una de las fases de la cirugía del TH y su relación con la morbimortalidad postoperatoria. Materiales y métodos: se identificaron los trasplantes hepáticos entre 2013 y 2015 en los registros institucionales. La información se tomó de la nota operatoria, registros de laboratorio y evoluciones de historia clínica. Se buscaron diferencias en la glucemia en las 3 fases del trasplante entre diabéticos y no diabéticos, la presencia de infección y rechazo. Resultados: en total, se estudiaron 73 pacientes trasplantados, 54,8% (n = 40) de sexo masculino, con una mediana en la edad de 59 años (rango intercuartílico [RIQ] = 52-53). El 32,9% (n = 24) tenía antecedente de diabetes mellitus (DM). Se encontraron diferencias en la glucemia inicial y final (127 mg/dL frente a 212 mg/dL) en diabéticos (p = 0,001), así como en los no diabéticos (glucemia inicial: 105 mg/dL frente a la final: 190 mg/dL) (p <0,000). La proporción de rechazo fue mayor en diabéticos (14,3%, n = 7). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la presencia de infecciones entre diabéticos y no diabéticos. Se confirmó el diagnóstico de diabetes postrasplante en el 15,1%. Conclusiones: un adecuado control glucémico en los diferentes períodos del transoperatorio en el TH logra igualar la tasa de complicaciones a nivel infeccioso en pacientes diabéticos y no diabéticos; el rechazo continúa siendo más frecuente en pacientes diabéticos. Es necesaria una búsqueda activa de la diabetes postrasplante en cada uno de nuestros pacientes.

Abstract Objective: This study was of patients who underwent liver transplantation has the objective of determining glycemia values ​​in each phase of liver transplant surgery and their relationships with post-operative morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: Liver transplant patients were identified in institutional records from 2013 to 2015. The information was taken from operative notes, laboratory records and clinical histories. We searched for differences in blood glucose levels during the three phases of transplantation and compared the incidences of infections and rejections for diabetics and non-diabetics. Results: A total of 73 transplant patients were studied: 54.8% (n = 40) were male, the median age was 59 years (RIQ = 52-53), and 32.9% (n = 24) had histories of Diabetes Mellitus. Differences were found between initial and final serum glucose levels of diabetics (127 mg/dl vs. 212 mg/dl, p = 0.001) as well as in non-diabetics (105 mg/dl vs. 190 mg/dl, p < 0.000). The proportion of rejection was highest among diabetics (14.3%, n = 7). No significant differences were found in the proportions of diabetic and non-diabetic patients who developed infections. Diagnosis of post-transplant diabetes was confirmed in 15.1% of the sample. Conclusions: Adequate monitoring of blood glucose levels during all trans-operative periods of liver transplantation can equalize the rate of infectious complications in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Rejection continues to be more frequent among diabetic patients. An active search for post-transplant diabetes is necessary for every patient.

Prevention of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus according to complexity / Prevención de las complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus a la luz de la complejidad / Prevenção das complicações crônicas do diabetes mellitus à luz da complexidade

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the prevention by primary health care providers of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus according to the complex thinking theoretical approach. Method: Evaluative research based on the complex thinking theoretical approach. The following techniques for data collection were used: interviews with 38 participants; observation in collective and individual appointments; and analysis of medical records of people with diabetes. The triangulation applied for data analysis was the ATLAS.ti software. Results: The prevention and management of chronic complications of diabetes did not meet the requirements set forth by ministerial public policies aimed at this population. Systematic monitoring to prevention of chronic complications showed significant gaps. Final considerations: Primary health care did not consider preventive actions for diabetes mellitus complications. This context was marked by disjunctive, fragmented, and dissociated practices types of care targeted to the totality of the assisted people.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la prevención de complicaciones crónicas en diabetes mellitus a la luz del referencial teórico del Pensamiento Complejo en actuantes de atención primaria de salud. Método: Investigación evaluativa con Pensamiento Complejo como referencial teórico. Datos recolectados mediante entrevista con 38 participantes; observación de atenciones colectivas e individuales; y análisis de 25 historias clínicas de personas con diabetes. La triangulación facilitó el análisis de datos, realizado con software ATLAS.ti. Resultados: La prevención y el manejo de las complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes no atendían lo establecido en las políticas públicas ministeriales dirigidas a tal público. El seguimiento sistematizado para control de prevención de complicaciones crónicas mostró importantes fallas. Consideraciones finales: La asistencia en atención primaria no contemplaba acciones de prevención de complicaciones de la diabetes mellitus. El contexto estaba cargado de prácticas disyuntivas, fragmentadas y disociadas de una atención que apunta a la totalidad de las personas atendidas.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevenção de complicações crônicas do diabetes mellitus a luz do referencial teórico do Pensamento Complexo por integrantes da atenção primária à saúde. Método: Pesquisa avaliativa, que teve como referencial teórico o Pensamento Complexo. Como técnicas de coleta de dados foram utilizadas: entrevista com 38 participantes; observação nos atendimentos coletivos e individuais;e análise em 25 prontuários de pessoas com diabetes. A triangulação subsidiou a análise de dados que teve auxílio do software ATLAS.ti. Resultados: A prevenção e o manejo das complicações crônicas do diabetes não atendiam ao estabelecido nas políticas públicas ministeriais destinadas a esse público. O acompanhamento sistematizado para controle da prevenção das complicações crônicas apresentou importantes lacunas. Considerações finais: A assistência na atenção primária não contemplava ações de prevenção de complicação do diabetes mellitus. Esse contexto era por marcado por práticas disjuntivas, fragmentadas e dissociadas de uma assistência que visa a totalidade das pessoas assistidas.

Frequência e fatores relacionados ao índice tornozelo-braquial aberrante em diabéticos / Frequency and factors associated with high Ankle-Brachial Index in diabetic patients

Resumo Contexto O índice tornozelo-braquial (ITB) é um exame de rastreamento da doença arterial obstrutiva periférica, sendo também utilizado para avaliar o risco cardiovascular. Em diabéticos, a interpretação do exame é difícil pela possibilidade de índice aberrante devido à calcificação da camada média arterial. Objetivo Encontrar a frequência de ITB aberrante em diabéticos e verificar sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas. Métodos Estudo descritivo com entrevista e aferição de ITB de 309 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, acompanhados no centro de referência Centro de Diabetes e Endocrinologia da Bahia (CEDEBA), Salvador, BA, Brasil. Foi estudada a frequência e a relação entre o ITB aberrante e variáveis sociodemográficas, como sexo, idade e renda familiar. Utilizou-se um ponto de corte para ITB aberrante de 1,3. As variáveis contínuas foram dicotomizadas. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado, considerando significante um p ≤ 0,05. Resultados Entre os 309 pacientes entrevistados, 65% eram mulheres, 26% haviam cursado ensino médio completo e 77% tinham renda familiar igual ou menor que três salários mínimos. A frequência de ITB aberrante ≥ 1,3 foi 16,5%. Não foram encontradas correlações estatisticamente significantes nas análises bivariadas entre o ITB aberrante (≥ 1,3) e as variáveis sociodemográficas estudadas (sexo, idade, tempo de duração de diabetes melito, renda familiar e escolaridade). Conclusões A frequência de ITB aberrante entre diabéticos foi de 16,5%. Não encontramos correlação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, tempo de DM, escolaridade e renda familiar) e a ocorrência de ITB aberrante.

Abstract Background The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a screening test for peripheral arterial occlusive disease and it can also be used to assess cardiovascular risk. However, in diabetics it can be difficult to interpret because the index may be excessively high because of calcification of the arterial tunica media. Objective To determine the frequency of high ABI in diabetics and to test for associations with sociodemographic variables. Methods This was a descriptive study in which 309 type 2 diabetes patients were interviewed and had their ABI measured. The sample was recruited at a referral center for diabetes and endocrinology (CEDEBA) in Salvador, BA, Brazil. The frequency of excessively high ABI and its relationships with sociodemographic variables such as sex, age and family income were studied. The cutoff point chosen for excessively high ABI was 1.3. Continuous variables were dichotomized. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis and results with p ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results A total of 309 patients were interviewed, 65% were women, 26% had graduated from secondary education and 77% had a family income equal to or less than three times the minimum salary. The frequency of excessively high ABI (≥ 1.3) was 16.5%. Bivariate analyses detected no statistically significant correlations between excessively high ABI (≥ 1.3) and the sociodemographic variables studied (sex, age, time since diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, family income and educational level). Conclusions The frequency of high ABI among this sample of diabetics was 16.5%. We did not detect correlations between the sociodemographic variables (sex, age, duration of DM, educational level and family income) and high ABI.

Delayed treatment of diabetic foot / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Diabetic foot is one of the chronic complications of diabetes,which has great harm.Through active treatment such as anti-infection,debridement,surgical intervention,amputation rate can be declined.

Estudo comparativo do índice tornozelo-braquial em diabéticos e não diabéticos com isquemia crítica / Comparative study of the ankle-brachial index in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia

Contexto A calcificação da camada média arterial pode tornar o Índice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) falsamente elevado em diabéticos, dificultando a avaliação da doença arterial. Objetivo Comparar os valores do ITB de diabéticos e não diabéticos com isquemia crítica. Métodos Foram incluídos 140 pacientes (60% de diabéticos) acompanhados no Serviço de Cirurgia Vascular do Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos com isquemia crítica por DAOP infra-inguinal. Comparou-se a média dos valores do ITB dos dois grupos de pacientes, correlacionando o ITB com a gravidade da isquemia, segundo a Classificação de Rutherford. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo EPI-INFO. Resultados A maioria dos 140 pacientes (77%) se encontrava na Categoria 5 da Classificação de Rutherford, 6% na 4 e 17% na 6. Nove diabéticos (11%) e um não diabético (2%) apresentaram ITB > 1,15 (p = 0,02), sendo excluídos da análise das médias do ITB. Considerando os 130 pacientes, os 75 doentes diabéticos apresentaram média do ITB na artéria tibial posterior de 0,26 versus 0,28 dos 55 doentes não diabéticos (p = 0,6); e no ITB da artéria pediosa aqueles apresentaram média de 0,32 versus 0,23 desses (p = 0,06). Estratificando os doentes nas categorias da Classificação de Rutherford, não houve diferença nas médias do ITB nas categorias 4 e 5. Apenas em relação à artéria pediosa e em pacientes na Categoria 6, a média do ITB foi significativamente maior em diabéticos (0,44 versus 0,16; p = 0,03). Conclusão Os diabéticos apresentaram maior prevalência de ITB falsamente elevado. Porém, excluindo-se esses casos, a média dos valores de ITB são semelhantes aos não diabéticos, exceto na artéria pediosa, nos pacientes com isquemia na categoria 6.

Calcification of the arterial tunica media can falsely elevate the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) in diabetics, making it difficult to assess arterial disease. Objective To compare ABI values in diabetics and non-diabetics with critical ischemia. Methods A total of 140 patients (60% diabetics) with critical ischemia due to infrainguinal peripheral arterial obstructive disease were recruited from the vascular surgery service at the Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos. Mean ABI values for the two groups of patients were compared and correlated with severity of ischemia, according to the Rutherford Classification. Statistical analysis was conducted using EPI-INFO. Results A majority of the 140 patients (77%) were classified as Rutherford Category 5, 6% as Category 4 and 17% as Category 6. Nine diabetics (11%) and one non-diabetic (2%) exhibited ABI > 1.15 (p = 0.02) and were excluded from the comparative analysis of mean ABIs. For the 130-patient sample, the 75 diabetic patients had a mean ABI for the posterior tibial artery of 0.26, vs. 0.28 for the 55 non-diabetic patients (p = 0.6); while mean ABIs for the dorsalis pedis artery were 0.32 vs. 0.23 respectively (p = 0.06). When the patients were stratified by Rutherford categories, there were no differences in mean ABIs in categories 4 or 5. Only mean ABI for the dorsalis pedis artery in Category 6 patients was significantly higher among diabetics (0.44 vs. 0.16; p = 0.03). Conclusions The diabetic patients had a higher prevalence of falsely elevated ABI, but when these cases were excluded, mean ABI values were similar to those of non-diabetic patients, with the exception of ABI measured at the dorsalis pedis artery in patients with category 6 ischemia.

Microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes and associated factors: a telephone survey of self-reported morbidity / Complicações microvasculares em diabéticos Tipo 2 e fatores associados: inquérito telefônico de morbidade autorreferida

The scope of this article is to estimate the prevalence of microvascular complications of self-reported type 2 diabetes and the association with sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional status, treatment given and time since diagnosis. It involved a cross-sectional study with 318 people with type 2 diabetes living in Maringá in the State of Paraná. A telephone survey of self-reported morbidity was conducted in the months from January to June 2012. For the analysis descriptive statistics, univariate and multiple logistic regression were used. The prevalence of self-reported complications of diabetes was 53.8%, the most frequent being retinopathy (42.8%), followed by peripheral neuropathy (14.5%) and nephropathy (12.9%). The variables associated with the presence of complications were age (p = 0.008), overweight/obesity (p = 0.002), insulin (p < 0.001), insulin use linked to oral antidiabetic drug (p = 0.003) and time since diagnosis (p = 0.013). The prevalence of self-reported microvascular complications for people with diabetes was high, being more frequent among those of more advanced age, with inadequate nutritional status, a delay in diagnosis of the disease and those who were using insulin alone or in combination with oral antidiabetic agents.

O objetivo deste artigo é estimar a prevalência de complicações microvasculares do diabetes tipo 2 autoreferidas e verificar a associação com características sociodemográficas, estado nutricional, tratamento utilizado e tempo de diagnóstico. Estudo transversal realizado com 318 pessoas com diabetes tipo 2 residentes em Maringá, Paraná. Utilizou-se de inquérito telefônico de morbidade autoreferida nos meses de janeiro a junho de 2012. Para a análise utilizou-se estatística descritiva, regressão logística univariada e múltipla. A prevalência de complicações autoreferidas do diabetes foi de 53,8%, sendo a retinopatia a mais frequente (42,8%), seguida pela neuropatia periférica (14,5%) e pela nefropatia (12,9%). As variáveis associadas à presença de complicações foram faixa etária (p = 0,008), sobrepeso/obesidade (p = 0,002), uso de insulina (p < 0,001), uso de insulina associada ao antidiabético oral (p = 0,003) e tempo de diagnóstico (p = 0,013). A prevalência de complicações microvasculares autoreferidas por pessoas com diabetes foi elevada, sendo mais frequente entre aquelas com maior idade, estado nutricional inadequado, maior tempo de diagnóstico da doença e que faziam uso de insulina isolada ou associada à antidiabéticos orais.

Diabetes mellitus tipo 1: Características clínicas y demográficas en pacientes del servicio de endocrinología del Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela

Objetivo: Conocer las características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) en relación a la aparición, evolución y situación actual en el Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de los Andes (IAHULA), Mérida, Venezuela. Métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo, con revisión de historias clínicas de 105 pacientes con DM1, del 2000 al 2010. Se recolectaron al ingreso y en su última consulta edad, sexo, tipo de debut, procedencia, antecedentes familiares-personales, examen físico, tratamiento, control metabólico, complicaciones agudas y crónicas. Resultados: Edad promedio 11,57±6,52 años al ingreso, en la última evaluación 17,86±8,3. La mayoría debutó en hiperglucemia, con índice de masa corporal (IMC) y tensión arterial (TA) normal. El 81% tenía antecedentes familiares de diabetes. Las insulinas más usadas fueron NPH y cristalina. El 66,2% estaba en mal control metabólico. Hubo 80 episodios de cetoacidosis diabética y 38 de hipoglucemia moderada a severa. Los pacientes en tratamiento con análogos de insulina tuvieron significativamente mejor control y menos hipoglucemias. El 26,8% de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones crónicas, las cuales estuvieron asociadas a mayor edad y mayor duración de la diabetes. Conclusión: El debut de DM1 fue más frecuente en menores de 10 años de edad. Existe un alto porcentaje de pacientes en mal control metabólico. Las complicaciones crónicas fueron más frecuentes en mayores de 19 años y con más de 5 años de evolución. El uso de análogos de insulina mostró mejores beneficios. El registro de datos en las historias clínicas es deficiente. Se deben mejorar las estrategias tanto de educación diabetológica como de diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento de la DM1.

Objective: To know the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in relation to the onset, evolution and current situation in the Autonomous Institute Hospital Universitario de los Andes (IAHULA), Mérida, Venezuela. Methods: Observational, retrospective and descriptive study with review of medical records of 105 patients with T1DM, from 2000 to 2010. The age, sex, type of debut, origin, family and personal history, physical examination, treatment, metabolic control, acute and chronic complications, were collected, at admission and at their last consultation. Results: Mean age 11.57 ± 6.52 years at admission, 17.86 ± 8.3 years at last assessment. The majority debuted in hyperglycemia, with normal body mass index and blood pressure. The 81% had a family history of diabetes. The NPH and crystalline insulin were the most used. The 66.2% were in poor metabolic control. There were 80 episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis and 38 moderate to severe hypoglycemia. Patients treated with insulin analogues had significantly better control and less hypoglycemia. The 26.8% of the patients had chronic complications, which were associated with older age and longer duration of diabetes. Conclusion: The debut of T1DM was more common in children under 10 years of age. There were a high percentage of patients in poor metabolic control. Chronic complications were more common in patients over 19 years and more than 5 years of evolution. The use of insulin analogues showed better benefits. Registration data in medical records is poor. The strategies of diabetes education and early diagnosis and treatment of DM1 should be improved.

Prevalence of neuropathic pain and associated factors in diabetes mellitus type 2 patients seen in outpatient setting / Prevalência de dor neuropática e fatores associados em portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 atendidos em ambulatório médico

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological data on chronic pain in different populations are scarce in Brazil. This study aimed at investigating the prevalence of neuropathic pain and possible associated factors in diabetes type 2 patients, of a teaching center. METHODS: This was a transversal study with individuals seen between March 2010 and March 2011, in the Medical Outpatient Setting of Specialties, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, with interviews to identify socio-demographic variables of age, gender and time elapsed after diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and application of tools to measure neuropathic pain, depression, glycemia and adhesion to treatment. RESULTS: Participated in the study 72 subjects, being 69.4% females, 15.3% with controlled glycemia levels at the moment of the interview, 90.3% were adherent to treatment and 33.3% had depressive symptoms. The prevalence of neuropathic pain was 16.7% and this was associated to time of diabetes mellitus 2 (p=0.031). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of neuropathic pain was similar to that observed in other places of the country and we suggest better follow up of the studied population with regard to depression and adhesion to medication to treat diabetes. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Dados epidemiológicos sobre dor crônica, em diferentes populações, são escassos no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência de dor neuropática e possíveis fatores associados em pacientes portadores de diabetes tipo 2, de um serviço universitário. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal com indivíduos atendidos entre março de 2010 e março de 2011, no Ambulatório Médico de Especialidades da Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, com entrevistas para identificação das variáveis sócio-demográficas de idade, gênero e tempo de diagnóstico do diabetes mellitus e aplicação de instrumentos para mensuração de dor neuropática, depressão, glicemia e adesão aos fármacos. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistados 72 sujeitos, sendo 69,4% do gênero feminino, 15,3% apresentavam níveis glicêmicos controlados no momento da entrevista, 90,3% eram aderentes ao tratamento e 33,3% apresentavam sintomas de depressão. A prevalência de dor neuropática foi de 16,7% e esta se associou com o tempo de diagnóstico do diabetes mellitus 2 (p=0,031). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de dor neuropática foi semelhante à observada em outras localidades do país, e sugere-se melhor acompanhamento da população estudada quanto à depressão e a adesão aos fármacos para tratamento do diabetes. Descritores: Complicações do diabetes, Diabetes mellitus, Dor crônica, Neuropatias diabéticas. .