Hand Transplantation: Current concepts and management algorithm / Trasplante de mano: conceptos actuales y algoritmo de manejo

Abstract Introduction: Hand transplantation was first reported in 1964, and is currently one of the challenges that the 21st century poses to Medicine. Several related studies and advances have been achieved, thus allowing to explore new alternatives for patient management. Many reference centers have performed their own analyzes based on their experience, which has led to increase the viability of this type of transplant. Objective: This review seeks to provide an overview of hand transplantation and to propose a management algorithm. Materials and methods: Several criteria must be met to select candidates, including clinical, paraclinical and psychosocial assessment performed by a multidisciplinary team. Immunosuppression seeks to avoid rejection, while immunosuppressants must have appropriate serum levels to reduce adverse effects. Classical and atypical acute rejection cases have been reported, where the skin is the main target tissue. Chronic rejection cases are related to the blood vessels that become affected. Monitoring is performed using several tests, considering skin biopsy as the gold standard. Results: Drug therapy complications derive from drug toxicity, which are manifested as metabolic disorders, development of opportunistic infections and neoplasms. Rehabilitation and social aspects, such as patient satisfaction, should be evaluated during recovery to ensure adherence to immunosuppressive therapy. In 2011, the international registry of hand and composite tissue transplantation reported 39 cases of upper limb transplantation with multiple results. All this proves that to achieve optimal and viable results, a multidisciplinary team must conduct proper follow-up, and that the patient should have a support and motivation network, and comply with pharmacological management. Conclusion: Further research is expected to create strategies to develop tolerance and, thus, reduce management by immunosuppression.

Resumen Introducción. El trasplante de mano ha sido uno de los retos del siglo XXI, cuyo primer caso reportado ocurrió en 1964. En este campo se han hecho estudios y avances que permitieron explorar nuevas alternativas para el manejo del paciente con trasplante de mano, por lo que diversos centros de referencia han realizado análisis basados en sus experiencias, las cuales permitieron lograr la viabilidad de este tipo de trasplante. Objetivo. Esta revisión busca dar una visión general sobre el trasplante de mano y proponer un algoritmo de manejo. Materiales y métodos. La selección de candidatos requiere una serie de criterios, tales como evaluación clínica, paraclínica y psicosocial, desarrollados por un equipo multidisciplinario. La inmunosupresión busca evitar el rechazo y los inmunosupresores deben tener los niveles séricos apropiados para reducir sus efectos adversos. Se han reportado casos de rechazo agudo clásico y atípico, donde la piel es el principal tejido blanco, y rechazo crónico, en el cual se afectan los vasos sanguíneos. El seguimiento se realiza con varias pruebas, de modo que la de oro es la biopsia de piel. Resultados. Las complicaciones del tratamiento farmacológico derivan de la toxicidad de los medicamentos y se manifiestan como alteraciones metabólicas, infecciones oportunistas y neoplasias. La rehabilitación y los aspectos sociales, como el grado de satisfacción del paciente, deben ser evaluados durante la recuperación para asegurar adherencia al tratamiento. En 2011 el registro internacional de alotransplante compuesto de mano reportó 39 casos de trasplante de extremidades superiores con resultados variables; todo esto evidencia que para lograr un resultado óptimo y viable del trasplante debe realizarse seguimiento por un equipo multidisciplinario, red de apoyo del paciente y motivación del mismo, junto con el cumplimiento del manejo farmacológico. Conclusión. Se espera que nuevas investigaciones puedan crear estrategias para desarrollar tolerancia y, de esta forma, reducir el manejo mediante inmunosupresión.

Reconstrucción con injerto autólogo no vascularizado de peroné posterior a resección de quiste óseo simple en segundo metatarsiano: a propósito de un caso / Reconstruction with non-vascularized autologous fibula graft after resection of simple bone cyst in the second metatarsal: a case report

El quiste óseo simple es una patología pseudotumoral características de las dos primeras décadas de la vida, localizada principalmente en húmero o fémur. La localización metatarsiana es considerada rara. El peroné puede ser utilizado para reconstrucción de defectos óseos. Se realizó estudio observacional, descriptivo, en el Hospital Dr. Adolfo Pons de Maracaibo, Edo Zulia, Venezuela, donde presentamos paciente femenino de 12 años de edad, en quien se reconstruyó defecto óseo metatarsiano producto de resección de quiste simple, mediante injerto no vascularizado de peroné. Se obtuvo consolidación e integración total de injerto con resultado funcional excelente(AU)

Simple bone cyst is a pseudotumoral condition that when coming up, it usually occurs during the first two decades of life, mainly located in the humerus or femur. The metatarsal location is considered rare. The fibula can be used for bone defects reconstruction. An observational and descriptive study was conducted at Dr. Adolfo Pons Hospital, in which we present a 12 years old patient who underwent a second metatarsal bone defect reconstruction with a non-vascularized fibular graft after resection of a simple cyst. Graft consolidation and total integration were obtained with excellent functional outcome(AU)

Soft Tissue Augmentation with Silk Composite Graft / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction between 4-hexylresorcinol (4HR) and antibody as that affects the performance of a silk-4HR combination graft for soft tissue augmentation in an animal model. METHODS: The silk graft materials consisted of four types: silk+10% tricalcium phosphate (TCP) (ST0), silk+10% TCP+1% 4HR (ST1), silk+10% TCP+3% 4HR (ST3), and silk+10% TCP+6% 4-HR (ST6). The antibody binding assay tested the 4HR effect and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) exam was done for silk grafts. The animal experiment used a subcutaneous pocket mouse model. The graft - SH0 or SH1 or SH3 or SH6 - was placed in a subcutaneous pocket. The animals were killed at one, two, and four weeks, postoperatively. The specimens were subjected to histological analysis and lysozyme assay. RESULTS: Groups with 4HR applied showed lower antibody binding affinity to antigen compared to groups without 4HR. In the SEM examination, there was no significant difference among groups. Histological examinations revealed many foreign body giant cells in ST0 and ST1 group at four weeks postoperatively. Both ST3 and ST6 groups developed significantly lower levels of giant cell values compared to ST0 and ST1 groups (P<0.001) at four weeks postoperatively. In the lysozyme assay, the ST1 and ST3 groups showed denser signals than the other groups. CONCLUSION: 4HR combined silk implants resulted in high levels of vascular and connective tissue regeneration.

Functional Reconstruction of a Combined Tendocutaneous Defect of the Achilles Using a Segmental Rectus Femoris Myofascial Construct: A Viable Alternative

The composite anterolateral thigh flap with vascularized fascia lata has emerged as a workhorse at our institution for complex Achilles defects requiring both tendon and soft tissue reconstruction. Safe elevation of this flap, however, is occasionally challenged by absent or inadequate perforators supplying the anterolateral thigh. When discovered intraoperatively, alternative options derived from the same vascular network can be pursued. We present the case of a 74-year-old male who underwent composite Achilles defect reconstruction using a segmental rectus femoris myofascial free flap. Following graduated rehabilitation, postoperatively, the patient resumed full activity and was able to ambulate on his tip-toes. At 1-year follow-up, active total range of motion of the reconstructed ankle exceeded 85% of the unaffected side, and donor site morbidity was negligible. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society and Short Form-36 scores improved by 78.8% and 28.8%, respectively, compared to preoperative baseline assessments. Based on our findings, we advocate for use of the combined rectus femoris myofascial free flap as a rescue option for reconstructing composite Achilles tendon/posterior leg defects in the setting of inadequate anterolateral thigh perforators. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe use of this flap for such an indication.