The mediating role of FoMO and the moderating role of narcissism in the impact of social exclusion on compulsive buying: a cross-cultural study

Abstract Background There is an interrelationship between the concepts of social exclusion, compulsive buying behavior, fear of missing out (FoMO), and narcissism. Nevertheless, the extent to which these concepts mediate or moderate their relationships with each other has not been efficiently investigated. Objective This research aims to investigate how FoMO mediates and narcissism moderates the correlation between social exclusion and compulsive buying behavior. In addition, the research aims to test a conceptual model and highlight the differences that may occur in the conceptual model proposed in two different countries. Methods This model was analyzed among 1007 university students (Turkey =506, Denmark =501). The study used scales to measure social exclusion, compulsive buying behavior, FoMO, and narcissism. The study employed PROCESS Model 4 to analyze direct and indirect (mediation) effects and PROCESS Model 59 to assess conditional (moderation) effects. Furthermore, the Johnson-Neyman technique was utilized to investigate interaction terms. Results The findings indicate that those who face social exclusion tend to participate more in compulsive buying, and this connection is partly explained by FoMO. This suggests that individuals who encounter social exclusion may have an increased likelihood of experiencing FoMO, which may subsequently contribute to compulsive buying behavior. Furthermore, the moderating effect of narcissism differed between the Turkey and Danish samples. Specifically, in the Turkey sample, narcissism only modified the connection between social exclusion and FoMO, while in the Danish sample, it impacted both the connection between social exclusion and FoMO and the connection between FoMO and compulsive buying. Conclusion The obtained results show that the regulating role of narcissism is different in Turkey and Denmark within the conceptual model we studied.

Adequação psicométrica da Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale para a Região Nordeste do Brasil / Adecuación psicométrica de la Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale para la región noreste de Brasil / Psychometric adaptation of the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale to the Northeast region of Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se coletar evidências das propriedades psicométricas da Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS) em estudantes universitários da Região Nordeste do Brasil. Para isso, foram realizados dois estudos. O Estudo 1 contou com 300 universitários oriundos do Nordeste brasileiro. Predominaram aqueles do sexo feminino (71 %), de universidade particular (67 %) e com média de idade de 23,5 anos (DP = 6,7). Os resultados indicaram uma estrutura empírica sustentável (teste de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin [KMO] = 0,82), com indicadores psicométricos considerados adequados à mensuração da compra compulsiva. Além disso, uma estrutura unifatorial, constituída por seis itens, que explicaram 51,85 % da variância e alfa de Cronbach = 0,86. Já o Estudo 2 teve como finalidade testar a estrutura fatorial encontrada no Estudo 1. Participaram 279 universitários, a maioria de universidade pública (54,1 %), do sexo masculino (51,3 %) e com média de idade de 23,1 anos (DP = 4,74). Por meio da análise fatorial confirmatoria, foram verificados bons indicadores de ajuste: X2/gl = 2,90; GFI = 0,98; CFI = 0,98; TLI = 0,98; RMSEA = 0,08 (IC 90 % = 04-0,10). Conclui-se que a RCBS apresentou parâmetros psicométricos adequados e é uma medida útil para os futuros estudos sobre a compra compulsiva.

Resumen Se propuso recoger evidencia de las propiedades psicométricas de la Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS) en estudiantes universitarios de la región noreste de Brasil. Para ello, se realizaron dos estudios. El Estudio 1 contó con 300 universitarios oriundos del nordeste brasileño. Predominaron aquellos de sexo femenino (71 %), de universidad privada (67 %) y con promedio de edad de 23,5 años (DE = 6,7). Los resultados indicaron una estructura empírica sustentable (test de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin [KMO] = 0,82), con indicadores psicométricos considerados adecuados a la medición de compra compulsiva. Asimismo, una estructura unifactorial, constituida por seis ítems, que explican el 51,85 % de la varianza y alfa de Cronbach = 0,86. El Estudio 2 tuvo como fin probar la estructura factorial encontrada en el Estudio 1. Participaron 279 universitarios, mayoritariamente de universidad pública (54,1 %), de sexo masculino (51,3 %) y con promedio de edad de 23,1 años (EP = 4,74). Por medio del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, fueron verificados buenos indicadores de ajuste: X2/gl = 2,90; GFI = 0,98; CFI = 0,98; TLI = 0,98; RMSEA = 0,08 (IC 90 % = 04-0,10). Se concluye que la RCBS presentó parámetros psicométricos adecuados y es una medida útil para futuros estudios sobre la compra compulsiva.

Abstract The objective of this study was to gather evidence of the psychometric properties of the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS) in university students in the Northeast region of Brazil. For this purpose, two studies were conducted. The first study involved 300 university students from the Brazilian Northeast. They were predominantly female (71%), from private universities (67%) and with an average age of 23,5 years old (SD= 6,7). The results indicated a sustainable empirical structure (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin [KMO] test = 0,82), with psychometric indicators considered adequate for measuring compulsive buying. The results also indicated an unifactorial structure, consisting of six items, which explained 51,85% of the variance, and Cronbach's Alpha of 0,86. The second study aimed at testing the factorial structure found in the first study. A total of 279 university students participated, mostly from public universities (54,1%), male (51,3%) and with an average age of 23,1 years old (EP= 4,74). Through the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, good fit indicators were verified: X2/gl = 2,90; GFI = 0,98; CFI = 0,98; TLI=0,98; RMSEA = 0,08 (IC 90%=04-0,10). It is concluded that the RCBS presented adequate psychometric parameters and is a useful measure for future studies about compulsive buying.

La mujer moderna y el comprar compulsivo / Modern woman and compulsive buying

Resumen Introducción: El comprar compulsivo (CC) ha sido observado principalmente en mujeres modernas (hasta 95%) en nuestra sociedad occidental. Objetivo: Describir analíticamente la relación entre el CC y factores biopsicosociales que favorecen su desarrollo. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre la relación entre CC y factores biopsicosociales mediante las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, SciELO y textos especializados. Resultados: El CC es un trastorno del control de los impulsos (a menudo dentro de un patrón multiimpulsivo), con severa interferencia en el funcionamiento psicosocial y financiero, que emerge en un contexto postmoderno, con una significativa asociación con los cambios de identidad de género en el sexo femenino, con comorbilidades, principalmente, trastornos de ansiedad, del ánimo, alimentarios, uso/abuso de sustancias y de personalidad (obsesivo-compulsivo, evitativo, limítrofe). Habitualmente es desencadenado por afectos negativos (angustia, tristeza, ira, frustración, soledad), baja autoestima, estímulos externos favorecidos por el sistema de mercado, valoración de la aprobación social por el consumo y/o satisfacción hedonista. El tratamiento combinado de psicoterapia cognitivo-conductual, psicoeducación y fármacos ISRS parece ser más efectivo. Conclusiones: La evidencia muestra que el CC correspondería a un fenómeno biopsicosocial, más prevalente en mujeres, en un trasfondo histórico sociocultural postmoderno, que sobrepasa la autonomía, igualdad y competencia en ámbitos masculinos logrados por la mujer actual, convirtiéndose en un trastorno del espectro impulsivo incluido en la CIE-10.

Background: Compulsive buying (CB) has been observed mainly in modern women (up to 95%) in our Western society. Objective: To describe analytically the relationship between CB and biopsychosocial factors that encourage its development. Method: A review of specialised textbooks and the available literature in Medline/PubMed and SciELO on the relationship between CB and biopsychosocial factors was conducted. Results: CB is an impulse control disorder (ojien within a multi-impulsive pattern), with severe interference in psychosocial and financial functioning, which emerges in a postmodern context, with a significant association with changes in the female gender identity, with comorbidities mainly anxiety, mood, eating disorders, use/abuse of substances and personality (obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, borderline). It is usually triggered by negative affects (anguish, sadness, anger, frustration, loneliness), low self-esteem, external stimuli reinforced by the marketing system, value of social approval for consumption and/or hedonistic satisfaction. The combined treatment of cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy, psychoeducation and SSRI drugs seems to be more effective. Conclusions: The evidence shows that CB could be considered as a biopsychosocial phenomenon, more prevalent in women, in a postmodern socio-cultural historical background, that exceeds the autonomy, equality and competence in masculine domains achieved by the current woman, becoming a psychopathological disorder within the impulsive spectrum that has been included in the ICD-10.

Reliability and Validity of the Korean version of Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCB-K). METHODS: Participants (n=598) included patients recruited through an online panel survey. For the semantic adaptation step, the scale was translated into Korean and then back-translated to English by one psychologist, one public health professional, one psychiatrist who could speak both Korean and English, and one professional translator, without communication between those involved. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test whether the factor structure of the RCB-K was consistent with the English version. Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the RCB-K scores with those of other scales (i.e., O'Guinn & Faber's Compulsive Buying Scale, Problem Gambling Inventory). RESULTS: The factor structure of the RCB-K was consistent with the two-factor structure established for the original RCB. Cronbach's α was high (0.906), indicating that the reliabilities of the items in each subscale were satisfactory. The RCB-K score was significantly correlated with those for the O'Guinn & Faber's Compulsive Buying Scale (r=0.7) and the Problem Gambling Inventory (r=0.422). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that the RCB-K is an effective and valid scale for evaluating the severity of compulsive buying. The findings suggest that the RCB-K is a promising assessment tool for use in the treatment and study of online compulsive buying behavior.

Compras compulsivas: uma revisão e um relato de caso / Compulsive buying disorder: a review and a Case Vignette

OBJETIVO: O transtorno do comprar compulsivo foi descrito pela primeira vez como uma síndrome psiquiátrica no começo do século XX. Sua classificação permanece incerta e os investigadores têm debatido uma correlação potencial com transtornos do humor, transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e transtornos do impulso. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma revisão de transtorno do comprar compulsivo e um relato de caso. MÉTODO: Duas bases de dados foram investigadas (Medline e PsycINFO) em busca de artigos publicados nos últimos 40 anos. Os unitermos selecionados foram "oniomania" e "compras compulsivas". Outros artigos relevantes também foram identificados por meio das listas de referências. RESULTADOS: O transtorno do comprar compulsivo é uma condição crônica e prevalente encontrada ao redor do mundo, que divide características comuns com transtornos do controle do impulso. Em amostras clínicas, mulheres perfazem mais de 80 por cento dos sujeitos. Sua etiologia é desconhecida, mas mecanismos neurobiológicos e genéticos têm sido propostos. O transtorno apresenta altas taxas de comorbidade com transtornos do humor, abuso de substâncias, transtornos alimentares e transtornos do controle do impulso. CONCLUSÃO: As recomendações terapêuticas derivadas da literatura e da experiência clínica sugerem que compradores compulsivos podem se beneficiar de intervenções psicossociais. Modelos de intervenção cognitivo-comportamental de grupo parecem promissores. Ensaios farmacológicos relatam resultados conflitantes. A identificação e o tratamento das comorbidades psiquiátricas são também um aspecto chave do tratamento. Para determinar a validade do transtorno do comprar compulsivo, os futuros trabalhos devem enfocar os achados psicopatológicos e neurobiológicos específicos à síndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Compulsive buying disorder was first described as a psychiatric syndrome in the early twentieth century. Its classification remains elusive, and investigators have debated its potential relationship to mood, substance use, obsessive-compulsive, and impulse control disorders. The objective of this study is to present a review of compulsive buying disorder and present a case vignette. METHOD: Two databases were reviewed (Medline and PsycINFO) in search for articles published in the last 40 years. Selected terms included oniomania, compulsive buying, and compulsive shopping. Other relevant articles were also identified through reference lists. RESULTS: Compulsive buying disorder is a prevalent and chronic condition that is found worldwide, sharing commonalities with impulse control disorders. In clinical samples, women make up more than 80 percent of subjects. Its etiology is unknown, but neurobiologic and genetic mechanisms have been proposed. The disorder is highly comorbid with mood, substance use, eating and impulse control disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment recommendations derived from the literature and clinical experience suggest that problem shoppers can benefit from psychosocial interventions. Cognitive-behavioral group models appear promising. Medication trials have reported mixed results. The identification and treatment of psychiatric comorbidity is also a key aspect of treatment. In order to determine the validity of compulsive buying disorder, future work should focus on psychopathology and neurobiological findings unique to the syndrome.