ABSTRACT
Background:The kidneys are vital organs of urinary system. The primary function of the urinary system is removal of metabolic waste from the body. The blood supply of any organ reflects its functional importance. This is true with the kidneys and its blood supply too. The right and left kidneys receive their blood supply from the lateral branches of the abdominalaorta, that is respectively from the right and the left renal arteries. These renal arteries are known to exhibit variations. These variations are encountered routinely during the dissection of cadavers. The knowledge of such variations is important for the clinicians and the surgeons. The recent advances in radiological techniques (CT scan) allow study of arterial system with good precision. This study is therefore planned with an aim to study and compare morphology of human renal arteries in cadavers andusing Computed tomography scans in living individuals. Material And Methods:The study was conducted on 36 formalin fixed cadavers and on 36 computed tomographic(CT)angiograms of renal arteries.The parameters measured included mode of termination and the branching pattern of renal arteries. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out to find out the mean and standard deviation (SD).Result:68.5% to 86.1%peri hilar mode of termination and 13.8% to 31.4% hilar mode of terminationwas found in cadavers. While both type of mode of termination in CT angiogramswas found to be around 44.4% to 55.5%. In cadavers as well as in CT angiograms43.7%to 70% was P1 branching pattern.Conclusion:The mode of termination of renal artery in cadavers was peri hilar in 77.4% and hilar in 22.5% cases and in CT study mode of termination of renal artery was peri hilar in 50% and hilar in 50%.The branching pattern of renal artery in case of peri hilar division in majority of cases is P1 that is posterior artery was the first branch of renal artery.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Visando contribuir para o conhecimento das doses em tomografia computadorizada (TC), este trabalho teve o objetivo de quantificar grandezas dosimétricas associadas a exames do abdome em pacientes pediátricos, comparando-as com os níveis de referência em radiodiagnóstico (NRD). Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi realizado em dois hospitais, em um tomógrafo Toshiba Asteion single-slice e um GE BrightSpeed multi-slice. Medidas foram feitas com uma câmara de ionização tipo lápis e um objeto simulador de tronco de polimetilmetacrilato de 16 cm de diâmetro. Resultados: Os valores do índice ponderado de kerma no ar (CW) não apresentaram diferenças significativas, porém, para as grandezas índice de kerma no ar volumétrico (CVOL), produto kerma-comprimento (PKL,CT) e dose efetiva, as diferenças foram relevantes. Conclusão: Apenas o CW apresentou valores menores que os NRD, sugerindo que a otimização não seria necessária. Porém, os valores de PKL,CT e dose efetiva mostraram que há espaço para reduzir as doses de radiação pediátricas. Este trabalho ressalta a importância de avaliar todas as grandezas dosimétricas associadas aos exames por TC. .
Objective: Aiming at contributing to the knowledge on doses in computed tomography (CT), this study has the objective of determining dosimetric quantities associated with pediatric abdominal CT scans, comparing the data with diagnostic reference levels (DRL). Materials and methods: The study was developed with a Toshiba Asteion single-slice CT scanner and a GE BrightSpeed multi-slice CT unit in two hospitals. Measurements were performed with a pencil-type ionization chamber and a 16 cm-diameter polymethylmethacrylate trunk phantom. Results: No significant difference was observed in the values for weighted air kerma index (CW), but the differences were relevant in values for volumetric air kerma index (CVOL), air kerma-length product (PKL,CT) and effective dose. Conclusion: Only the CW values were lower than the DRL, suggesting that dose optimization might not be necessary. However, PKL,CT and effective dose values stressed that there still is room for reducing pediatric radiation doses. The present study emphasizes the importance of determining all dosimetric quantities associated with CT scans. .
ABSTRACT
Introdução: No Brasil, a leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) é uma importante antropozoonose endêmica na maioria das regiões do país. Apesar da expansão da doença nos últimos anos, a LTA continua a ser uma doença negligenciada. A leishmaniose mucosa (LM) tem como principal agente causador a Leishmania (V.) brasilienses, e habitualmente ocorre meses ou anos após a infecção cutânea sintomática ou assintomática. Aproximadamente 5% dos pacientes com leishmaniose cutânea não tratada adequadamente irão desenvolver a LM, forma que causa importante morbidade aos pacientes. A LM é uma doença progressiva, que acomete cartilagens e estruturas ósseas da face, faringe e laringe. Complicações associadas à leishmaniose mucosa já foram descritas, embora não existam estudos que avaliem as alterações estruturais da face e seios paranasais utilizando métodos radiológicos e que estimem a prevalência de sinusopatia nesta população ou que a compare com a população geral. Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de opacificação dos seios paranasais em pacientes com leishmaniose mucosa tratada, assim como eventuais alterações anatômicas na face associadas à LM, através de tomografia computadorizada multislice (TCM) dos seios paranasais e comparar os achados encontrados nesta população com um grupo controle formado por pacientes que realizaram TCM de órbita. Este estudo também tem o escopo de determinar a prevalência de sinusopatia crônica nos pacientes com LM pós-tratamento, bem como encontrar prováveis variáveis preditoras que possam estar relacionadas com a gravidade da sinusopatia e das alterações tomográficas encontradas. Métodos: Foram avaliados 54 pacientes com LM tratada, que foram submetidos à TCM dos seios da face, e comparados com grupo controle de 40 pacientes que realizaram TCM de órbita. A análise das tomografias foi realizada a partir de reconstruções multiplanares nos planos axial, coronal e sagital. Foram avaliados o grau de opacificação (sinusopatia) dos...
Introduction: American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an important anthropozoonosis that is endemic in most regions in Brazil. Despite the spread of the disease in recent years, ATL remains a neglected disease. Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is mainly caused by Leishmania (V.) brasiliensis agent, and usually occurs months or years after symptomatic or asymptomatic skin infection. Approximately 5% of patients with untreated cutaneous leishmaniasis will develop ML, a presentation that causes significant morbidity to patients. The mucosal leishmaniasis is a progressive disease that affects cartilage and bone structures of the nose and paranasal sinuses as well as other upper respiratory tract structures. Complications associated with ML have been described, but there is a lack of studies which evaluate the structural changes of the nose and paranasal sinuses in ML using radiological methods. Objective: To assess the degree of opacification of the paranasal sinuses in patients with treated mucosal leishmaniasis as well as any anatomic changes in the face associated with ML through multidector computed tomography scans (MDCT) of the sinuses, and compare the findings in this population with a control group. This study also aims at determining the prevalence of chronic sinusitis in patients with treated ML as well as finding probable predictive variables that may be related to the severity of sinus disease and CT findings. Methods: We evaluated 54 patients with treated ML who were submitted to MDCT of the sinuses, and compared with a control group of 40 patients who underwent MDCT of orbit. Analysis of the scans was performed from multiplanar reconstructions in the axial, coronal and sagittal views. The degree of sinus disease was assessed according to the Lund-Mackay criteria, in which a value was assigned to the degree of opacification of each sinus system and ostiomeatal complexes...