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Objective@#To understand the seasonality and etiological characteristics of infectious diarrhea in adults from Shanghai.@*Methods@#Adult patients with diarrhea who had visited the enteric disease clinics in 22 hospitals that carrying on the Diarrhea Comprehensive Surveillance sentinel programs in Shanghai during 2014-2017, were surveyed. Stool specimens were collected according to the different intervals of sampling and detected for 12 bacteria and 5 viruses. Concentration ratio and circular distribution method were used for data analysis.@*Results@#From 2014 to 2017, a total of 9 573 stool specimens were collected from the targeted diarrhea patients ≥18 years old (n=96 067), through the Shanghai Diarrhea Comprehensive Surveillance program. The positive rate of detection was 46.44%. Seasonal peaks of infectious diarrhea were both seen in summer (bacteria peak, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, etc.) and in winter (virus peak, Norovirus, etc.). Both bacterial and viral infections presented seasonal concentration (Raleigh’s test P<0.001) but more obvious with bacterial infection. Viral infection accounted for 60.19% of the cause of infectious diarrhea. The top five predominant pathogens appeared as Norovirus, Rotavirus, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella spp..@*Conclusions@#Among the adult outpatients with infectious diarrhea in Shanghai, obvious seasonality was seen, with peaks in both summer and winter. Viral infection with Norovirus in particular, appeared as the predominant source of infection. Active, continuous and comprehensive diarrhea-related surveillance programs would be able to monitor the changing dynamic of pathogen spectrum, and lead to the adoption of targeted preventive measures.
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This review is used to improve the concentration ratio and competitiveness of Chinese patent medicine industry, and to provide reference for policy-making. The concentration ratio of Chinese patent medicine industry was calculated by CRn. The multiple regression model was conducted to analyze the Chinese patent medicine industry’s concentration factors influencing. Product differentiation, scale economy, and foreign capital economy proportion have a great impact on the concentration of Chinese patent medicine industry. The enhancement of product differentiation and scale economy can improve the concentration of Chinese patent medicine industry. The entry of foreign capital can also increase the concentration of Chinese patent medicine industry. However, related research shows that the entry of foreign capital will bring some security problems. Therefore, it is necessary to take some measures to prevent the potential risks brought by foreign corporations when improve the competitiveness of Chinese patent medicine industry and enhance Chinese enterprises’ strength by utilizing foreign capital.
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Concentrations of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe in the street dust from Camagüey city were studied by X-ray .uorescence analysis. The mean Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb contents in the urban dust samples (97 ± 30, 14 ± 2, 35 ± 36, 94 ± 26, 199 ± 87 and 42 ± 29 mg.kg-1 dry weight, respectively) were compared with mean concentrations in other cities around the world. Spatial distribution maps indicated the same behaviour for Cr-Ni and Pb-Zn-Cu, respectively, whereas the spatial distribution of Co differs from other heavy metals. The metal-to-iron normalization, using Cuban average metal soil contents as background, showed that street dusts from Camagüey city are moderately or significantly Zn-Pb enriched in those areas associated with heavy traffic density and metallurgic plant location. However, the calculation of the potential ecological risk index shows that metal content in Camagüey street dust does not represent any risk for the city population.
Se determinan por fluorescencia de rayos X las concentraciones de Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn y Pb en los polvos urbanos de la ciudad de Camagüey. Los contenidos medios de metales pesados en las muestras de polvos urbanos (97 ± 30, 14 ± 2, 35 ± 36, 94 ± 26, 199 ± 87 y 42 ± 29 mg.kg-1 en peso seco respectivamente) son comparados con las concentraciones medias determinadas en otras ciudades del mundo. Los mapas de distribución espacial indican comportamientos similares para Cr-Ni y Pb-Zn-Cu respectivamente, en tanto la distribución espacial de Co difiere del resto de los metales. La normalización a un metal de referencia, empleando como fondo los valores medios de concentraciones de metales pesados cubanos, mostró que los polvos urbanos de la ciudad de Camagüey tienen un enriquecimiento moderado o significativo de Zn y Pb en aquellas áreas que están asociadas a una elevada densidad del tráfico automotor y a la ubicación de plantas metalúrgicas. El cálculo del índice de riesgo ecológico potencial mostró que el contenido de metales pesados en los polvos urbanos de Camagüey no representa riesgo alguno para su población.
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Objective To explore the transport properties of the radionuclide strontium 90Sr in the soil-plant system,and discuss the accumulation characteristics of strontiumes in different vegetable tissues.Methods Three kinds of vegetables,including Chinese cabbage,radish and celery,were planted in this experiments using stable nuclide 88Sr instead of 90Sr.Strontium concentrations in these kinds of plant and soil were measured with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES),and the transportation factor (TF) of strontium and the concentration ratio (CR) of these plants were calculated.Results The contents of strontium in different tissues of the vegetables increased significantly in response to the strontium concentrations in soil (F =3.75-139.39,P ＜ 0.05).The contents of strontium at 398.33,477.99 and 557.57 mg/kg in different tissues of these vegetables were significantly higher than that in control group (t =-10.49-7.41,P ＜0.05).Except celery stems,there was a positive correlation about contents of the strontium between other tissues of these vegetables and their experimental soils (r =0.88-0.99,t =7.41-15.96,P ＜0.05).Based on dry weight of examples,the TF in each tissue sample of cabbage and radish was higher than 1,and the concentration ratio,for cabbage and radish,was higher in stems than in roots (F =8.22,91.49,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Three kinds of vegetables have been shown to have strontium accumulation ability in soil environment.
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Objective To study the different effects from different concentration ratios of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) to tumor cell (TC) on the process of tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cell (EC) in shear flow. Methods PMNs and TCs with different concentration ratios (PMN-TC ratio) were added into the parallel plate flow chamber, and changes in the numbers of transient and accumulative adhered TCs on ECs at different shear rates (50 s-1，100 s-1，200 s-1) were analyzed. Results The transient and accumulative adhesion of TCs on ECs at PMN-TC ratio of 3︰1 significantly increased as compared to that at PMN-TC ratio of 1︰1, especially under high shear flow condition (100 s-1 and 200 s-1). Moreover, in the 5 minute-observation period, the effect of PMN-TC ratio on TC adhered to ECs occurred earlier when the shear rate increased. Conclusions The increase of PMN-TC concentration ratio can promote TC adhesion to ECs in shear flow, and the research findings provide significant references for studying TC metastasis in blood vessels and the target therapy of tumors.
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Objective To analyze the prevalent feature and variant tendency of Scrub Typhus in Guangdong Province from 2006 to 2012, and provide a basis of strategy and measure on prevention and protection of Scrub Typhus. Methods Clinical information of all individual cases was gained from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Cochran-Armitage trend χ2 test was used to describe the variance of Scrub Typhus incidence and the clinical cases of 2013 were predicted by autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, while descriptive epidemiological analysis was adopted to describe the endemic distribution, seasonal characteristics and population distribution of Scrub Typhus. Results A total of 8 163 Scrub typhus cases were reported in Guangdong Province from 2006 to 2012. Annual mean incidence of the disease was 1.15/100 000 with the incidence showing an upward tendency (χ2 = 3 191.976, P < 0.01). There were 14 dead clinical cases reported with a fatality rate to be 1.72‰(14/8 163). Totally 3 166 people were predicted to infect Scrub Typhus in 2013 by ARIMA model. The disease was prevalent from the end of May to early October and the peak time was in late August (Z = 2 303.71, P < 0.01). The top five cities developed Scrub Typhus were Zhaoqing, Guangzhou, Yunfu, Shaoguan and Qingyuan. Male-female ratio was 1.00 ∶ 1.08 in all reported cases in which 52.78%(4 309/8 163) of them aged from 40 to 65 years old and 59.30%(4 841/8 163) of them were farmers. Conclusions The incidence of Scrub Typhus is rising in Guangdong Province, with the prevalent peak in summer and autumn, and rural populations are at high risk. The most effective preventions are strengthening health education , enhancing individual protection and protecting key populations in special districts.
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ABSTRACT:The seasonal characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Gansu Province in 1962-2010 were analyzed in order to provide reference for making strategies of disease control and prevention .The JE data is the Epidemic Data between 1962 and 2003 from Gansu CDC ,and National Notifiable Diseases Registry System (NNDRS ,2004-2010) .Concentration ra‐tio and circular distribution method were used in this study .Results showed that the M‐value of the seasonal distribution of JE in 1962-2010 was 0 .825 9 .The corresponding peak date of JE was the 30th August (95% CI:22 July to 7 October) .The Z value of Rayleigh test was 3 506 .092 5 (P<0 .01) .In conclusion ,the concentration and circular distribution method helps us to grasp the JE epidemic peak season more accurately .There were significant seasona1 characteristics for JE in Gansu Province and the epidemic peak was from late July to early October .
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Este estudo analisou o grau de concentração do valor bruto da produção de banana no estado do Paraná, no período 1995-2010. Os dados utilizados estão disponíveis no Instituto Paranaense de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social. O grau de concentração foi determinado por meio da Razão de Concentração, do Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman e do Índice de Theil. No período estudado, foi observado um crescimento médio anual de 12,92% a.a. no valor bruto de produção da banana no Paraná; os polos de produção de banana se encontram na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba e a mesorregião do Norte Pioneiro; a razão de concentração municipal foi moderadamente alta a muito alta e, em nível microrregional, foi ainda mais concentrada; o índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman apresentou concentração com grandezas similares nos níveis mesorregional e microrregional. Enquanto indicador, o municipal apontou leve concentração; o índice de Theil mostrou concentração estacionária nos níveis microrregional e municipal e indicou concentração em nível de mesorregião.
The degree of concentration of banana production gross value in Paraná State was studied in the 1995-2010 period. The data base is available at IPARDES - Paraná Institute of Economic and Social Development. The degree of concentration was determined by the Concentration Ratio, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and the Theil Index. In the period studied, an average annual growth of 12.92% in the value of banana production in Paraná was observed; the poles of banana production are the Metropolitan region of Curitiba and the Norte Pioneiro mesoregion. Concentration Ratio was moderately high to very high at municipal level, and even higher at micro-region level; the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index showed similar magnitudes at mesoregional and microregional levels for concentration, while the municipal indicator shows a slight concentration. The Theil index showed stationary concentration levels in the microregional and municipal region and indicated the municipal mesoregion concentration.
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RESUMEN Se realizó el análisis por activación neutrónica instrumental de sedimentos superficiales de la bahía de La Habana, Cuba. Se reportaron las concentraciones de 23 elementos (metales pesados y trazas), reportándose, por primera vez un grupo importante de elementos tierras raras (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb y Lu). La normalización de los resultados a un metal de referencia demostró la presencia antropogénica de Sb, Ba, As, Cr y Zn producto de la descarga de residuales domésticos e industriales.
ABSTRACT Surface sediments from the Havana Bay (Cuba) were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Concentrations of 23 heavy and trace elements in the sediments were reported, including for the first time, an important group of REE (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu). The normalization of the results for a reference metal shows that an anthropogenic Sb, Ba, As, Cr and Zn inputs are due to discharges of sewage and industrial effluent.
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OBJECTIVE:To discuss the way to raise the market concentration ratio of pharmaceutical industry in China. METHODS:The present situations of market concentration ratios home and abroad were analysed and compared.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The market concentration ratio of pharmaceutical industry was lower in China than that in foreign coun?tries.In order to raise the market concentration ratio of pharmaceutical industry in China,we should heighten the standard of market access,acquire,merge and procure existing pharmaceutical enterprises and lower the barrier to withdraw from market.