Condom stigma among men who have sex with men population: Concept synthesis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#The epidemic of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) is severe in China. And MSM has now become a key population for the infection and transmission of AIDS. At present, the bottleneck of AIDS prevention and control among MSM population is low rate of continuous condom use and high incidence of unsafe sexual behavior. Inductive summarization of the literature revealed that the most critical reason for low rate of continuous condom use among the MSM population was condom-related stigma. Although many studies mentioned condom-related stigma among MSM populations, there has been no any definition of MSM-related condom stigma and no measurement for it. Therefore, the paper aims to explore barriers to condom use among MSM, then construct the conceptual and operational definition of "MSM-related condom stigma" through Meta synthesis and concept synthesis, and provide a new perspective for AIDS prevention and control among MSM.@*METHODS@#Based on evidence-based method, "PICoS" framework and Meta-synthesis was used to include the literatures. Then, we used synthesized qualitative evidence from included studies to construct the concept and operational definition of MSM-related condom stigma by the means of thematic analysis and concept synthesis.@*RESULTS@#According to the results of the concept synthesis, MSM-related condom stigma refers to any taboos or misbeliefs about condom use or feeling ashamed or embarrassed to talk about using condoms which perceived by individuals at the individual, interpersonal, and social levels.It was demonstrated through 4 sub-themes at operational level: a symbol of distrust, a symbol of HIV/sexual transmitted infections (STIs) prevention, a symbol of an embarrassing topic, and a symbol of violating the traditional cognition of sexual intercourse. According to the Social-ecological Model (SEM), a symbol of distrust refers to that the MSM population believes that not using condoms represents mutual trust between sexual partners, while using condoms is difficult to express intimacy, trust and loyalty between sexual partners. A symbol of HIV/STIs prevention at the interpersonal level refers to that the MSM population believes that condom use is a "symbol" for the prevention or infection of AIDS; on the one hand, if someone proposes to use condoms, he may be considered infected with HIV or have unsafe sex experiences, thus, making it difficult to propose condom use; on the other hand, if they believe that sexual partners are "AIDS free" (often a wrong perception, such as sexual partners may have the risk of AIDS infection although they do not have AIDS), it is considered that condom use is completely unnecessary. The environmental level includes a symbol of an embarrassing topic and a symbol of violating the traditional cognition of sexual intercourse. A symbol of an embarrassing topic refers to the MSM population feels shame about topics related to sexual behavior and is embarrassed to carry/buy/propose condom use or be ashamed to engage in conversations about whether to use condoms during sexual behavior. And a symbol of violating the traditional cognition of sexual intercourse: The MSM population have limitations in their perception of "sex" or "sexual behavior" and believe that real sex (behavior) is unobstructed contact between the bodies and exchange between all body fluids.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The concept of MSM-related condom stigma is proposed for the first time, and its operational definition is given. The concept includes 3 levels and 4 dimensions. It is helpful to understand MSM people's attitude and cognition towards condoms, and adds indicators with cultural sensitivity and behavioral sensitivity to the behavioral intervention for AIDS in the future.

Concept Synthesis and Empirical Validation of Essential Genetic/Genomic Nursing Competencies on Cancer Medicine / 医学教育

Background: For enhancing nursing education, we conducted concept synthesis and empirical validation of the essential genetic/genomic nursing competencies on cancer medicine for all nurses.　Methods: First, 41 articles were reviewed to produce a prototype concept of the essential genetic/genomic nursing competencies on cancer medicine (Study A). Second, focus group interviews were conducted with 21 standard-level nurses in cancer care, genetic/genomic nursing practices were extracted, and these were synthesized into Study A results. Consequently, although two new nursing practices were generated, analysis was terminated because no new concepts were created (Study B). Lastly, two experts performed empirical validation for all subjects.　Results: The following seven concepts were identified: "Utilization of genetic/genomic information," "Prevention of cancer including family members," "Adjustment of genome-related resources," "Attitude toward diversity in individuals," "Fulfillment of basic responsibilities," "Acquisition of specific medical knowledge," and "Awareness of the contribution of genetic/genomic medicine."　Discussion: Compared with the existing genetic nursing core competencies, cancer management systems and technological reforms have led to the addition of "administration management of molecularly targeted drugs" and "harmonization with organizational and regional policies." Thus, the nursing practice behind the concept has shifted from the legally prescribed "medical treatment for injured and ill persons" to "assistance in medical care" involving family members. Others concepts included core competences of general genetic/genomic nursing similar to cancer care.