ABSTRACT
This paper seeks to review the literature and address ethical implications of organized contact sports, such as American football and boxing, with significant child or adolescent participation. Child and adolescent sport participation act not only as a leisure activity, but also improves physical health and enhances psychological and social health outcomes. However, playing sports may also have negative physiological effects, such as sports-related concussions (SRCs) - a form of traumatic brain injury (TBI) - which are an emerging public health concern. This paper review and explores ethical implications of contact sports in the scientific literature and demonstrates challenged faced on philosophical deliberation on the ethical implications of SRCs and RHIs due to complexities of these conditions and their identification and treatment involving a wide variety of practical situations, which formal sports rules may not adequately address. Since scholarly literature has yet to arrive at a consensus concerning causal link(s) between contact sports participation and significant concussion-related brain damage, the paper argues in favor of strengthening concussion preventive measures, identification protocols and management procedures in contact sports. This article rejects ethical paternalism on the basis of inconclusive empirical evidence concerning associations between contact sports participation and heightened SRC risk. It also rejects Mill’s argumentation against consensualism and suggests prevention is a better solution over inadequately founded philosophical ethical proposals favoring drastically reforming contact sports.
ABSTRACT
Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar as perdas econômicas decorrentes de lesões de transporte e manejo pré-abate em carcaças de bovinos abatidos em matadouro-frigorífico inspecionado na região norte do Estado de Mato Grosso/MT, Brasil. De um total de 1.021 animais avaliados identificou-se que 433(42,4%) apresentavam carcaças com lesões relacionadas ao transporte e manejo pré-abate. A frequência de lesões encontradas evidenciou uma diferença (P<0,05)de acordo com o tempo de transporte, em que, com o transporte de até duas horas foi observado 1,82 lesão/carcaça lesionada e 2,05 lesão/carcaça lesionada com o tempo de 2 a 8 horas, sendo que para tempo de transporte maior que 8 horas, foi observado 2,07 lesões/carcaça lesionada, sendo esse valor igual (P>0,05)aos valores encontrados para transporte entre 2 a 8 horas.Os animais lesionados apresentaram de uma até seis lesões em sua carcaça, com uma maioria (96,9%) variando entre 1 a 4 lesões, sendo que os animais transportados por mais de 2 horas apresentaram mais lesões que os animais transportados por até 2 horas (P<0,05).Foi observado que o local de maior incidência de lesões foi o lombo, com 50,35% das lesões, seguido pela região do coxão com 36,38% das lesões encontradas neste estudo. Encontrou-se também uma perca no valor de 115,76 kg para o total de animais estudados, estima-se que para um matodouro-frigorífico de médio porte, acumula-se uma perda anual superior a 200 mil reais com lesões em carcaças bovinas decorrentes do transporte e manejo pré-abate...
This study evaluates the economic losses caused by lesions during shipping and pre-management in cattle slaughtered in Mato Grosso, Brazil. From 1,021 carcasses evaluated, 433 (42.4%) presented injuries caused hrough transportation and pre-slaughter management. Lesion frequency varied significantly with shipping times (P<0.05). Animals transported for up to 2 hours presented 1,82 lesion/carcass. In turn, animals transported 2 to 8 hours exhibited 2.05 lesion/carcass, what however did not differ statistically from the number of lesions in animals transported for more than 8 hours (2.07 lesion/carcass; P>0.05). Injured animals presented up to six lesions, although most (96.9%) had up to four lesions. Cattle transported for more than 2 hours presented more lesions than animals shipped for less than 2 hours (P<0.05). Most lesions were obsetrved on the loin (50.35% of lesions), followed by the rump (36.38%). Total weight loss of animals accounted for 115.76 kg, Annual economic losses in a midsized slaughterhouse were estimated at R$ 200,000 by lesions caused during transport and pre-slaughter management of cattle...