Design, synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity activity evaluation of mono-chalcones and new pyrazolines derivatives

The development of resistance and side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs are common obstacles in the treatmentof cancer. With the expansion of health problems nowadays, there is a need to continuously develop new drugs thatare more efficient in targeting tumor cells and safe to normal cells. This study designed a series of new chalconesand pyrazoline derivatives based on their binding energy from the molecular docking study. The synthesis involvedClaisen–Schmidt condensation to form two chalcones, 1 and 2, which are then cyclized at room temperature to formeight new pyrazoline derivatives, 3–10. A one-pot reaction of acetophenone, 2-ethoxybenzaldehyde, and hydrazidederivatives (thiosemicarbazide and phenyl hydrazide) under reflux formed two new pyrazoline derivatives, 11 and12, without the isolation of chalcones. All the synthesized chalcones and pyrazolines were characterized using theFourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total reflectance and nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D).The cytotoxicity activity of the chalcones and new pyrazoline compounds were investigated against breast cancercell lines (MCF-7 and MD-MB-231) and normal breast cell lines (MCF-10A). The results show that only compound7 showed the minimum inhibition against MCF-7 with IC50 6.50µM when exposed to the cell line for 24 hourscompared to the reference Gefitinib anticancer drug

A method for the synthesis of chalcones / 中国药科大学学报

@#In this paper,a new method for catalytic synthesis of chalcones from substituted acetophenone and substituted benzaldehyde in polyphosphoric acid/concentrated sulfuric acid system was proposed,and the reaction conditions were optimized. The results showed that the optimized reaction conditions were determined as polyphosphoric acid of 5 equiv. and concentrated sulfuric acid of 20 equiv.,with 1,4-dioxane as solvent at 90 °C for 2 h under nitrogen protection. Twelve chalcones were synthesized with good yield. All target compounds were characterized by IR,HRMS,1H NMR and 13C NMR.

Cytotoxic and antibacterial polyketide-indole hybrids synthesized from indole-3-carbinol by

Two skeletally undescribed polyketide-indole hybrids (PIHs), named indolchromins A and B, were generated from indole-3-carbinol (I3C) in the fungal culture (). The indolchromin structures were elucidated mainly by their 1D and 2D NMR spectra with the former confirmed by the single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis. Each indolchromin alkaloid was chirally separated into four isomers, whose absolute configurations were assigned by comparing the recorded circular dichroism (CD) spectra with the electronic CD (ECD) curves computed for all optional stereoisomers. Furthermore, the indolchromin construction pathways in fungal culture were clarified through enzyme inhibition, precursor feeding experiment, and energy calculation. The cascade reactions, including decarboxylative Claisen condensation catalyzed by 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase (AONS), C()-H activation, double bond migration, and Michael addition, all undergone compatibly during the fungal cultivation. In an MIC range of 1.3-8.6 μmol/L, (2,4)- and (2,4)-indolchromin A and (2,4)-indolchromin B are inhibitory against , , sp., , and . (2,4)-Indolchromin A and (2,4)-indolchromin B were cytotoxic against the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 with IC values of 27.9 and 131.2 nmol/L, respectively, with the former additionally active against another human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (IC 94.4 nmol/L).

Synthesis and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of 3-(4′-benzoyl amino-phenyl)-coumarin derivatives / 中国药科大学学报

@#Firstly, three 3-arylcoumarins 4a- 4c were synthesized from p-aminophenylacetic acid and salicylaldehyde by Perkin condensation reaction and hydrochloric acid acidification; subsequent-amidation reaction of 4a- 4c with substituted benzoyl chlorides 6a- 6h furnished; ten 3-(4′-benzoyl amino-phenyl)coumarins 7a- 7j. The structures of all target compounds were fully characterised by NMR and ESI-MS. Those target compounds were screened for-glucosidase inhibitory and advanced glycation end products(AGEs)formation inhibitory activity. The results showed that compound 7f had good inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase(IC50=10. 84±0. 36 μmol/L); compound 7g possessed much more potent inhibitory activity against AGEs formation(IC50=5. 01±0. 55 μmol/L)than the positive control aminoguanidine hydrochloride(IC50=290. 31±7. 32 μmol/L). These results provided a theoretical basis for further research on antidiabetic drugs.

Combination of mRNA of Repair-related Genes in Rat Skeletal Muscles for Wound Age Estimation / 法医学杂志

Objective To investigate the estimation of early and mid-term wound age by a combination of four mRNAs, the DNA polymerase delta-interacting protein 3 （POLDIP3） mRNA, regulator of chromosome condensation 1 like （RCC1L） mRNA, proline-rich 5 （PRR5） mRNA, and ribonucleic acid export 1 （RAE1） mRNA in rats skeletal muscles. Methods The model of rat skeletal muscle contusion was established, and then contusion area muscle tissue was extracted 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44 and 48 h after injury. Histomorphological changes during the repair process after rat skeletal muscle contusion were observed. The relative expressions of Poldip3, Rcc1l, Prr5 and Rae1 mRNAs were detected by reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR）. Different stages of wound age were classified by using the expression patterns of four genes at various time points after injury. The accuracy of the results was verified by Fisher discriminant analysis. Results Histomorphological results showed that the repair process after skeletal muscle contusion occurred with the prolonging of time. Through combination of the expression trends of the four kinds of mRNAs, the 48 h after injury could be divided into three periods, 4-12 h, 16-28 h and 32-48 h. The Fisher discrimination method showed that the classification accuracy rates of the three periods were 83.3%, 75.0% and 73.3%, respectively. Conclusion The classification discrimination based on the relative expression of every gene has a higher accuracy, and the accuracy of wound age estimation with combination of mRNA relative expressions is higher than that with a single indicator. By combining with Fisher discrimination method, this method can be used for early and mid-term wound age estimation.

Frequency of post obturation pain by using ibuprofen and ibuprofen/dexamethasone infiltration in single visit root canal treatment cases

Background: Pain after root canal treatment is a challenging problem for the operative dentists over the last few years. The development of pain is dependent on the intensity of tissue damage. Inflammation is characterized by a series of vascular events in response to tissue injury. The release of mediators is responsible for much of the pain. The rationale of this study is to use NSAIDs alone or in combination with dexamethasone to reduce post treatment swelling and pain following endodontic therapy. The objective of the study was to compare the frequency of post obturation pain by using ibuprofen or ibuprofen/ dexamethasone infiltration in single visit endodontic cases.Methods: This study was carried out in the Operative Dentistry, Department (AFID), Rawalpindi, Pakistan from December 2015 to May 2016 after approval from the Institutional Ethical Review Board. After an informed consent, 128 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were divided in to two equal groups. In Group A, after root canal treatment, an additional single shot local infiltration of 0.5 mg dexamethasone was given in periapical area. Both the patient groups were prescribed ibuprofen 400 mg three times a day. Patient’s pain response was recorded after 24 hours of treatment, using visual analogue scale. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.Results: After 24 hours, 6 (9.4%) patients showed the pain in group A while 16 (25.0%) patients complained of pain in group B.Conclusions: The results of this study showed, group A showed less postoperative pain as compared to group B where only ibuprofen was given.

Preparation of puerarin-loaded PEGylated mesoporous silica nanoparticles and its protection on the acute myocardial ischemic rats / 中草药

Objective To prepare the puerarin-loaded PEGylated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (PUE@PEG-MSNs) and evaluate its protection on the acute myocardial ischemic rats. Methods PEG-MSNs functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles were achieved by the condensation method, and then they were loaded by PUE. The morphology of PUE@PEG-MSNs was examined by detection methods of particle diameter, Zeta potential, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Moreover, the drug loading and encapsulation rate were measured by HPLC. Sixty acute ischemic myocardial model rats were prepared by coronary artery ligation, and then they were randomly divided into six groups: Sham, MIRI model, puerarin injection, low-, mid-, and high-dose PUE@PEG-MSNs groups. Different doses of PUE@PEG-MSNs and puerarin injection were given 5 min after the ligation. Monitoring the changes of ST, the blood was collected at the end of reperfusion for detecting the changes of serum creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The myocardial infarct size was also determined. Results PUE@PEG-MSNs presented uniform spherical morphology and particle size distribution. The particle size and Zeta potential was 300 nm and -30 mV respectively. The drug loading and entrapment efficiency was 14.7% and 67.8% respectively. Both puerarin injection and PUE@PEG-MSNs could reduce the ST-elevation of electrocardiogram, decrease the contents of CK, LDH, AST, and MDA, and reduce the myocardial infarct size. The efficacy of mid- and high-dose PUE@PEG- MSNs groups was better than that of puerarin injection group. Conclusion PUE@PEG-MSNs were successfully prepared and exerted the protective effects on the acute myocardial ischemic rats.

Moisture sorption and moisture-proof technology of Chinese material medica preparations / 中草药

Excessive moisture absorption often occurs in Chinese material medica (CMM) preparations due to its raw material composition is easy to absorb moisture, the increases of water content easily weaken the stability of the preparations and increase the molding difficulty of the products at the same time. At present, the basic principle of moisture absorption can be explained by adsorption theory, theory of capillary condensation, and Fick diffusion theorem, combining a variety of evaluation indexes to judge the degree of moisture absorption, which can be as the basis for developing different moisture-proof technology of CMM preparations. The relevant literatures in recent years were reviewed in this paper, conbined with the widely recognized principle of moisture sorption, characterization method, and feasible moisture-proof technology, aiming to provide technical reference and implementation examples for the moisture-proof of CMM preparations.

Preparation, characterization and evaluation of drug-loaded function of nanobowls / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To prepare nanobowls, establish the method for characterizing nanoparticles, and test drug loading efficiency and release efficiency of nanobowls. Methods: The polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) were prepared by the means of the normal emulsion polymerization. The peanuts nanoparticles (PNPs) were synthesized by the swelling process of PSNPs and the selective crosslinking between 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate and tetraethylorthosilicate. Finally, the polystyrene was dissolved to obtain nanobowls. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to analyze the size of each kind of nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to observe the morphology of nanoparticles. Nanobowls loaded doxorubicin hydrochloride as a model drug though continuous shaking were used to measure drug loading capacity and release efficiency. Results: PSNPs, coated polystyrene nanoparticles (CPSNPs), PNPs, silica peanuts nanoparticles (Si-PNPs) and nanobowls were synthesized successfully. The size of nanobowls was (126.7±4.9) nm and the Zeta potential was (-30.2±1.1) mV. The final nanoparitcles could be used to load drug easily. The drug loading efficiency and loading capacity reached 51.1% and 9.3%, respectively. Moreover, the nanobowls had the expected sustained release effect. Conclusion: The prepared nanobowls are loaded with drugs successfully, which can release drug slowly and almost completely. The nanobowls can be used for drug release delivery.

Preparation, characterization and evaluation of drug-loaded function of nanobowls / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective· To prepare nanobowls,establish the method for characterizing nanoparticles,and test drug loading efficiency and release efficiency of nanobowls.Methods · The polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) were prepared by the means of the normal emulsion polymerization.The peanuts nanoparticles (PNPs) were synthesized by the swelling process of PSNPs and the selective crosslinking between 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate and tetraethylorthosilicate.Finally,the polystyrene was dissolved to obtain nanobowls.Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to analyze the size of each kind of nanoparticles.Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to observe the morphology of nanoparticles.Nanobowls loaded doxorubicin hydrochloride as a model drug though continuous shaking were used to measure drug loading capacity and release efficiency.Results· PSNPs,coated polystyrene nanoparticles (CPSNPs),PNPs,silica peanuts nanoparticles (Si-PNPs) and nanobowls were synthesized successfully.The size of nanobowls was (126.7±4.9) nm and the Zeta potential was (-30.2±1.1) mV.The final nanoparitcles could be used to load drug easily.The drug loading efficiency and loading capacity reached 51.1％ and 9.3％,respectively.Moreover,the nanobowls had the expected sustained release effect.Conclusion · The prepared nanobowls are loaded with drugs successfully,which can release drug slowly and almost completely.The nanobowls can be used for drug release delivery.

Synthesis of acyl-hydrazone from usnic acid and isoniazid and its anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity / Síntesis de acil-hidrazona a partir del ácido úsnico e isoniazida y su actividad anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Síntese de acilhidrazona a partir de ácido úsnico e isoniazida e sua atividade anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract Compound usnic acid (1), isolated from lichen Evernia prunastri (Cajamarca-Peru) and the synthesis and characterization of its acyl-hydrazone (2), from the condensation reaction between usnic acid and isoniazid in an ethanol solution under reflux, giving an overall yield of 95%, were evaluated. Both compounds were evaluated and compared with isoniazid according to its anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity based on the tetrazolium microplate assay (TEMA). Compound 1 had MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) value of 16.0 μg/mL in each test of H37Rv (susceptible type), TB DM 97 (resistant wild type) and MDR DM 1098 (multi drug resistances type) strains. In similar tests, compound 2 MIC values were 2.0, 64.0 and 64.0 μg/mL respectively.

Resumen Se evaluó el ácido úsnico (1), aislado del liquen Evernia prunastri (Cajamarca-Perú), producto natural conocido por sus actividades biológicas, y, del mismo modo, se evaluó la síntesis de su derivado acil-hidrazona (2), obtenido a partir de una reacción de condensación entre el ácido úsnico y la isoniazida en solución etanólica a reflujo, con un rendimiento global de 95%. Ambos compuestos fueron evaluados y comparados con la isoniazida según su actividad anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis basada en el ensayo de susceptibilidad mediante el método TEMA. Los resultados mostraron que el compuesto 1 presenta valores de MIC de 16,0 μg/mL frente a las cepas H37Rv, TB DM 97 y MDR DM 1098, mientras que el compuesto 2 presenta valores de MIC de 2,0; 64,0 y 64,0 μg/mL respectivamente.

Resumo Foi avaliado o ácido úsnico (1), um produto natural conhecido pelas suas atividades biológicas, isolado a partir do líquen Evernia prunastri (Cajamarca-Peru), assim mesmo foi avaliada a síntese do seu derivado, a acil-hidrazona (2), obtido a partir de uma reação de condensação com refluxo entre o ácido úsnico e a isoniazida em solução etanólica, com um rendimento global de 95%. A atividade anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis de ambos compostos foi avaliada e comparada com a isoniazida mediante testes de sensibilidade obtidos pelo método TEMA. Os resultados mostraram que o composto 1 apresenta o valor de MIC de 16,0 μg/mL contra variedades H37Rv, TB DM 97 e MDR DM 1098; enquanto que para o composto 2 os valores de MIC são de 2,0; 64,0 e 64,0 μg/mL, respectivamente.

Preparation and in vitro targeted antitumor effect of Coicis Semen oil-tripterine microemulsion co-modified with transferrin and folic acid / 中草药

Objective: A transferrin and folic acid co-modified Coicis Semen oil-tripterine microemulsion (Tf/FA-CT-MEs) was developed to improve the tumor targeting and thereby enhance the in vitro antitumor efficacy. Methods: FA-PEG 400 was synthesized by classic condensation and together with transferrin as targeting ligands. The structures were characterized by FT-IR and H-NMR. Tf/FA-CT-MEs were prepared by aqueous titration method using Coicis Semen oil as oil phase, followed by anchoring Tf on the surface of prepared particles mentioned-above in aqueous environment. The physiochemical properties and morphology were detected by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The A549 and MCF-7 cellular uptake of various microemulsions was detected through employing fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as a fluorescence probe. The in vitro antitumor efficacy of the microemulsions against A549 and MCF-7 cells were determined by MTT assay and cell apoptosis kit. Results: FA-PEG 400 was synthesized and characterized as a target ligand. The Tf/FA-CT-MEs with spherical shape had a small droplet size (52.52 ± 0.11) nm, narrow polydispersion index (PDI, 0.124 ± 0.019), and negative Zeta potential (-21.50 ± 1.70) mV, respectively, with good in vitro stability. In in vitro antitumor efficacy, the half proliferation inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Tf/FA-CT-MEs was 0.77 μmol/L on MCF-7 cell model and 0.85 μmol/L on A549 cell model. The cellular uptake results suggested that the fluorescence intensity of MCF-7 and A549 cells was 2782.33 ± 131.77 and 2762.91 ± 23.18 for 4 h, respectively. Besides, (70.60 ± 6.92)% of MCF-7 cells were induced to apoptosis by Tf/FA-CT-MEs. Conclusion: Tf/FA-CT-MEs could improve in vitro targeting and cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 cells. This study suggests that the modification with dul-targeted ligands could be a promising strategy for developing tumor-specific nanomedicines.

Difficulties and misunderstandings of root canal filling / 华西口腔医学杂志

Root canal filling is performed as the final and most important procedure of root canal treatment. The superior 3D filling is the key determinant of endodontic success. However, such procedure remains a challenge because of the complexity of the root canal system and the limitation of root canal filling materials and methods. This paper provides an overview of current principles and practices in root canal filling, focusing on advantages, disadvantages and indications. The process errors and countermeasures in various root canal filling methods are also discussed. This review provides guidance and help for clinical and practice to achieve a satisfactory root canal filling and improve root canal treatment outcome.

Validação e montagem de carga desafio: da teoria à prática / Challenge load validation and assembly: from theory to practice / Validación y montaje de carga desafío: de la teoría a la práctica

Objetivos: A necessidade de cumprimento da Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) ANVISA n° 15/2012 trouxe para o Centro de Material e Esterilização (CME) diversos desafios. Entre eles, determinar a carga de maior desafio para utilização durante a validação do processo de esterilização por calor úmido na etapa de qualificação de desempenho. Métodos: O presente artigo apresenta normas técnicas que respaldam essa atividade, assim como o resultado de uma análise profunda a respeito de um resultado comum quando há falha da determinação da carga de maior desafio: os problemas com carga molhada. Resultados: Os diversos materiais utilizados como produtos para saúde afetam o desempenho dos esterilizadores e podem comprometer o processo de esterilização. Conclusão: Diante desse cenário, o uso de referências normativas técnicas nacionais e internacionais, de dispositivos de desafio de processo e de validação do processo de esterilização é indispensável para garantir a qualidade dessa atividade, evitando riscos aos pacientes.

Objectives: The need to comply with the Collegiate Board Resolution (Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada ­ RDC) ANVISA No. 15/2012 presented many challenges to the Material and Sterilization Center (Centro de Material e Esterilização ­ CME), among which, was determining the greatest challenge load to be used during the sterilization validation process through moist heat in the performance qualification stage Methods: This article presents technical regulations which support this activity, as well as the result of a thorough analysis regarding a common result when there is lack of determination of the greatest challenge load: the problems with wet loads. Results: The many materials used as health products affect the performance of sterilizers and may compromise the sterilization process. Conclusion: Considering this scenario, the use of national and international technical regulations references, the use of devices to challenge the process, and validation of the sterilization are essential in order to ensure the quality of this activity and avoid risks to patients.

Objetivos: La necesidad de cumplimiento de la Resolución de la Dirección Colegiada (RDC) ANVISA n° 15/2012 trajo para el Centro de Material y Esterilización (CME) diversos desafíos. Entre ellos, determinar la carga de mayor desafío para utilización durante la validación del proceso de esterilización por calor húmedo en la etapa de calificación de desempeño. Métodos: El presente artículo presenta normas técnicas que respaldan esa actividad, así como el resultado de un análisis profundo al respecto de un resultado común cuando hay falla de la determinación de la carga de mayor desafío: los problemas con carga mojada. Resultados: Los diversos materiales utilizados como productos para la salud afectan el desempeño de los esterilizadores y pueden comprometer el proceso de esterilización. Conclusión: Ante este escenario, el uso de referencias normativas técnicas nacionales e internacionales, de dispositivos de desafío de proceso y de validación del proceso de esterilización es indispensable para garantizar la calidad de esa actividad, evitando riesgos a los pacientes.

Condensation, Trauma and Perceptive Density of Language - Freud with Jorge Luis Borges

This essay examines the question of perceptual vividness, which will lead to an exploration of condensation in its articulation with trauma. A hypothesis is then formulated around the existence of two different types of reproduction of the traces inscribed in the psychic apparatus: one to do with memory, the other with re-living. Jorge Luis Borges' story 'The Aleph' helps us to think about those traces as the letter - and about its relationship with perception as traumatic excess.

A Condensação, o Trauma e a Densidade Perceptiva da Linguagem - Freud com Jorge Luís Borges. O exame da questão da vivacidade perceptiva no sonho leva, neste ensaio, à condensação em sua articulação com o trauma. Formula-se então a hipótese da existência de dois tipos diferentes de reprodução dos traços inscritos no aparelho psíquico: um de memória e outro de revivescência. O conto "O Aleph", de Jorge Luís Borges, ajuda a pensar o traço como letra e sua relação com a percepção como um excesso traumático.

Correlation of parameters of technology and physicochemistry with fragrance water stabilityin volatile oil of Caryophylli Flos / 中草药

Objective: Using the improved volatile oil extractor to extract the essential oil of Caryophylli Flosand emulsified fragrance water. To research the correlations of the emulsified fragrance water from different condensing temperature and different temperature with the physicochemical parameters under the different temperature of essential oilin Caryophylli Flos;The results help a lot for the optimization of extraction process parameters of essential oil in Caryophylli Flos. Methods: Using surface tension tester, determination of viscometer to measure viscosity, surface tension, interfacial tension under different temperature of essential oil density in Caryophylli Flos, using stability analyzer to determine the emulsified fragrance water stability within 1 h and particle sizeunder different extraction temperature and different collecting temperature. Using multivariate data analysis to research the relationship between the essential physical and chemical parameters with emulsified fragrance water stability.Results: Relativedensity, viscosity, and surface tension reduced as the temperature of essential oil in Caryophylli Flos increased gradually, interfacial tension with increased first and then decreased as temperature increased. Turbiscan Stability Index(TSI) of the volatile oil emulsified fragrance water was negative correlation with the condensation temperature and interfacial tension, and was positive correlation with collecting temperature, density, viscosity, and surface tension. Conclusion: During the extraction process, temperature, interfacial tension, and condensation temperature of volatile oil in Caryophylli Floswere collected with aromatic water, and TSI hascertain relevance. Through controlling the collected temperature, condensation temperature, interfacial tension, and oil/water separation speed of volatile oil emulsified fragrance water have been changed and the guidance to the extraction process has been provided.

Study on radioprotection of indole-3-carbinol acid condensation products / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective To study the radioprotective effect of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) acid condensation products.Methods Cell colony formation assay was used to determine cell survival rate,and Western Blot assay was employed to measure protein expression.Results Seven kinds of the I3C acid condensation products showed different radioprotective effect on normal fibrous epithelial cells 184A1,among which 24 h pre-treatment of CTET (1 μmol/L),LTET (1 μmol/L),HI-IM (1 μmol/L) and 3,3'-diindoly methane (DIM) (0.3 μmol/L) showed significant increase of cell survival rate following irradiation with γ-ray,and the difficence was statistically significant (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).However,CT (1 μmol/L),LTr-1 (1 μmol/L) and ICZ (1 μmol/L) showed no effect on cell survival rate caused by radiation (P＞0.05).Furthermore,CTET,LTET,HI-IM and DIM activated the phosphorylation of ATM,BRCA1 and NBS1 proteins.HI-IM significantly decreased radiation-caused cell death and apoptosis.Conclusions CTET,LTET,HI-IM,and DIM can significantly reduce the radiosensitivity in 184A1 cells,and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of DNA damage and the repair of protein phosphorylation.

Quality of root canal fillings using three gutta-percha obturation techniques

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to compare the density of gutta-percha root fillings obturated with the following techniques: cold lateral (CL) compaction, ultrasonic lateral (UL) compaction, and warm vertical (WV) compaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three extracted mandibular first molars, with two separate mesial canals in each, were selected. After instrumentation, the canals were stratified into three groups based on canal length and curvature, and underwent obturation with one of the techniques. No sealer was used in order to avoid masking any voids. The teeth were imaged pre- and post-obturation using micro-computed tomography. The reconstructed three-dimensional images were analyzed volumetrically to determine the amount of gutta-percha present in every 2 mm segment of the canal. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: The overall mean volume fraction of gutta-percha was 68.51 +/- 6.75% for CL, 86.56 +/- 5.00% for UL, and 88.91 +/- 5.16% for WV. Significant differences were found between CL and UL and between CL and WV (p < 0.05), but not between UL and WV (p = 0.526). The gutta-percha density of the roots treated with WV and UL increased towards the coronal aspect, but this trend was not noted in the CL group. CONCLUSIONS: WV compaction and UL compaction produced a significantly denser gutta-percha root filling than CL compaction. The density of gutta-percha was observed to increase towards the coronal aspect when the former two techniques were used.

Quality of root canal fillings using three gutta-percha obturation techniques

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to compare the density of gutta-percha root fillings obturated with the following techniques: cold lateral (CL) compaction, ultrasonic lateral (UL) compaction, and warm vertical (WV) compaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three extracted mandibular first molars, with two separate mesial canals in each, were selected. After instrumentation, the canals were stratified into three groups based on canal length and curvature, and underwent obturation with one of the techniques. No sealer was used in order to avoid masking any voids. The teeth were imaged pre- and post-obturation using micro-computed tomography. The reconstructed three-dimensional images were analyzed volumetrically to determine the amount of gutta-percha present in every 2 mm segment of the canal. P values < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: The overall mean volume fraction of gutta-percha was 68.51 +/- 6.75% for CL, 86.56 +/- 5.00% for UL, and 88.91 +/- 5.16% for WV. Significant differences were found between CL and UL and between CL and WV (p < 0.05), but not between UL and WV (p = 0.526). The gutta-percha density of the roots treated with WV and UL increased towards the coronal aspect, but this trend was not noted in the CL group. CONCLUSIONS: WV compaction and UL compaction produced a significantly denser gutta-percha root filling than CL compaction. The density of gutta-percha was observed to increase towards the coronal aspect when the former two techniques were used.