The best of two worlds: Combining the DSM-5 and ICD-11 clusters of symptoms for posttraumatic stress disorder in a single screening scale

Objectives: The most recent DSM-5 (2013) and ICD-11 (2018) diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) encompass 20 and six symptoms, respectively, organized in different structures. This study aimed to investigate the dimensions of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist 5 (PCL-5) according to the DSM-5's broader definition of PTSD and the ICD-11's narrower approach, as well as to explore an alternative restricted model that retains the core symptoms explicitly related to traumatic experiences. Methods: Data were gathered from Brazilian employees (n=1,101) who had directly experienced traumatic life events or had been exposed to them because of their work activities. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to evaluate the configural and metric structures of the models. Results: We estimated seven models of the latent structure of PTSD including the four-factor DSM-5 and three-factor ICD-11 PTSD models. Given the lack of evidence of their validity, an alternative 10-symptom model was tested. The final seven-item PTSD model considerably improved estimation of the PTSD construct. This solution showed reliable items with non-redundant content, acceptable fit indices, and satisfactory configural and metric properties. Conclusion: The more parsimonious one-dimensional model comprising the core PTSD symptoms has the potential to improve assessment of PTSD.

Relaciones de equivalencia y estilo cognitivo: hallazgos de una relación no explorada / Equivalence relations and cognitive style: findings of an unexplored relationship

La formación de relaciones derivadas a partir de un entrenamiento en discriminaciones condicionales es un fenómeno ampliamente demostrado en humanos. Sin embargo, no es infrecuente que se observen algunos casos de pobre desempeño en las pruebas de equivalencia o dificultades en el aprendizaje de las relaciones entre los miembros de la clase. Este estudio examina si los tipos perceptuales de respuesta a las condiciones estimulativas de la tarea experimental (estilos cognitivos de sensibilidad al campo visual) están relacionados con la variabilidad en el desempeño en pruebas de equivalencia. A través de la prueba de figuras enmascaradas (EFT), se evaluó el estilo cognitivo de 32 participantes y se examinó su desempeño en pruebas de equivalencia después de un entrenamiento con el procedimiento de igualación a la muestra respondiente. Las frecuencias observadas en tablas de contingencia y los análisis correlacionales entre el desempeño en las pruebas de equivalencia y las puntuaciones en la prueba EFT indican una asociación positiva entre el estilo de dependencia-independencia del campo visual y la formación de relaciones derivadas.

The formation of equivalence classes derived from exposure to conditional discrimination training is a widely demonstrated phenomenon in human research. However, low performance in equivalence tests and difficulties in the acquisition of relations among class members are not infrequent. The present study examined whether types of perceptual response to the experimental stimulus (the cognitive style of visual field sensitivity) are related to the variability observed in equivalence tests. The masked figures test (MFT) was used to determine the cognitive styles of 32 participants who were also exposed to equivalence tests after conditional discrimination training trials with a respondent matching-to-sample procedure. Observed frequencies, as reported in contingency tables, and correlation coefficients between performance in equivalence tests and MFT scores suggested a positive association between the cognitive style of visual field dependence-independence and the formation of equivalence classes.

Cuando la contigüidad no es suficiente: bloqueo en relaciones de equivalencia / When Contiguity is not Enough: Blocking Equivalence Relations

El fenómeno de bloqueo describe una circunstancia en la cual se impide o se dificulta el la transferencia de funciones entre eventos que se han presentado en una relación de contigüidad espacio-temporal. Desde una perspectiva teórica y empírica, el efecto bloqueo no debería predecirse en la adquisición de clases de estímulos aun cuando algunos de los estímulos de la misma clase se presenten simultáneamente. El presente estudio examina si la historia adicional de entrenamiento A-EI bien sea previa o posterior al entrenamiento con un estímulo muestra compuesto AX, es la variable crítica en la presentación del efecto bloqueo. Los desempeños obtenidos en las pruebas de bloqueo por los participantes de un grupo expuesto al procedimiento de bloqueo, un grupo expuesto al procedimiento de bloqueo invertido, y un grupo control, sugieren que el entrenamiento adicional con un solo elemento del compuesto no impide la inclusión de todos los estímulos dentro de la clase. Los casos en los que se observó el efecto bloqueo se interpretan en términos de tipos de percepciones elementales y configurales.

The blocking effect describes a circumstance which impedes function transfer among events that are part of a relation of spatiotemporal contiguity. However, theoretical and empirical evidence in stimulus class acquisition predicts that the blocking effect should not be observed even if some of the stimul11n the class are presented simultaneously as compound stimuli. The present study examines if additional A-EI training, whether prior or following training with a compound sample AX, constitutes a critical variable in the occurrence of the blocking effect. Performances in blocking tests by a group exposed to the blocking procedure, a group exposed to the backward blocking procedure and a control group were compared. Findings suggest that additional training with one member of the compound does not impede responding to all stimuli as members of the class. Instances where the blocking effect was observed are interpreted in terms of configural and elemental types of responding.