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Traditional health preservation thoughts of four major schools (Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and medicine) were systematically summarized. The proposed health-preserving ideas of physical health maintenance by Confucianism (self-cultivation, moderation and harmony), mental health maintenance by Buddhism (keeping still and in deep meditation, insight, kindness and help), health preservation by Taoism (following the nature, enhancing spirit and energy) and life protecting by medicine (dredging collaterals, Qi and blood, possessing both the form and the spirit), and the health-preserving methods under the guidance of such ideas have important guiding value for current industry of traditional health care.
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Resumo Em meio às obras que tomam parte no corpo de conhecimentos produzido pelo confucionismo figuram o Registro dos ritos (Liji) e Discursos (Zhonglun). No presente estudo, buscamos investigar como manifestações da cultura corporal são apresentadas nas referidas obras e o que tais formas de atividades poderiam representar frente ao processo formativo de um indivíduo no contexto de produção desses escritos, conforme o prisma confuciano. Foram identificadas como relevantes para essa discussão informações a respeito da prática de arquearia, presentes no Registro dos ritos, assim como o conceito das Seis Artes, presente na obra Discursos.
Abstract Among the writings that constitute the body of knowledge produced by the Confucianism, one can mention the "Book of Rites" (Liji) and "Discourses" (Zhonglun). In this study, we aim to investigate how these books portray physical culture manifestations and what such type of activities could represent to the formative process of an individual, accordingly with the confucian approach, in the context in which these works were first written. We have considered as relevant issues for this discussion the information regarding the practice of archery included in the Book of Rites, as well as the concept of the "Six Arts", included in the Discourses.
Resumen Entre las obras que forman parte del conjunto de conocimientos producido por el confucianismo se encuentran el Libro de los ritos (Liji) y Discursos (Zhonglun). En el presente estudio queremos investigar cómo las manifestaciones de la cultura corporal se presentan en estas obras y lo que podrían representar estas formas de actividades en el proceso formativo de un individuo en el contexto en que se escribieron estas obras, conforme al prisma confuciano. Se identificaron como relevantes para esa discusión informaciones acerca de la práctica del tiro con arco, presente en el Libro de los ritos, así como el concepto de las «seis artes¼, presente en la obra Discursos.
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For the construction factors of acupuncture-moxibustion theory of, a doctor inDynasty, we studied his life, acupuncture-moxibustion theory and culture background in the History of Medicine and Philosophy of Science & Technology. It was found that the major source of' s Confucianism was the-Neo-Confucianism. The data show that Neo-Confucianism played an important role in the enrichment of his human nature, spirit, moral cultivation and political talent, making him a scholar in the-dynasty, also shaping his medical ethics, medical skill and acupuncture-moxibustion theory. The inheritance, development and application of-Neo-Confucianism provided the most fundamental thinking, research methods and patterns forto interpret the acupuncture classics, summarize his teachers' experience and develop his theoretical system.' s acupuncture-moxibustion practice and theory reached a new level, because he took acupuncture-moxibustion as one of the knowledge investigation and attainment of-Neo-Confucianism.
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PURPOSE: Around the world, male nurses face a variety of difficulties within clinical settings; accordingly, a large number of male nurses consider changing their occupation. In particular, male nurses in a number of Asian countries with a Confucian heritage experience difficulties. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in turnover intention among male nurses in one such country, South Korea, and on that basis to suggest concrete strategies for reducing turnover among male nurses in Confucian cultures. METHODS: Q methodology, which is used to analyze human subjectivity, was applied. Q statements were derived from 207 candidate statements gathered from various documents and interviews; 40 statements were finalized. A purposive sample of 41 male nurses was selected as likely to have diverse opinions on turnover intention of male nurses. The collected data were analyzed using PQMethod software. RESULTS: Four distinct types of subjectivity about turnover intention among male nurses were identified: (1) “Pursuing occupational values,” (2) “Dissatisfaction with treatment,” (3) “Seeking a relaxed and stable life,” and (4) “Conflict related to organizational culture.” CONCLUSION: This study suggests various ways of reducing turnover and increasing retention among male nurses based on the four identified perspectives, especially in Confucian heritage regions.
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Humans , Male , Asian People , Confucianism , Individuality , Intention , Korea , Nurses, Male , Occupations , Personnel TurnoverABSTRACT
Korea has the highest suicide rate amongst the OECD countries. Yet, its research on suicidal behaviors has been primitive. While the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide has gained global attention, there has only been a few researches, which examined its applicability in Korea. In this article, we review the previous studies on suicide and examine the association between the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide and traditional Korean culture, with an emphasis on Collectivism and Confucianism. We propose that pathways to suicide might vary depending on cultural influences. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research will be discussed.
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Confucianism , Korea , Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development , Psychological Theory , SuicideABSTRACT
The defense for paternalism is based on that family members' decisions are usually beneficial for patients' best interests.However,this premise remains to be demonstrated.The moral theory of maintaining family members' interests challenged the ethical principle of respecting patients' autonomy,which believed that treatment decisions should be discussed by the whole family members.However,the principle of autonomy does not always dissever the relationship between individual and family members.It resorted East Asia family autonomy of Chinese traditional culture and emphasized on the value of objective goodness and family dependence.However,patients often do not play a proper role in families' decision-making.Besides,the Confucian bioethics also needs to provide more sufficient argumentation to deal with the relationship between subjective goodness and objective goodness.The unconditional acquiescence of family members' domination in decision-making is worthy reflecting in the current medical environment.
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As a core element of the Confucianism,mind-nature theory is full of the essence of Confucian mor-al education and has a profound influence on the Chinese national morality education.Confucianism mind-nature theory which takes Confucius and Mencius as representatives,after the continuous development of the future genera-tions,has been formed a complete ideological system.Confucianism mind-nature theory highly affirms the values of moral and unifies the values of life and moral.This article,by exploring the moral resources of Confucianism mind-nature theory,rethinks the ideas of contemporary ethics education and expounds how to enhance the effect of medical ethics education.
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Objective To explore the inner relationship between the humanistic care of nursing and the four elements of benevolence, rites, confidence, harmony, and construct a theoretical model of nursing humanistic care based on Confucian thought. Methods Using semi-structured focus interview with 13 experts, the data was sorted, analyzed, encoded and refined, seeking to enrich the modern humanistic nursing care ideas and factors from the Confucian ideology by using grounded theory research method, make the theory research and clinical practice of nursing humanities phenomenon was closely related to the construction of nursing the theory of humanistic care model based on Confucianism. Results Obtained the cognition, feelings and ideas of the experts in nursing, humanistic care and Confucianism, and extracted four classification subjects:benevolence ritesconfidenceharmony as the spiritual core, carrier, code of conduct, value orientation of nursing humanistic care, and constructing a theoretical model of nursing humanistic care based on Confucianism. Conclusions The construction of nursing humanistic care theory model based on Confucianism enriches the connotation of nursing humanistic care, and provides references for the further study of nursing humanistic care theory, and instructs clinical nursing practice by nursing humanistic care theory based on Confucianism.
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This paper discussed the relationship between health and longevity and ethics and moral from the Confucianism viewpoint. Morality is one of value premises of physical well-being, that is to say, morality is a cru-cial factor to maintain and recover health. The pursuit for health and longevity is worthwhile only if it is moral.
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This paper reviews Kudoh Takeki's activity critically during the colonial Korea period, regarding his research on Medical Science and Japanized Confucianism. He managed 'The Seoul Gynecological Hospital'for approximately 35 years in the Choson period as a Japanese resident with Choson status. He published medical knowledge about obstetrics through more than 280 articles, and attempted to improve the hygiene and health of 'Korean Women'. He tried to complete his will toward 'One Unity of Choson and Japan'by terminating the Choson culture 'gene'as an intention. The purpose would enlighten Choson by Japanese blessing. This paper aims to confirm his intention by two aspect of analysis by 'Medical Science'as an occupation and 'Confucianism'and the background of his thought. The content of Kudoh Takeki's research in Choson regarding Medical Science-Confucianism is described as below. First, the purpose and mission of Kudoh Takeki regarding Choson was analyzed. The papers revealed the Kudoh Takeki mentioned only the 'HusbandMurders of Corean Women', which was defined by Kudoh Takeki as 'A Special Crime of Corea'. This paper examined his intensions. Second, writings by Kudoh Takeki were listed to verify the 'medical'field and 'non-medical'field according to the subject. No list of contents was found for his more than 280 articles or essays in magazines/newspapers/publications, and these papers only described the Kudoh paper "A Special Crime of Corea"and studied the separate book publication by Kudoh THE GYNAECOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF HUSBANDMURDERS OF COREAN WOMEN, A SPECIAL CRIME OF COREA. Third, the genealogy of Confucianism of Kudoh Takeki was analyzed as his background of mental.thought by his hometown and the school he graduated from. The people from Kumamoto and Seiseiko school who were influenced by 'Yi Toegye'of Choson Confucianism were more active than general Japanese. Fourth, the practical activity of Kudoh Takeki in Choson was described. The paper revealed that his brother Tadaske and Shigeo also stayed in Choson to act as an important assistants for the Colonial Choson Government-general. Kudoh was an important man in Japanese society in Choson, acting as a member of [Group of Same Origin] and 'Choson Association of great Asia'which was an important organization assisting Colonial Choson Government-general and was a representative position in Seoul district of Bukmichang-jeong(now Bukchang-dong). Fifth, Kudoh Takeki's precise activity to terminate Choson cultural 'gene'and lead to enlightenment was analyzed by an examination of his Medical Science as an occupation and Confucianism as a background of his thought. Even he attempted to enlighten the brutal Choson people in cultural aspects but it was only a tool to assist the colonial policy of Japan by emphasizing 'Kyoikuchokugo(Imperial Rescript on Education)'to implant the Kodo-Seishin(Imperial Spirit). Analyzing the relationship of Kumamoto Practical Party with Yi Toegye, the intention of a deep connection toward 'One Unity of Japan and Choson'by colonial policy was revealed. In conclusion, the paper revealed the Japanese modernization frame to complete 'One Unity of Japan and Choson'and 'Make people to obey the Japan Emperor'by enlightening the dark Choson and merging them with Japan as Kudoh intended.
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Female , Humans , Asian People , Confucianism , Crime , Genealogy and Heraldry , Hygiene , Intention , Japan , Korea , Religious Missions , Obstetrics , Occupations , Publications , Seoul , Siblings , Social ChangeABSTRACT
In this paper, from the angle of Confucianism culture and contemporary reality, the authors dis-cussed the counselors should have professional ethics quality requirements, puts forward the counselor should have the heart of benevolence, should be tas agentlemannotbe insatiable in learning and teaching, should have the thought ofthe world rise and fall, fortunes ofstate in an effort to promote the counselor′s professional ethics quality of thinking and suggestion.
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This article started with the different views to death in Confucianism , Taoism, and Buddhism .And then explore the simple bioethics spirit in Chinese traditional culture , such as cherishing life , equal spirit , the spir-it of benevolence .Finally the research significance is summarized .In the bioethics development era background , researching naive ethics thought in the Chinese traditional culture has important significance to tamp multicultural foundation of bioethics , promote the development of bioethics in China , transform the ancient Chinese bioethics wisdom into the common wealth of mankind and perfectly handle ethical confusion in the development of biology and medicine.
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Koreans' traditional view on death has been much influenced by Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and shamanism since ancient times. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of the real life in this world and highly praises doing good deeds for the family and the community. It also praises people who are enlightened by education and self-discipline. Confucian scholars admit that death cannot be understood by rational thinking although it is unavoidable as a cosmic order. Taoism sees life as the same entity as death; Both are two different aspects of the same cosmos or the wholeness. However, the disciples of Taoism became much interested in a long life and well being that may be achieved by harmonizing with the cosmic order. Buddhism thinks that death and life are an "illusion". It says that people can be enlightened by recognizing the fact that "Nothing is born and nothing is dying in this world. Everything is the product of your mind occupied with false belief." However, secular Buddhists believe in the afterlife and metempsychosis of the soul. This belief is sometimes connected with the view of the traditional shamanism. Shamanism dichotomizes the world between "this world" and "that world". After death, the person's soul travels to "that world", where it may influence life of people who reside in "this world". And shamans who are spiritual beings living in "this world" mediate souls and living people. In conclusion, there are various views and beliefs regarding death, which are influenced by a number of religions and philosophies. They should be seriously considered when making a medical decision regarding the end of patients' life.
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Humans , Buddhism , Confucianism , Philosophy , Religious Philosophies , Republic of Korea , Shamanism , ThinkingABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We specifically investigated the young doctor (residents) patient doctor-patient relationship in Korea. A society built on Confucianism, age is expected to affect even the doctor-patient relationship. METHODS: 57 residents participated and answered 6 open-ended questions. 90 patients of various age participated and answered 3 open-ended and 6 close-ended questions. RESULTS: It seems that the general problem of the doctor-patient relationships was related to attitudes and communication skills. Over 80% of the residents felt uncomfortable and received inappropriate verbal expressions and attitudes from their patients simply because they were young or younger than the patients. This negative experience resulted mostly from the residents' self-perceived lack of experience and clinical competence and the patients' distrust of young doctors. As for the patients, over 80% preferred middle-aged doctors to young doctors. Middleaged doctors were thought to be easier to understand, better mannered, more humane, and clinically competent. Most residents expected professional respect from their patients, while patients expected kindness and humility from the young doctors. This shows a gap in the reciprocal expectations between residents and patients. CONCLUSION: Young doctors are perceived as inexperienced and incompetent and, consequently, not trusted by patients in Korea. To improve the resident-patient relationship, improvement in attitude and communication skills is needed.
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Humans , Clinical Competence , Confucianism , KoreaABSTRACT
Philosophy has exerted greatly influences on both western medicine and Chinese medicine,both medicines have quite distinctive and interesting recognitions on illness and human being which reflect their own cosmology and its evolutionary progress.A renown scholar ZHU Xi in the Song dynasty of China has reached the peak of neo-Confucianism and elaborated a lot of theories on Chinese cosmology by summarizing scientific achievements at that time;while Immanuel Kant has done very similar to the western world of cosmology.However,their theories make obvious different.As far as the evolution of humankind is concerned,Karl Popper has contributed his distinguished idea that the brain is the center for evolution.To this point,the theory of Chinese medicine,regarding the human-brain as the Ni Wan,ocean of the marrow.Furthermore,the system that the Ren Meridian and the Du Meridian corresponding to human upright vertebrae column in traditional Chinese medicine,makes an in-depth sense,too.
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Michel Foucault has brought some considerable changes in our way of seeing human body. He argued that the body is not merely a natural object, but a medium of numerous social messages and even the most favorable habitat of power. According to him, the birth of social institutions, such as asylum, clinic, jail, have been closely linked to the process of modernization and further the very process through which the body becomes an object of social control has been an important part of our modernization. He proposed a new concept, viz., the social stigma carved on body and provided us certain clues that makes us think newly of the boundary between nature and culture. Although his arguments opened a new perspective on our body, it did have a premise of so-called "the passivity of body" as its limitation. The body is not just a purely natural object, nor a purely social construction. It resides at both sides simultaneously and the disease, an incident happened within the body, reveals subtle relationship between these two. Those who see the body as an object of power as such or a medium of certain social messages tend to consider it only as an objective being, yet on the other side of this standpoint, the Cartesian dualism is hidden as a premise. Deleuze defined, in his book on Spinoza, the ethics of Spinoza as a practical study mainly dealing with the mode of existence. Provided that this definition is correct enough, we may term this practical study for the mode of existence of the body as the ethics of the body. Spinoza proposed a very unique view with regard to the body, which differs from that of the Cartesian Dualism. It is based on the entire system of his philosophy, viz., the system of the univocity of substance and the immanence of being which finally appears in the form of ethics. In the later half of this article, a very unique medicine whose starting point is none other than this kind of ethics, a practical study for the mode of existence, was dealt with. It is named Sasang(Four Symbol) medicine which was founded upon the long tradition of one of the most profound ethical teachings of mankind, Confucianism. Sasang medicine of Yi Jae-ma is in a sense a continuation of the Neo-Confucianism tradition of Korea in the field of medicine.
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Asia , English Abstract , Ethics/history , Europe , History, Modern 1601- , Human Body , Korea , Philosophy/historyABSTRACT
The concepts of death in Chinese philosophies of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism contain a wealth of ethics, and they have accumulated into the main elements of Chinese life and death ethics, but the three doctrines have many differences. Different fate ontologies: The Confucians regard charity as their ontology, the Taoists Taoism, and the Buddhists benevolence, respectively. Different values of life and death: The Confucians focus on birth value, Taoists attach the same value to live and death, and Buddhists focus on death value. Different fate attitudes: Confucians prefer life to death, Taoists is willing to both life and death, while Buddhists hates life and advocates death. Different values of beyond-the-fate: Confucians observe the concept of death from the life, Taoists observe the concept of life from the death, Buddhists observe the concept of death by abandoning the life.
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Owning its unique and complete ideological system,Pre-Qin Confucian Bioethics includes the life value of "respect life and cherish materials",the life &death value of "cheer for life and grieve over death",and the health preservation value of "cultivate oneself to make progress".Pre-Qin Confucian Bioethics clarifies the very nature of life and utmost pursuit,and also sets up a norm of ethical options and fundamental approach to pursuing self life quality and health in a practical angle.Therefore,it is of great revealing significance for the formation of a scientific bioethical value.
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Health care is a hot issue.Health care insurance started to cover rare disease since 2000 in Taiwan,which made it one of the few countries following USA,EU and Japan to have such policy and law.This development shows the humanistic side of Taiwan health care policy,but the problem of fair medical resources allocation needs further analysis.Norman Daniels's development of the justice theory of John Rawls is the most comprehensive and reasonable one in the field of health care.This paper starts with Daniels analysis of the justice of genetic intervention and health care and explores the difference between Daniels and Confucain views on these two areas.Finally it tries to argue how the two could contribute to the solution of some of the problems in the field.
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On the whole,there are two basic meanings in confucian philosophy of life,the first is that life is precious,so it should be cherished.The second one is that the highest value of life lies in the social moral significance rather then in itself.The basic spirit of confucian philosophy of life is that it attaches importance to human life's nature value as well as social moral significance.