Common microbes detected by conjunctival swab analysis and their antibiotic sensitivety / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

Background@#Bacterial ocular infection is a common problem.[1;6]. Microbiological investigation of the conjunctival swab is one of the broadly used method to study etiological agent of conjunctivitis[2]. Microbial culture techniques have shown that 80% of conjunctival swabs yield cultivable microbes.[3]. Conjunctival sac contains variety of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. Normal microbes play a protective immunological role in preventing the proliferation of pathogenic species that can cause ocular infections whereas pathogenic microbes contribute to infectious and autoimmune diseases of the eye. [4;5]@*Purpose@#To investigate common microbes detected by conjunctival swab analysis and their antibiotic sensitivity.@*Methods@#In our descriptive study, 264 conjunctival swab samples that had been analyzed by MALDI-TOF technology using VITEX MS at Gyals Medical Center from July 2019 to November 2020 were evaluated.@*Results@#Cultivable microbes and fungus were detected in 71.56% of overall swabs. 28.44% were non cultivable. Fungus and 43 different types of microbes were found. 35% of all microbes were Staphylococcus including Methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis. 28% of microbes were Streptococcus including Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus spp. 20% of all microbes were miscellaneous bacterium including Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Candida parapsilosis and the remaining are others. Staphylococcus aureus is sensitive to Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Linezolid, Vancomycin, Tigecycline, Nitrofurantoin whereas they are resistant to Benzylpenicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic Acid, Cefazolin that are widely used in Mongolia.@*Conclusion@#In 76.71% of overall conjunctival swab samples were found cultivable microbes. Methicillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most common microbes detected by conjunctival swab analysis. The common microbes are resistant to Benzylpenicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid, whereas they are sensitive to Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, Linezolid, Vancomycin, Tigecycline, Nitrofurantoin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin.

Conjunctival swab PCR to detect Leishmania spp. in cats / Uso da PCR de suabe conjuntival para detecção de Leishmania spp. em gatos

The relevance of the dog as a source of visceral leishmaniasis infection is known, but the role of cats as reservoir hosts for leishmaniasis is not yet fully clear. This study assessed the efficacy of conjunctival swab PCR (CS-PCR) in the detection of cats infected by Leishmania spp. The results were seven (13.5%) cats positive for Leishmania spp. in the PCR, in 52 cats tested from Pirassunuga-SP and Ilha Solteira-SP. From the city of Pirassununga SP 28.6% (2/7) were positive and from the city of Ilha Solteira SP 11.1% (5/45) were positive. The results showed that CS-PCR was capable of detecting cats infected by this protozoan. Conjunctival swab samples proved easier to perform in cats, which might facilitate studies on the frequency and distribution of feline leishmaniasis.

A importância do cão como fonte de infecção da leishmaniose visceral já é conhecida, mas o papel dos gatos como reservatórios das leishmanioses ainda não está totalmente esclarecido. O presente estudo avaliou a eficácia da PCR de suabe conjuntival (PCR-SC) na detecção de gatos infectados por Leishmania spp. Foram encontrados sete (13,5%) gatos positivos para Leishmania spp. na PCR de suabe conjuntival, dentre 52 animais de Pirassununga - SP e Ilha Solteira - SP testados. Sendo positivos 28,6% (02/07) dos gatos do município de Pirassununga e 11,1% (5/45) dos gatos do município de Ilha Solteira. Os resultados demonstraram que o suabe de conjuntiva ocular foi capaz de detectar gatos infectados por esse protozoário. A coleta de amostras da conjuntiva mostrou ser um método simples, menos invasivo e pouco estressante para os gatos e seus proprietários, o que pode facilitar estudos sobre a frequência e distribuição da leishmaniose felina.

The use of conjunctival swab samples for PCR screening for visceral leishmaniasis in vaccinated dogs / O uso de amostras de swab conjuntival para triagem por PCR da leishmaniose visceral em cães vacinados

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been shown to provide a rapid and sensitive technique for Leishmania detection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technique of noninvasive conjunctival swabs (CS) as a sampling method for molecular screening for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in a group of 42 police dogs, all of them vaccinated against VL, and to compare the results with those obtained by serological tests. The serological assays were performed independently by three laboratories. Laboratories 1 and 2 were private laboratories and laboratory 3 was the National Reference Laboratory. The first serological screening performed by laboratory 1 showed 15 reactive dogs and 4 indeterminate. Laboratory 2 confirmed only 3 reactive dogs and 2 indeterminate. Laboratory 3 confirmed 7 reactive dogs and 3 indeterminate. The PCR diagnosis using the CS procedure was performed on all 42 animals and was able to detect Leishmania DNA in 17 dogs. The PCR assay confirmed all the cases that were simultaneously reactive in the serological tests by two laboratories. The results showed that the CS technique was a sensitive and practical method for sample collection, thus allowing reliable diagnostic tests through PCR.

A PCR (do inglês Polymerase Chain Reaction) tem demonstrado ser uma técnica rápida e sensível para detecção de Leishmania. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a técnica não invasiva do swab conjuntival na identificação por PCR de animais infectados em um grupo de 42 cães policiais, todos vacinados contra a Leishmaniose Visceral (VL), e comparar os resultados com aqueles obtidos pelos testes sorológicos. Os ensaios sorológicos foram realizados independentemente por três laboratórios. Os laboratórios 1 e 2 eram privados. O laboratório 3 era o Laboratório de Referência Nacional. A primeira triagem sorológica realizada pelo laboratório 1 apresentou 15 cães reativos e 4 indeterminados. O laboratório 2 confirmou apenas 3 cães reativos e 2 animais indeterminados. O laboratório 3 confirmou 7 cães reativos e 3 cães foram classificados como indeterminados. O diagnóstico pela PCR, utilizando o procedimento do swab conjuntival, foi realizado em todos os 42 animais e foi capaz de detectar DNA de Leishmania em 17 cães. A PCR confirmou todos os casos simultaneamente reativos nos testes sorológicos de dois laboratórios. Os resultados demonstraram que o swab conjuntival é um método sensível e prático para coleta de amostra, permitindo um diagnóstico consistente através da PCR.