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Objective:To analyze the distribution characteristics of special types of diabetes in China, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of special types of diabetes.Methods:Pubmed, CNKI, and WanFang Data were searched for the case reports and clinical studies of special types of diabetes in China from 2011 to 2021. After independent literature screening by 2 researchers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, diseases and the number of corresponding cases included were extracted for statistics. The etiological composition and disease characteristics of three subtypes of special type diabetes were analyzed.Results:A total of 613 articles(7 377 patients)were included and roughly divided into eight subtypes of special type diabetes according to etiological classification for disease composition analysis. The results by ratio in descending order were as follows: mono-genetic gene defects in islet β-cell function, pancreatogenic diabetes, diabetes induced by drugs or chemicals, endocrine disease, mono-genetic gene defects in insulin action, other genetic syndromes associated with diabetes, infection, and uncommon immune-mediated diabetes. The disease composition of the three subtypes of special types of diabetes that we focused on were mono-genetic gene defects in islet β-cell function(50.21%), pancreatogenic diabetes(35.65%), and mono-genetic gene defects in insulin action(1.56%). The composition analysis of the special types of diabetes in each subtype showed that neonatal diabetes mellitus(NDM, n=1 749, 23.71%)and maturity onset diabetes in young(MODY, n=1 554, 21.07%)accounted for the largest proportions. According to the composition analysis of each subtype of MODY patients, the top three subtypes were MODY2(50.89%), MODY3(16.03%), and MODYX(8.91%). In addition, taking MODY as an example, patients with de novo mutations(DNMs)and(or)new mutation sites were summarized and analyzed. The results revealed 31 MODY patients with DNMs(1.99%) and 339 MODY patients with new mutation sites(21.81%). Conclusions:According to the literature analysis, NDM and MODY represent the largest proportion of patients with special type diabetes in China. MODY2 patients make up the largest proportion of MODY patients. In addition, diabetic patients carrying DNMs and(or)new mutation sites should be taken seriously.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify the causes of chronic wet cough in children in China and the constituent ratio of each cause so as to explore the most appropriate diagnosis procedure and treatment plan for children with chronic wet cough. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted between June 2015 and May 2018 in twenty-six hospitals in seventeen provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions;children with chronic wet cough were enrolled to identify the specific cause based on a questionnaire survey and then followed up in the next three months;all the data were collected and statistically analyzed to identify the constituent ratio of each cause. RESULTS: A total of 1505 cases were enrolled,of whom 1470 cases were qualified,the qualified rate being at 97.67%. The leading 4 causes were upper airway cough syndrome(UACS)with 584 cases(39.73%),asthma combined with UACS 241 cases(16.39%),asthma combined with infection 164 cases(11.16%),and PBB 151 cases(10.27%). In children aged<12 months,PBB ranked first(40.00%). There were 483 effective cases of chronic wet cough with multiple etiologies,accounting for 33.74% of the total cases;the main etiology among them was asthma combined with UACS,accounting for 16.39%. UACS is the primary cause of chronic wet cough in children in East China,North China and South China. Among other causes of chronic wet cough in children,the consituent ratio of each cause was different according to different ages and different regions,and even the same cause had different constituent ratio due to seasonal changes in the same region. CONCLUSION: The main causes of chronic wet cough in Chinese children are UACS,asthma with UACS,asthma with infection and PBB. Children at different ages have different cause constituent ratio. For children aged<12 months,PBB ranks first. The constituent ratio of each cause is different in different ages,regions and seasons.
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Objective:To determine the incident tendency and constituent ratio of thyroid tumors, patient age, and histology, as well as present scientific data for the prevention and treatment of thyroid tumors in Nanchong. Methods:Data were collected in the Affili-ated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from 2001 to 2015. Microsoft Excel and SPSS 17.0 were used to analyze the data statis-tically. Results:A total of 3299 cases of thyroid tumors were observed for a span of 15 years. The cases of benign tumors were 2503, while those of malignant tumors were 796. Most cases of benign (33.0%) and malignant (27.3%) tumors occurred in the 40-49 age group. At 35 years old and below, the proportion of patients with thyroid malignant tumors was 23.5%. The number of male patients was 566, while that of female patients was 2733, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1:4.8. Conclusion:As the incidence of thyroid tumors increase every year, so does the constituent ratios of thyroid malignant tumors. The onset of tumors in men and women were significantly different. These findings should attract more clinicians' and preventive researchers' attention. Targeted detection, preven-tion, and control need to be carried out immediately.
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Objective To learn the gene mutation type and prevalence of thalassemia in the Taishan area and to provide basis for the prevention and treatment of local thalassemia .Methods 1 383 patients who visited the hospital for thalassemia genetic test from January to December 2014 were enrolled for this study .α‐andβ‐genes were determined by using PCR and membrane hybridization methods .Results Of the 1 383 patients ,595 were diagnosed with thalassemia (positive rate was 43 .02% ) ,including 386 cases (27 .91% ) of α‐thalassemia ,183 cases(13 .23% ) of β‐thalassemia and 26 cases(1 .88% ) of αβ‐thalassemia .- -SEA/αα(accounted for 64 .25% ) was the major genotype of α‐thalassemia ,the major genotype of β‐thalassemia wasβ41 -42/β(accounted for 28 .42% ) , and - -SEA/αα,β41 -42/βwas the major genotype of αβ‐thalassemia (accounted for 19 .23% ) .Conclusion Taishan is located in a high risk area of thalassemia ,it is of great significance to perform genetic diagnosis of thalassemia among reproductive population so as to reduce the birth rate of children with thalassemia in the area .
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Objective To investigate the constituent changes of hospitalized thyroid cancer patients in Changhai Hospital (Shanghai. China) during nearly 20 years of universal salt iodization (USD . so as to understand the relationship between iodine intake and thyroid carcinoma. Methods We analyzed the patients with thyroid diseases in Changhai Hospital over the past 20 years before and after the adaptation of USI, and the annual constituent ratios of thyroid carcinoma were calculated. The patients with thyroid diseases were divided into four groups according to the years they were treated: 1993-1997 (group A) , 1998-2002 (group B) , 2003-2007 (group C) , and 2008 2012 (group D). The constituent ratios of thyroid carcinoma were compared between different groups. Results After the adoption of universal salt iodization in 1994, the constituent ratio of thyroid carcinoma decreased from 11. 36%(25/220) in 1993 to 7. 59%(18/237) , and then the ratio gradually increased again, reaching 20. 76%(318/1 532) in 2012. The constituent ratios of thyroid carcinoma in group A, B, C and D were 8. 01%(112/ 1 398). 9. 61%(241/2 508), 11. 655%(501/4 299) and 16. 57%CI 101/6 645), respectively. The constituent ratios of thyroid cancer in A, B groups (initial salt iodization period) were not significantly different (P = 0. 095) j while those in C, D groups (after long-term salt iodization) were increased significantly compared with those in A, B groups(P<0. 001). Conclusion Short-term iodine supplementation may have a certain inhibitory effect against thyroid carcinoma. The detection rate of thyroid carcinoma is apparently increased 10 years after iodine supplementation; long-term iodine supplementation might be one of the reasons for the increase.
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Objective To evaluate the quality control standard and check system of clinical using of antibiotics based on the change of the constituent ratio of antibiotics. Methods In this retrospective study, we compared consumption of the ten mostly prescribed antibiotics, constituent ratio of national essential drugs, antibiotics utilization ratio and antibiotics use density between the third quarter of 2012 and that of 2013. Results Compared with 2012, the usage of antibiotics was reduced by 39.91%, and the usage of national essential drugs rose by 71.46%, whereas the consumptions of cefoxitin, aztreonam, cefminox were reduced by 84.56%, 89.99%, and 56.52%, respectively, in 2013.The consumptions of cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone rose by 36. 39%, 363. 50% and 24. 06%, respectively. The amount of used antibiotics was reduced by 35. 41%, and the application frequency of antibiotics was reduced by 36.62%. Conclusion The establishment, running and implement of the quality control standard and check system of clinical using of antibiotics make constituent ratio of antibiotics used in the first people's hospital of Jining City more reasonable, which will help to promote the rational use of antibiotics in clinic.
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Objective To investigate the ophthalmological consultation diseases in the duration of 1 year ophthalmic chief resident training,to identify the breadth and depth of knowledge an ophthalnic chief resident should have.Methods A retrospective analysis of ophthalmological consultation patients in the past 1 year,to identify proportion of the source department and constituent ratio of ophthalmologic consultation disease in top five sections,top five eye diseases and to understand five special consultation need routine ophthalmology examination which an ophthalmic chief resident should be confronted with.Results Among 25 departments which request ophthalmic consultation,the top five closely related sections were the Department of Endocrinology (452 cases,20.9％),Department of ENT (296 cases,14.5％),Department of Cardiology (194 cases,9.5％),Neurological department of internal medicine (154 cases,7.6％) and Department of gerontology (144 cases,7.1％).Among 32 ophthalmologic consultation diseases,clearly the top five diseases were cataract (630 cases,30.9％),refractive error (368 cases,18.1％),diabetic retinopathy (222 cases,10.9％),conjunctivitis (154 cases,7.6％),glaucoma (66 cases,3.2％) and pregnancy induced hypertension retinopathy (66 cases,3.2％).With the development of new technology and the new situation and the doctor's self-protection awareness,five special consultation circumstances were Department of ENT preoperative routine ophthalmology examination (196 cases,9.6％),further clarify the diagnosis of traumatic optic neuropathy (26 cases,1.28％),Department of Hematology pre-transplantation of stem cell ophthalmologic routine examination (22 cases,1.08％),glaucoma excluded before the atropine experiment checking (20 cases,0.98％) and cornea K-F ring further examination (16 cases,0.79％).Conclusion Ophthalmology-related consultation departments are widely distributed,involving more sorts of eye disease,and part of the consultation needs an eye check-up,which requires that ophthalmic chief resident should be a calm demeanor,who has ability on quick judgment of emergency and takes corresponding measures,and meanwhile,he should be a good communicator with other section practitioners and have quality of comprehensive,independent thinking and innovative consciousness of be a scholar ophthalmologist.
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The scale and questionnaires were used to analyze the constituent ratio of symptoms at different stages. The relationship between the main syndrome and pathogenesis of coronary heart disease at different stages was analyzed by statistical methods and the medical principles analysis Thus the successive order of main symptoms and the transforming relations were ascertained. So basic pathogenesis and evolution rule of symptoms that penetrated the whole process of the disease were expounded: the dificiency of syndrome and emotinal factors were the key to the whole process of onset of coronary heart disease.
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OBJECTIVE:To evaluate1812cases of therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)and the clinical drug utilization of cyclosporine.METHODS:Analysis and statistics of cyclosporine TDM data of1812cases(502subjects)in our hospital were carried out.RESULTS:Among all the1st TDM concentration,only41.4%was within the therapeutic window.Constituent ratios of patients whose drug concentration were monitored once,twice,or three times respectively was44.8%,16.3%and11.6%respectively.Among all the subjects undergoing3～4times of TDM,constituent ratio of patients whose drug con-centrations of the1st,2nd,3rd and4th TDM are within therapeutic window are40.6%,48.0%,50.0%and57.9%respec-tively.CONCLUSION:Although TDM is widely used,for some reasons,the constituent ratio of drug concentration within therapeutic window is low and the TDM times are much less than enough.Even TDM is multiple,the status of is not satisfac-tory,So clinics should pay more attention to the phenomenon that the patients’medication can’t be adjusted properly;Mean-while,it correlates with the expensive medication costs,etc.