A propósito dos dilemas da comunicação / About the communication dilemmas / À propos des dilemmes de la communication

Les règles que nous appliquons et les normes auxquelles nous obéissons dans les activités communicatives sont tellement intériorisées qu'elles sont pratiquement imperceptibles. Adriano Duarte Rodrigues, au cours des trois dernières décades, a cherché les conditions du déchainement de l'activité communicative en tant que processus interactionnel situé. Dans cette critique, je souligne la question centrale présentée dans A natureza da atividade comunicativa (La nature de l'activité communicative), son dernier livre: l'observation du comportement des personnes dans les interactions auxquelles elles participent comme point de départ pour comprendre la communication. Cette attitude émique, fondée sur l'approche ethnométhodologique, cherche à découvrir les méthodes de sens commun utilisées par les individus dans leurs productions et in-terprétations au cours de leurs interactions. Le grand dilemme des études de communication découle, selon l'auteur, de la naturalisation de dispositifs qui ont été internalisés au cours du processus de socialisation et qui échappent à notre perception lorsque nous nous impliquons dans des interactions reglées sur eux.

As regras que aplicamos e as normas a que obedecemos nas atividades comunicativas estão de tal modo in-teriorizadas que são praticamente imperceptíveis. Adriano Duarte Rodrigues tem dedicado as últimas três décadas a tentar equacionar as condições que desencadeiam a atividade comunicativa enquanto processo interacional situado. Nesta resenha, destaco a questão central apresentada em A natureza da atividade comunicativa, seu mais recente livro: a observação dos comportamentos das pessoas nas interações das quais participam como ponto de partida para a compreensão da comunicação. Esta atitude êmica, funda-mentada na abordagem etnometodológica, procura descobrir os métodos do senso comum, usados pelos indivíduos nas produções e interpretações no decurso das suas interações. O grande dilema dos estudos da comunicação decorre, segundo o autor, da naturalização de dispositivos interiorizados ao longo do processo de socialização e que escapam à nossa percepção quando estamos envolvidos nas interações reguladas por eles

The rules we apply and the norms we obey in communicative activities are so internalized that they are practically imperceptible. Adriano Duarte Rodrigues has dedicated the last three decades to trying to equate the conditions that trigger communicative activity as a situated interactional process. In this review, I highlight the central question presented in A natureza da atividade comunicativa (The nature of commu-nicative activity), his most recent book: the observation of people's behavior in the interactions in which they participate as a starting point for understanding communication. This emic attitude, based on the ethnomethodological approach, seeks to discover the commonsense methods employed by individuals in their productions and interpretations in the course of their interactions. The great dilemma of the commu-nication studies stems, according to the author, from the naturalization of devices internalized throughout the socialization process, devices that escape our perception when we are involved in interactions regulated by them

Analysis of the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Pulmonary Nodules based on the “Six Constraints” Theory / 中医杂志

Based on ZHU Zhenheng's “six constraints” theory， it is proposed that the formation of pulmonary nodules is closely related to the six constraints， which are constraint of qi， blood， phlegm， fire， dampness and food. All six constraints might lead to pulmonary nodules， among which qi constraint is the dominant one. When qi constraint lasts for a long time， it will turn into fire constraint， resulting in the failure of spleen to transport， which may lead to phlegm constraint， dampness constraint and food constraint； when qi fails to move blood， blood constraint is formulated. Mutual generation of six constraints lead to the disease， and the pathogenesis is interrelated， jointly promoting the occurrence and development of pulmonary nodules. The treatment is mainly to unblock qi， usually using Yueju Pills （越鞠丸）， a classic formula commonly used for six constraints， as the basic formula. And according to the six constraints partiality， it is suggested to flexibly add the medicinals of soothing the liver and rectifying qi， clearing heat and dissipating masses， dissolving phlegm and dissipating masses， fortifying spleen and dissipating dampness， promoting digestion and removing accumulation， invigorating blood and dissolving stasis.

Mediating effects of social participation quality on the relationship between perceived social constraints and mental health status in first stroke patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the relationships among perceived social constraints, social participation, as well as anxiety and depression in first stroke patients, and to further analyze the mediating effect of social participation on these variables.Methods:A total of 216 first stroke patients in the Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from April to December 2020 were recruited by convenience sampling and investigated by general information questionnaire, Social Constraints Scale (SCS), Chinese version of Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionaire (IPA-C) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Results:The total score of SCS, IPA-C, depression and anxiety were 33.49 ± 6.81, 43.42 ± 9.62, 8.05 ± 4.15 and 8.61 ± 2.59. Social constraints were positively correlated with social participation as well as anxiety ( r=0.644, 0.383, both P<0.05). Social constraints were positively correlated with social participation as well as depression ( r=0.482, 0.371, both P<0.05). The quality of social participation partially mediated the relationship between social constraints and anxiety (intermediary effect was 0.119), and also partially mediated the relationship between social constraints and depression (intermediary effect was 0.270). Conclusions:First stroke patients experience high level of social constraints, low quality of social participation and severe anxiety and depression. Social constraints can affect anxiety and depression through social participation. Medical staff should build a good environment to meet the needs of stroke patients of social participation, help patients to establish a correct psychological coping style, reduce patients' avoidance of social participation due to perceived constraints and exclusion, and thus promote the mental health of patients.

Development of metabolic models with multiple constraints: a review / 生物工程学报

Constraint-based genome-scale metabolic network models (genome-scale metabolic models, GEMs) have been widely used to predict metabolic phenotypes. In addition to stoichiometric constraints, other constraints such as enzyme availability and thermodynamic feasibility may also limit the cellular phenotype solution space. Recently, extended GEM models considering either enzymatic or thermodynamic constraints have been developed to improve model prediction accuracy. This review summarizes the recent progresses on metabolic models with multiple constraints (MCGEMs). We presented the construction methods and various applications of MCGEMs including the simulation of gene knockout, prediction of biologically feasible pathways and identification of bottleneck steps. By integrating multiple constraints in a consistent modeling framework, MCGEMs can predict the metabolic bottlenecks and key controlling and modification targets for pathway optimization more precisely, and thus may provide more reliable design results to guide metabolic engineering of industrially important microorganisms.

Study on nurses scheduling based on multi-objective integer programming model in COVID-19 pandemic / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To establish a scientific and reasonable nurse scheduling model for ward nursing during COVID-19, to achieve collaborative and efficient scheduling of manpower and materials, and to provide an algorithm basis for the computerized scheduling as well as references for optimizing manpower scheduling in public health emergencies.Methods:The qualitative interview method was used to learn the challenges in nursing manpower scheduling at designated hospitals. In view of the nursing scheduling in the mild case wards during the pandemic and the premise of meeting the needs of different shift types and patient care, the goal was set as minimizing the consumption of nursing human resources and protective equipments. The objective functions, constraints and corresponding parameters were established. A multi-objective integer programming model was established by MATLAB software for solution by CPLEX solver.Results:Two objective functions, three hard constraints, two soft constraints and corresponding parameters were established. Calculations by the model so established found that a 28-day period requires at least 62 nurses, and at least 52 nurses in the contaminated wards, including 7 nurses in the department of intensive care, the infectious and the respiratory wards respectively. This number could meet in general the needs of epidemic care. In comparison, the manual scheduling of the mild care wards during the pandemic in February 2020 needed at least 69 nurses, and 61 in the contaminated wards, yet with a failure to meet all constraints.Conclusions:The model can solve the scheduling challenges in public health emergencies, namely numerous shift types, different nursing needs in different types of shifts, and complex staff structure.Furthermore, the model can save manpower and materials, serving a useful reference for manpower scheduling.

Analysis on the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility ，Financing Constraints and Corporate Performance of Listed Pharmaceutical Companies in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study the r elationship between corporate social responsibility ，financing constraints and corporate performance of listed pharmaceutical companies ，so as to provide reference for pharmaceutical enterprises to fulfill their social responsibility in China. METHODS ：Taking 211 A-share listed pharmaceutical companies in China from 2015 to 2018 as samples ， using corporate performance as explained variables ，corporate social responsibility and financing constraints as explanatory variables，asset size ，equity nature ，growth，R&D investment ，marketing investment and annual as control variables ，a multiple regression equation was constructed to study the relationship among corporate social responsibility performance ，financial constraints and corporate performance and put forward the suggestions. RESULTS ：Corporate social responsibility had a significant positive impact on corporate financial performance ；in the promotion of corporate social responsibility on corporate performance ， finacing constratins couldn ’t inhibit the promote function. CONCLUSIONS ：In China ’s pharmaceutical industry ，the awareness of corporate social responsibility needs to be improved ；pharmaceutical enterprises actively perform social responsibility will interactively promote corporate performance. The overall financial constraints faced by Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises are not high，and enterprises which facing financial constraints will better improve their performance by fulfilling corporate social responsibility. It is suggested that the government should promote the legislative process of corporate social responsibility ； pharmaceutical enterprises should enhance the awareness of social responsibility and pay attention to the impact of financing constraints；investors should pay real-time attention to the responsibility information and actual performance of pharmaceutical enterprises.

Spider (Arachnida-Araneae) diversity in an amazonian altitudinal gradient: are the patterns congruent with mid-domain and rapoport effect predictions? / Diversidade de aranhas (arachnida-Araneae) em um gradiente altitudinal na amazônia. seriam os padrões congruentes com o esperado pelo efeito do dominio central e pelo efeito rapoport?

Abstract: The Mid-Domain Effect (MDE) and the Rapoport (RE) effect are two biogeographical theories that make predictions about biogeogaphic patterns. MDE predicts higher richness in the central portions of a gradient if it is within a bounded domain. RE predicts a positive relation between altitude and species range size along an altitudinal gradient. Our aim was to document the distribution of spider species richness along an altitudinal gradient in the Brazilian Amazon, and to test the influence of MDE and RE on the diversity patterns. Our study was conducted at the Pico da Neblina (Amazonas state, Brazil), and we sampled spiders at six different altitudes using two methods: nocturnal hand sampling and a beating tray. We obtained 3,140 adult spiders from 39 families, sorted to 529 species/morphospecies. Richness declined continuously with an altitude increase, but the fit with the MDE richness estimates was very weak and was not significant. Range size was not related to altitude, i. e., no RE. Finally, the abundance distribution within each species range varied more specifically, which prevented the occurrence of a RE at the community level. The influence of MDE was extremely low, a consequence of our community characteristics, formed mostly by small range size species. Short and medium range species were located at all altitudes, preventing a significant relation between range size and altitude. The distribution of abundance within a species range varied specifically and do not support a RE hypothesis.

Resumo: O Efeito do Domínio Central (MDE) e o Efeito Rapoport (ER) são duas teorias biogeografias que fazem previsões sobre a distribuição da diversidade ao longo de gradientes. O MDE prevê maior riqueza nas porções centrais de um gradiente, se este estiver dentro de um domínio fechado. O ER prevê uma relação positiva entre altitude e tamanho da distribuição ao longo do gradiente altitudinal. Nosso objetivo foi o de registrar a distribuição de uma comunidade de aranhas ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal na Amazônia Brasileira, e testar se há uma influência do EDC e do ER sobre os padrões de diversidade da comunidade. Nosso estudo foi feito no Parque Nacional do Pico da Neblina (AM, Brasil), e nós amostramos aranhas em seis altitudes diferentes. Nós coletamos 3.140 exemplares adultos de 39 famílias, que foram divididos em 529 espécies/morfoespécies. A riqueza declinou com o aumento de altitude, mas o padrão não mostrou ajuste com as previsões feitas pelo EDC. O tamanho da distribuição altitudinal também não esteve relacionado ao previsto pelo ER. Por fim, a distribuição de abundância ao longo da distribuição altitudinal das espécies variou de maneira específica, o que impediu a ocorrência de um ER nos padrões da comunidade. A influência do EDC sobre os padrões observados foi baixíssima, uma consequência de características de nossa comunidade, já que esta é formada por espécies com pequena distribuição altitudinal. Espécies de distribuição altitudinal médias e grandes ocorreram em todas as partes do gradiente o que impediu a ocorrência de um ER. Por fim, o ER também não foi observado na distribuição de abundância das espécies ao longo do gradiente, já que essa variou de maneira específica.

Informal credit constraints and farmers' health: an empirical study of China / Restrições ao crédito e à saúde de agricultores: um estudo empírico da China

ABSTRACT: Based on survey data of the income distribution and living conditions of urban and rural residents collected by the China Economic Monitoring and Analysis Center in 2014, we investigated the mechanisms related to informal credit constraints on farmer health and then empirically analyzed the impacts of such constraints. Results showed that, in general, informal credit constraints significantly negatively impact farmer health. Compared with farmers whose credit was not informally constrained, the probability of farmers who faced informal credit constraints describing their self-rated health as "very good" fell by 6.64%. After controlling for endogenous problems, this proportion rose to 28.87%. Correspondingly, the probability of describing self-rated health as "very bad" increased by 0.45%. After controlling for endogenous problems, this proportion rose to 0.81%. The robustness test showed that our conclusions are strongly robust. Informal credit constraints significantly positively impacted the number of days of illness in 2013 in the sample of farmers, which means farmers who suffered from informal credit constraints required more sick days than those who did not experience informal credit constraints in 2013. As far as we know, this is the first study on the impact of informal credit constraints on Chinese farmer health.

RESUMO: Com base nos dados da pesquisa sobre a distribuição de renda e as condições de vida dos residentes urbanos e rurais coletados pelo Centro de Análise e Monitoramento Econômico da China em 2014, investigamos os mecanismos relacionados às restrições informais de crédito à saúde dos agricultores e, em seguida, analisamos empiricamente os impactos dessas restrições. Os resultados mostram que, em geral, as restrições informais de crédito afetam significativamente a saúde dos agricultores. Em comparação com os agricultores cujo crédito não foi informalmente restrito, a probabilidade de agricultores que enfrentaram restrições informais de crédito que descrevem sua auto-avaliação de saúde como "muito boa" caiu 6,64%. Após o controle de problemas endógenos, essa proporção subiu para 28,87%. Da mesma forma, a probabilidade de descrever a auto-avaliação de saúde como "muito ruim" aumentou 0,45%. Após o controle de problemas endógenos, essa proporção subiu para 0,81%. O teste de robustez mostrou que nossas conclusões são fortemente robustas. As restrições informais de crédito impactaram significativamente o número de dias de doença em 2013 na amostra de agricultores, o que significa que os agricultores que sofreram restrições informais de crédito permaneceram mais dias doentes do que aqueles que não tiveram restrições informais de crédito em 2013. Tanto quanto sabemos, este é o primeiro estudo sobre o impacto das restrições informais ao crédito na saúde dos agricultores chineses.

COVID-19: Adaptation of a model to predicting healthcare resources needs in Valle del Cauca, Colombia / COVID-19: Predicción de las necesidades de recursos sanitarios en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Abstract Background: Valle del Cauca is the region with the fourth-highest number of COVID-19 cases in Colombia (>50,000 on September 7, 2020). Due to the lack of anti-COVID-19 therapies, decision-makers require timely and accurate data to estimate the incidence of disease and the availability of hospital resources to contain the pandemic. Methods: We adapted an existing model to the local context to forecast COVID-19 incidence and hospital resource use assuming different scenarios: (1) the implementation of quarantine from September 1st to October 15th (average daily growth rate of 2%); (2-3) partial restrictions (at 4% and 8% growth rates); and (4) no restrictions, assuming a 10% growth rate. Previous scenarios with predictions from June to August were also presented. We estimated the number of new cases, diagnostic tests required, and the number of available hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) beds (with and without ventilators) for each scenario. Results: We estimated 67,700 cases by October 15th when assuming the implementation of a quarantine, 80,400 and 101,500 cases when assuming partial restrictions at 4% and 8% infection rates, respectively, and 208,500 with no restrictions. According to different scenarios, the estimated demand for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests ranged from 202,000 to 1,610,600 between September 1st and October 15th. The model predicted depletion of hospital and ICU beds by September 20th if all restrictions were to be lifted and the infection growth rate increased to 10%. Conclusion: Slowly lifting social distancing restrictions and reopening the economy is not expected to result in full resource depletion by October if the daily growth rate is maintained below 8%. Increasing the number of available beds provides a safeguard against slightly higher infection rates. Predictive models can be iteratively used to obtain nuanced predictions to aid decision-making

Resumen Introducción: Valle del Cauca es el departamento con el cuarto mayor número de casos de COVID-19 en Colombia (>50,000 en septiembre 7, 2020). Debido a la ausencia de tratamientos efectivos para COVID-19, los tomadores de decisiones requieren de acceso a información actualizada para estimar la incidencia de la enfermedad, y la disponibilidad de recursos hospitalarios para contener la pandemia. Métodos: Adaptamos un modelo existente al contexto local para estimar la incidencia de COVID-19, y la demanda de recursos hospitalarios en los próximos meses. Para ello, modelamos cuatro escenarios hipotéticos: (1) el gobierno local implementa una cuarentena desde el primero de septiembre hasta el 15 de octubre (asumiendo una tasa promedio de infecciones diarias del 2%); (2-3) se implementan restricciones parciales (tasas de infección del 4% y 8%); (4) se levantan todas las restricciones (tasa del 10%). Los mismos escenarios fueron previamente evaluados entre julio y agosto, y los resultados fueron resumidos. Estimamos el número de casos nuevos, el número de pruebas diagnósticas requeridas, y el numero de camas de hospital y de unidad de cuidados intensivos (con y sin ventilación) disponibles, para cada escenario. Resultados: El modelo estimó 67,700 casos a octubre 15 al asumir la implementación de una nueva cuarentena, 80,400 y 101,500 al asumir restricciones parciales al 4 y 8% de infecciones diarias, respectivamente, y 208,500 al asumir ninguna restricción. La demanda por pruebas diagnósticas (de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) fue estimada entre 202,000 y 1,610,600 entre septiembre 1 y octubre 15, a través de los diferentes escenarios evaluados. El modelo estimó un agotamiento de camas de cuidados intensivos para septiembre 20 al asumir una tasa de infecciones del 10%. Conclusión: Se estima que el levantamiento paulatino de las restricciones de distanciamiento social y la reapertura de la economía no debería causar el agotamiento de recursos hospitalarios si la tasa de infección diaria se mantiene por debajo del 8%. Sin embargo, incrementar la disponibilidad de camas permitiría al sistema de salud ajustarse rápidamente a potenciales picos inesperados de infecciones nuevas. Los modelos de predicción deben ser utilizados de manera iterativa para depurar las predicciones epidemiológicas y para proveer a los tomadores de decisiones con información actualizada.

Factor Path of Constraints to Adaptive Capacity on Climate Change among IFAD-VCDP Farmers in North Central Nigeria

Aim: Adaptive capacity is the ability of the farmer to adjust his farm plans and programmes in the face of emerging risks, constraints and currently available information. In this study, the various constraints faced by International Fund for Agricultural Development-Value Chain Development Programme’s farmers (IFAD-VCDP) in North Central Nigeria in adapting to climate change challenges were investigated. Study Design: A multi-stage sampling technique was employed in the selection of respondents. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Benue and Niger States of Nigeria in 2018. Methodology: Data were collected from a total of 483 respondents using interview schedule and questionnaire. The data were analysed using exploratory (principal component analysis) and confirmatory (structural equation modelling) factor analysis. Results: The results of the analysis revealed the significant constraints the farmers faced in order to improve their adaptive capacity to climate change which were institutional and technical (49.45%) and climate information (26.62%) constraints, although the factors differ slightly within the two states under study. In Benue State, institutional (31.26%), personal (14.63%), land and farm inputs (12.54%) and population (11.73%) while in Niger State, public and institutional (22.34%), land and farm inputs (14.78%), and personal (10.75) were the constraints to adaptive capacity. Conclusion: These constraints make it harder to plan and implement adaptation actions by restricting the variety and effectiveness of options available to the farmers to improve their productivity and cope with the vagaries of climate change. It was therefore recommended that government and NGOs should intensify efforts on public, institutional, educational and climate policies, assist in increasing the adaptive capacity of the farmers in order to employ more adaptation measures, land governance systems should be strengthened in Nigeria to provide tenure security for all, financial institutions should help facilitate access to credit by farmers and assist in making reliable climate information accessible to all farmers.

Financing constraints, tax incentives and R&D investment: Evidence from traditional Chinese medicine industry / 中草药

Innovation plays an important role in the development of the traditional Chinese medicine enterprises, whereas financing constraints may restrain the investment activities. Therefore, whether financing constraints may impact the R&D investment of traditional Chinese medicine enterprises is worthy of being studied. Based on a sample of listed A-share firms in traditional Chinese medicine industry from 2009 to 2018 in China, we investigate the relationship between financing constraints and R&D investment. It is found that financing constraints have a significantly negative effect on R&D investment. In addition, the tax incentives may moderate the negative relation between financing constraints and R&D investment. This study highlights the research on stimulation of R&D investment and provides valuable enlightenment to policy makers and regulators.

Post exposure compliance of rabies vaccination among cases attending anti-rabies clinic at tertiary care centre, Rajasthan

Background: Rabies is one of the deadliest diseases of mankind, and has terrified since antiquity. It is 100 per cent fatal, however, 100% preventable. In India, rabies causes an estimated 20,565 deaths with 17.4 million exposures to animal bites, mainly dog bites, occurring every year. In India a person is bitten by an animal in every 2 seconds and someone dies from rabies every 30 second. Complete post-exposure prophylaxis is necessary among the animal bite cases for complete protection. Hence this study aims to determine the patient’s compliance for intradermal anti-rabies vaccination and also to determine the constraints for compliance.Methods: A retrospective record based study was conducted in the ARC of S.M.S.M.C, Jaipur where patients were provided intradermal rabies vaccination (updated Thai Red Cross regimen) for post-exposure prophylaxis. The records maintained at ARC-SMSMC under department of community medicine from March 2016- February 2017 were analysed. The total number of patients was 8873 from which 8590 subjects were recruited for the study after excluding category I cases, pre-exposure cases rat bite, human bite, re-exposure and pre-exposure cases. The major constraints were found out by interviewing the patient/guardian through the telephone.Results: The compliance rate for intradermal rabies vaccination (IDRV) is 81.87%. The major constraints were timings not convenient, personal or social workload, long distance from the hospital, forgotten the dates.Conclusions: The compliance rate for rabies vaccination is considerably low for this highly fatal disease. Considering these major constraint factors, the animal bite victims should be motivated effectively through health education at the time of initiation of vaccination course to attain the goal of rabies free India.

Theranostics in India: a Particularly Exquisite Concept or an Experimental Tool / 대한핵의학회잡지

The term theranostics is a combination of a diagnostic tool that helps to define a right therapeutic tool for specific disease and paves the approach towards personalized or precision medicine. In Nuclear Medicine, a diagnostic radionuclide is labeled with the target and once expression is documented, the same target is labeled with a therapeutic radionuclide and treatment is executed. The theranostic concept was applied first time in 1964 in the treatment of thyroid cancer with I-131 (RAI). Over the years, other theranostic radiotracers became available indigenously from the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in the country. Currently Lu-177 is produced in India and peptides like DOTATATE and PSMA are available in a kit form indigenously. At the present time, the radionuclide therapies of oncological disorders which are being performed in India are mainly for neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The main constraints pertaining to this concept is the cost of treatment and awareness among the clinicians which are gradually being taken care of by the private health insurance and our participation in disease management group meetings respectively. The theranostic concept has become popular over the years and has the potential for sustained growth.

Application and considerations on the use of artificial intelligence at primary health care institutions / 中华医院管理杂志

The present use of artificial intelligence at primary health care institutions covers auxiliary treatment, voice electronic medical records, rational drug use, chronic disease management assistance, and auxiliary diagnosis of medical images. The authors analyzed the main factors restricting the development of primary medical artificial intelligence products, and put forward solutions from the perspectives of optimizing product functions, organizing expert resources from the national level. These efforts can assist in the examination and approval of medical artificial intelligence products, and improve the medical artificial intelligence system, so as to promote the healthy and sustainable development of artificial intelligence in primary medical and health institutions.

Progress and application of metabolic network model based on enzyme constraints / 生物工程学报

Genome-scale metabolic network models have been successfully applied to guide metabolic engineering. However, the conventional flux balance analysis only considers stoichiometry and reaction direction constraints, and the simulation results cannot accurately describe certain phenomena such as overflow metabolism and diauxie growth on two substrates. Recently, researchers proposed new constraint-based methods to simulate the cellular behavior under different conditions more precisely by introducing new constraints such as limited enzyme content and thermodynamics feasibility. Here we review several enzyme-constrained models, giving a comprehensive introduction on the biological basis and mathematical representation for the enzyme constraint, the optimization function, the impact on the calculated flux distribution and their application in identification of metabolic engineering targets. The main problems in these existing methods and the perspectives on this emerging research field are also discussed. By introducing new constraints, metabolic network models can simulate and predict cellular behavior under various environmental and genetic perturbations more accurately, and thus can provide more reliable guidance to strain engineering.

Sistemas y servicios informáticos administrados por restricciones / Computer systems and services managed by constraints

A pesar de constatar el carácter entrópico del desarrollo de teorías en torno a la Administración, las más recientes enfocan la organización o institución como un sistema compuesto por subsistemas que interactúan entre sí y con el ambiente externo. Muchas son las herramientas que se han propuesto para su gestión, donde la Teoría de las Restricciones ha cobrado un gran auge y ha ganado gran aceptación. Esta propone la determinación de las condiciones en cualquier proceso organizacional que limitan el crecimiento hacia el estado siempre deseado por una organización, conocido como cualidad sistémica; y en función de ello tomar decisiones que coadyuven a llegar a ella. En este trabajo se muestra el análisis de la situación límite relacionada con la administración de los sistemas y servicios informáticos de la Facultad de Tecnología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba. Para ello se utilizaron como métodos teóricos el análisis y síntesis, e histórico - lógico; y como métodos empíricos: la observación científica, la encuesta, y la revisión de documentos. Por último, se proponen acciones de transformación - adaptación que permitan elevar la posibilidad de satisfacer las necesidades detectadas y por ende crecer la cualidad sistémica de dicha institución(AU)

Despite the entropic nature of the development of theories around the Administration, the most recent ones focus the organization or institution as a system composed of subsystems that interact with each other and with the environment. Many management tools have emerged for example the Theory of Constraints, which has become a boom and has gained wide acceptance. It states to find all those conditions in the organizational environment that could restrict the growth to the always desired state of any organization, known as systemic quality; and in accordance with that state, to make decisions that could allow reaching it. In this paper the restrict situation related to the management of computer systems and services shown in the Faculty of Technology of the University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba is analysed. For that purpose, some theoretical methods were used such as: analysis and synthesis, and historical and logical one; and some empiric methods, for example: scientific observation, surveys, and bibliography review. Finally, some transformation and adaptation activities are proposed, to help to increase the possibility of satisfy the identified needs and thus increase the systemic quality of the institution(AU)

A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Semi-Supervised Clustering Algorithm

Introduction:A semi-supervised clustering algorithm is proposed that combines the benefits of supervised and unsupervised learningmethods. The approach allows unlabeled data with no known class to be used to improve classification accuracy [2]. The objectivefunction of an unsupervised technique, e.g. K-means clustering, is modified to minimize both the cluster dispersion of the inputattributes and a measure of cluster impurity based on the class labels. Minimizing the cluster dispersion of the examples is a form ofcapacity control to prevent over fitting [4]. For the output labels, impurity measures from decision tree algorithms such as the Gini indexcan be used. A genetic algorithm optimizes the objective function to produce clusters. Experimental results show that using classinformation improves the generalization ability compared to unsupervised methods based only on the input attributes [6]. Trainingusing information from unlabeled data can improve classification accuracy on that data as well. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) have beenwidely used in optimization problems for their high ability in seeking better and acceptable solutions within limited time. Clusteringensemble has emerged as another flavour of optimal solutions for generating more stable and robust partition from existing clusters [1].GAs has proved a major contribution to find consensus cluster partitions during clustering ensemble. Currently, web videocategorization has been an ever challenging research area with the popularity of the social web. In this paper, we propose a framework forweb video categorization using their textual features, video relations and web support [3]. There are three contributions in this researchwork. First, we expand the traditional Vector Space Model (VSM) in a more generic manner as Semantic VSM (S-VSM) by including thesemantic similarity between the features terms [5]. This new model has improved the clustering quality in terms of compactness (highintra-cluster similarity) and clearness (low inter-cluster similarity). Second, we optimize the clustering ensemble process with the helpof GA using a novel approach of the fitness function. We define a new measure, Pre-Paired Percentage (PPP), to be used as the fitnessfunction during the genetic cycle for optimization of clustering ensemble process [7]. Third, the most important and crucial step of theGA is to define the genetic operators, crossover and mutation. We express these operators by an intelligent mechanism of clusteringensemble. This approach has produced more logical offspring solutions [9]. Above stated all three contributions have shown remarkableresults in their corresponding areas. Experiments on real world social-web data have been performed to validate our new incrementalnovelties [8]

Applied research of appointment checkup process optimization based on the theory of constraints / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To discuss the effect of the appointment checkup process optimized with the theory of constraints in shortening the appointment waiting time. Methods The patients who underwent ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging examination, and CT examinations were selected from the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from March 2017 to February 2018. Firstly, we applied the theory of constraints to investigate and analyze the status of medical technology examinations. Secondly, we optimized the process according to the results of the investigation. Finally, we compared the appointment duration of medical examinations before and after the optimization. Results Thanks to support of departments involved, the longest ultrasonography appointment waiting time was reduced from 3. 74 days to 1. 32 days. The longest appointment time for magnetic resonance imaging examination was reduced from 3. 74 days to 1. 33 days. The longest appointment waiting time for CT was reduced from 2. 62 days to 1. 55 days, and the goal of completing the checkup the day after the prescription was reached in the continuous improvement phase. Conclusions The optimization of the medical technology examination appointment process based on the constraint theory can effectively shorten the checkup appointment duration, maximize utilization of medical resources and optimize the services.

Analysis on the policy response and its optimization strategies for family doctors'contractual service in Zhejiang / 中华医院管理杂志

The family doctor system is a collection of the rules and operating patterns formed during the interaction between the top design of "universal health coverage" and the "contractual experiment" at primary level. Its optimization and upgrading call for continuous attention to primary policy response. A questionnaire survey was made to medical workers at primary healthcare institutions in Zhejiang,to learn the comments and willingness of participation of family doctors for the contractual service policy. The survey found the poor policy response roots in such constraints as lack of effective connection between top level and primary level,poor incentive design,and delayed supporting policies. In view of upgrading supplier policy response,the authors recommended feasible strategies to optimize policy response, namely priori decision-making,process control,both hard and soft tactics,and parallel efforts for both internal and external sides.

Dose constraints of optic nerves and chiasm in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the tolerated dose of the optic nerves and chiasm in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on dose characteristics and the incidence of radiation optic neuropathy in 108 patients with locally advanced NPC treated with IMRT at D 2>55 Gy in the optic nerves and chiasm in our hospital between May 2009 and December 2013. The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events(CTCAE)Version 3.0 grading criteria were used for evaluating adverse reactions of the optic nerves and optic chiasm.A logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk factors for the development of radiation-induced optic neuropathy(RION). Results No patient had severe RION (grade 3-5),although 7 of the 108 patients had mild optic nerve disorder(grade 1-2). No patient-or treatment-related factors were found to be associated with the development of RION(P>0.05). With a median follow-up of 46 months(range,13-91 months),the 3-year estimated overall survival,local recurrence-free survival,and distant metastasis-free survival rates were 90.0%,94.5%,and 86.4%, respectively. Conclusions The dose constraint of<55 Gy derived for optic nerves and chiasm from conventional radiotherapy does not seem to apply to IMRT. For advanced NPC patients treated with IMRT, the dose constraints of optic nerves and chiasm might be relaxed in order to improve target coverage.