ABSTRACT
RESUMO A disposição inadequada de resíduos da construção civil (RCC) gera poluição difusa em grande parte do território brasileiro, a despeito da legislação ambiental vigente. A incipiência do planejamento de sistemas de gestão de resíduos, no âmbito municipal, e também de seu monitoramento com vistas à melhoria contínua foi o agente mobilizador desta pesquisa, que se propôs a determinar e validar variáveis para um conjunto de indicadores de efetividade de gestão de RCC e, por meio deles, avaliar a gestão dos RCC no município de São José dos Campos, São Paulo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa aplicada com dados quanti-qualitativos, tendo em vista a utilidade pública. Os 15 indicadores de efetividade foram avaliados com o auxílio de 124 variáveis de diferentes significâncias determinadas pelos gestores municipais. O uso da ferramenta para a avaliação de desempenho em São José dos Campos mostrou que, mesmo sendo o município considerado referência nacional na gestão de RCC, ainda há esforços a serem invitados para que essa gestão possa ser considerada efetiva, principalmente nas dimensões econômica e social. Os indicadores e variáveis apresentados no presente trabalho podem nortear avaliações em outros municípios brasileiros, desde que consideradas as especificidades locais.
ABSTRACT In spite of current environmental legislation, inadequate disposition of construction solid waste (CSW) generates diffuse pollution in a large part of Brazilian territory. Many incipient plans of waste management systems, at the municipal level, and also their monitoring needs for having continuously improved systems were the mobilizing agents of this research, which proposed to determine and validate variables for a set of CSW management effectiveness indicators and through them to evaluate the management of CSW in the municipality of São José dos Campos. It is an applied research with quantitative and qualitative data, with a view to public utility. Fifteen effectiveness indicators were evaluated using 124 variables with different scores determined by the municipal managers. As a result of using the performance evaluation tool, it was showed that, even though São José dos Campos is considered nationwide as reference in the management of CSW, it is still necessary to invite efforts so that its management can be considered effective, mainly in the economic and social dimensions. All indicators and variables presented in this study may guide evaluations in other Brazilian municipalities, as long as respect for local specificities is maintained.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral desenvolver um modelo de avaliação da viabilidade econômico-financeira da implantação de usinas de reciclagem de resíduos da construção civil e demolição (URRCD) em municípios brasileiros. O modelo de avaliação proposto para cada projeto de investimento (PI) em estudo uniu o modelo de negócio Canvas, o plano de negócios, a metodologia multi-índice proposta por Souza e Clemente (2009) e ampliada por Lima et al. (2015) por meio do aplicativo web $AVEPI. Também foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade por meio de limites de elasticidade e valores-limite, bem como uma análise estocástica utilizando a simulação de Monte Carlo (SMC). Com base na proposição desse modelo, este foi aplicado em um estudo de caso no município de Pato Branco (PR). Os resultados mostram que há viabilidade econômico-financeira na implantação desse PI, uma vez que o valor presente líquido médio é de aproximadamente R$ 583.919,87, e a recuperação do investimento se concretizará em 12 anos (payback). Por meio da SMC, visualizou-se que há alta probabilidade (99,78%) de que o investimento na URRCD de Pato Branco seja rentável. Entretanto, os índices de elasticidade mostraram que é preciso monitorar as receitas esperadas e os custos estimados com mais atenção. Assim, será preciso um trabalho, por parte dos gestores da URRCD, em prol de sempre estarem buscando aumentar a demanda pelos agregados reciclados, como maneira de aumentar a receita da usina, desde que se respeite a sua capacidade de produção.
ABSTRACT This work had as main objective to develop an evaluation model for analyzing the economic and financial feasibility of implementing Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plants (URRCD) in Brazilian municipalities. The evaluation model proposed for the Investment Project (IP) under study was performed using the business model Canvas, the business plan, the multi-index method proposed by Souza and Clemente (2009) and expanded by Lima et al. (2015) through the $AVEPI Web app. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed, through the elasticity limits and limit values as well as a stochastic analysis using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). From the proposition of this model, it was applied in a case study in Pato Branco, Paraná. The results showed that there is economic and financial viability in the implementation of this IP, since the average Net Present Value (NPV) is about R$ 583,919.87 and the investment recovery will materialize in 12 years (Payback). Through MCS, it was observed that there is a high probability (99.78%) that the investment in the URRCD of Pato Branco, Paraná, be profitable. However, the elasticity indices showed that it is necessary to monitor the expected revenues and the estimated costs with more attention. Thus, it will require a work by the managers of the URRCD, in favor of always seeking to increase the demand for recycled aggregates, as a way to increase the revenue of the plant, as long as it does not exceed its production capacity.
ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: Due to rapid urbanization, Malaysia is currently undergoing extensive amount of construction activities and significant rise in the construction waste. Improper construction wastes management practices have led to rise in the waste open dumping sites which may significantly affect the environment and public health. This study was undertaken to assess air pollution in such a site and the impact to the respiratory health of children studying in a nearby school. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Sungai Buloh (exposed) and Kuala Selangor (comparative). Concentration of PM10 was monitored at the open dumping site (n=15), a nearby primary school (n=45) and a comparative primary school (n=12). Parents who gave consent (n=229) answered a questionnaire related to child’s respiratory health whereas their children participated in lung function assessment. Results: Concentration of PM10 at the dumping site, exposed school and comparative school was 0.245±0.048mg/ m3, 0.270±0.020mg/m3 and 0.051±0.016mg/m3 respectively, with the first two significantly exceeded the 24-hour Malaysian Air Quality Standard (MAQS) for PM10 (0.150mg/m3). Besides, PM10 concentration in the exposed school was similar to the dumping site (p>0.05) and many folds higher than the comparative school (p<0.001). There was a significant risk of cough (PR=1.55), phlegm (PR=1.70), wheezing (PR=1.55) and obstructive pattern of lung function defect (PR male = 4.36; PR female = 3.65) among the exposed group children than their comparative counterpart. Conclusion: Open dumping of construction waste would release substantial amount of PM10 into ambient air and ultimately affect the respiratory health of community, especially children.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Esta pesquisa buscou avaliar a capacidade de retenção de Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr3+ e As5+ por dois tipos de solo, um Latossolo argiloso e um arenoso, por resíduos da construção civil (RCC) e por misturas contendo 70% dos referidos solos e 30% de partículas finas de RCC. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios de equilíbrio em lote em amostras dos cinco sorventes (RCC, solo argiloso, solo arenoso, misturas solo argiloso-RCC e solo arenoso-RCC) às quais foram adicionadas soluções monoespécie de chumbo, cádmio e cromo na forma de nitrato, e arsênio na forma de arsenato de sódio, o que permitiu avaliar como cada elemento interagiu com cada amostra. Foram ensaiados 5 lotes de amostras, em triplicatas, com a mesma razão sorvente solução de 1:20, em que se variaram as concentrações das soluções. Curvas teóricas de sorção de Freundlich e de Langmuir foram utilizadas para ajustar os pares de pontos obtidos experimentalmente, concentração de equilíbrio do soluto na solução (Ce) versus massa de soluto sorvida por massa de solo (S). Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que os RCC apresentaram maior capacidade em sorver Pb2+, Cd2+ e Cr3+, enquanto o As5+ é mais fortemente sorvido pelo solo argiloso e pela mistura solo argiloso-RCC; os processos sortivos do Pb2+, Cd2+ e Cr3+ diferem daquele do As5+, uma vez que os primeiros comportam-se como cátions no solo e o último comporta-se como oxiânion. O solo argiloso, por possuir maior teor de matéria orgânica, exibe maior sorção dos metais estudados do que o solo arenoso.
ABSTRACT This study evaluated the retention capacity of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr3+ and As5+ per two types of soil, a clayey Latosoil and a sandy soil, by construction waste and mixtures containing 70% of soil and 30% of construction waste's particles. For this, batch equilibrium tests were performed with samples of the five sorbents (construction waste, clayey soil, sandy soil, mixtures of clayey soil-construction waste and sandy soil-construction waste) added to monospecie solutions of lead, cadmium and chromium in the form of nitrate; and arsenic in the form of sodium arsenate, allowing the evaluation of how each element interacted with each sample. Five batches of samples were tested, in triplicate, with the same sorbent solution ratio, 1:20, and the concentrations of the solutions varied. Freundlich and Langmuir's theoretical sorption curves were used to adjust the pairs of data points, the equilibrium concentration of solute in the solution (Ce) versus the solute mass sorbed per soil mass (S). The results allow concluding that the construction waste had greater ability to absorb Pb2+, Cd2+ and Cr3+. As5+, however, is more strongly sorbed by the clayey soil and by the mixture clayey soil-construction waste. The sorptive processes of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+ differ from the sorptive processes of As5+, because the first ones behave as cations in the soil, while the latter behaves as oxyanion. Finally, the clayey soil showed greater sorption capacity than the sandy soil for all the metals studied, as clayey soil has a higher organic material content.