ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate annual skin equivalent dose and annual effective dose to consumers arising from three types of cloths samples containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM).Methods Firstly,measurement of radioactivity in three types of cloths were made with γ-ray spectrometer.And then,theoretical exposure scenarios were simulated with Monte Carlo software to calculate organ dose and effective dose by using ICRP reference voxel male phantom.Finally,annual skin equivalent dose and effective dose to consumers from these cloths samples were evaluated.Results In the wrapped and covered estimation models used in this study,sample mass ranged from 135 to 7 197 g,annual skin equivalent dose to consumers from these cloths samples from 155.41 to 9 028.61 μ Sv,and annual effective dose from 11.91 to 1 234.44 μSv.Conclusions NORM-added consumer products would cause some radiation hazard to human body.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To evaluate annual skin equivalent dose and annual effective dose to consumers arising from three types of cloths samples containing naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM).@*Methods@#Firstly, measurement of radioactivity in three types of cloths were made with γ-ray spectrometer. And then, theoretical exposure scenarios were simulated with Monte Carlo software to calculate organ dose and effective dose by using ICRP reference voxel male phantom. Finally, annual skin equivalent dose and effective dose to consumers from these cloths samples were evaluated.@*Results@#In the wrapped and covered estimation models used in this study, sample mass ranged from 135 to 7 197 g, annual skin equivalent dose to consumers from these cloths samples from 155.41 to 9 028.61 μSv, and annual effective dose from 11.91 to 1 234.44 μSv.@*Conclusions@#NORM-added consumer products would cause some radiation hazard to human body.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma análise de fatores que são desafios para os Sistemas de Logística Reversa que estão sendo implantados no Brasil, em relação aos aspectos: políticos e legais; operacionais; e sociais relacionados à mão de obra e à participação da população. Os resultados indicam a existência de uma série de pontos críticos que necessitam ser discutidos e resolvidos para que os objetivos e as metas estabelecidas pelos acordos setoriais, que estão sendo firmados entre o Governo Federal e os setores produtivos, sejam factíveis de serem cumpridos. Para este estudo, foram realizados levantamentos e análises de dados secundários, obtidos a partir de relatórios técnicos de órgãos governamentais e relatórios técnicos e informações disponibilizadas por associações das empresas que já realizam a logística reversa de forma obrigatória, antes da lei n° 12.305/2010.
ABSTRACT This paper presents an analysis of factors that are challenges for Reverse Logistics Systems being established in Brazil, concerning political, legal, operational and social aspects related to labor and population involvement. The results indicate the existence of a number of critical points that need to be discussed and resolved so that the objectives and targets set by sectoral agreements being signed between the Federal Government and productive sectors are feasible to be met. For this study, surveys were conducted as well as analysis of secondary data from technical reports of governmental agencies and technical reports and information provided by associations of undertakings which have already been carrying out reverse logistics on a mandatory basis, prior to the law n° 12.305/2010.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to review the validity of the need for the application of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) to household chemical products in Korea. The study also aimed to assess the severity of health and environmental hazards of household chemical products using the GHS. METHODS: 135 products were classified as 'cleaning agents and polishing agents' and 98 products were classified as 'bleaches, disinfectants, and germicides.' The current status of carcinogenic classification of GHS and carcinogenicity was examined for 272 chemical substances contained in household chemical products by selecting the top 11 products for each of the product categories. In addition, the degree of toxicity was assessed through analysis of whether the standard of the Republic of Korea's regulations on household chemical products had been exceeded or not. RESULTS: According to GHS health and environmental hazards, "acute toxicity (oral)" was found to be the highest for two product groups, 'cleaning agents and polishing agents', and 'bleaches, disinfectants, and germicides' (result of classification of 233 household chemical products) at 37.8% and 52.0% respectively. In an analysis of carcinogenicity assuming a threshold of IARC 2B for the substances in household chemical products, we found 'cleaning agents and polishing agents' to contain 12 chemical substances and 'bleaches, disinfectants, and germicides' 11 chemical substances. CONCLUSION: Some of the household chemical products were found to have a high hazard level including acute toxicity and germ cell mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. Establishing a hazard information delivery system including the application of GHS to household chemical products in Korea is urgent as well.