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Abstract Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors of diverse pathogenic organisms, particularly arboviruses and protozoa. The immature stages of mosquitoes occur in a wide range of natural or human-made aquatic habitats. On this basis, some anthropogenic places such as cemeteries, usually serve as thrive and productive artificial-breeding habitats for mosquitoes. Despite being important foci for vector species, urban cemeteries are frequently overlooked in control and surveillance programs. This study evaluates the association of ecological variables and attributes (type of material, presence of flowers, water availability and height from the ground) of the breeding sites with the levels of infestation of mosquito immature stages. In 2017, an entire urban cemetery in Jarabacoa (Dominican Republic) was sampled at two different climatic periods (March: dry and August: rainy) for the characterization of the artificial breeding-sites, collection of immature stages of culicids and subsequent laboratory rearing for species identification. In total 968 containers were studied, containing 7 758 immature stages in 203 (21.0 %) water-filled containers which accounted for four species: Culex quinquefasciatus (50.5 %), Aedes aegypti (47.1 %), Aedes albopictus (1.9 %) and Culex nigripalpus (0.4 %). The mean of A. aegypti immatures in infested containers was roughly two times higher compared to C. quinquefasciatus and significantly lower compared to A. albopictus. The total Container Index (CI) was 20.9 %, and among the type of materials, those made from rock (cement, ceramic, and mud) and plastic had the highest CI = 25.9 % and 23.4 %, respectively. Almost 95 % of the total infested water-filled containers were made of plastic or rock. No association was found between the type of material of the containers and the density of mosquitoes. However, overall, greater densities of immature stages were found at ground than at higher levels. A weak positive correlation between water volume and density was found in some species of immature stages. Significantly higher number of C. quinquefasciatus were recorded in containers with flowers and large water volume. In contrast, A. aegypti immature stages were more frequent in containers without flowers. A weak negative association between water volume and infestations was found for A. albopictus immatures. As reflected of their opportunistic behaviour and broad ecological plasticity, Culex spp. and Aedes spp. mosquitoes were abundant pests in cemetery habitats where were able to breed in almost any kind of water-filled container regardless the type of material. However, our study showed that some ecological variables have critical impact for the development of the immature stages of some species. The health authorities and cemetery keepers can benefit from these results by focusing on the implementation of detailed plans and integrated strategies for the control and prevention of cemetery infestations by mosquitoes.(AU)
Resumen Los mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) son importantes vectores de diversos organismos patógenos, tales como arbovirus y protozoos. Los estadios inmaduros de los mosquitos pueden encontrarse en un amplio abanico de hábitats, tanto de origen natural como humano. Algunos lugares antrópicos, como los cementerios, sirven como prósperos hábitats artificiales para el desarrollo del ciclo de vida de los mosquitos. A pesar de constituir importantes focos para especies de interés vectorial, los cementerios urbanos son frecuentemente olvidados en los programas de vigilancia y control. Este estudio evaluó la asociación de algunas variables ecológicas (tipo de material, presencia de flores, disponibilidad de agua, y altura respecto al suelo) de los lugares de cría (recipientes) con los niveles de infestación de las fases preimarginales de los culícidos. En 2017, un cementerio urbano en Jarabacoa (República Dominicana) fue inspeccionado durante dos periodos climáticos (es decir: marzo: estación seca y agosto: estación húmeda) para: caracterizar los lugares de cría artificiales, captura de los estadios inmaduros de culícidos e identificación de los adultos emergidos a partir de las fases inmaduras. En total, 968 recipientes fueron examinados, conteniendo 7 758 inmaduros en 203 (21.0 %) recipientes con agua pertenecientes a cuatro especies, Culex quinquefasciatus (50.5 %), Aedes aegypti (47.1 %), Aedes albopictus (1.9 %) y Culex nigripalpus (0.4 %). El índice de recipiente (IR) fue del 20.9 %, y los recipientes fabricados a partir de roca (cemento, cerámica y barro) y plástico tuvieron el mayor IR = 25.9 y 23.4 %, respectivamente. Casi un 95 % de los recipientes con agua infectados estaban constituidos de materiales tipo plástico o roca. No se encontró asociación entre el tipo de material del recipiente y la densidad. En general, mayor densidad de estadios inmaduros fue observada a nivel del suelo que a alturas mayores. Se observó un incremento significativo del número de C. quinquefasciatus en recipientes con flores y grandes volúmenes de agua. Por el contrario, los estadios de A. aegypti fueron más frecuentes en recipientes sin flores. Como reflejo de su comportamiento oportunista y amplia plasticidad ecológica, los mosquitos Culex y Aedes fueron abundantes en los cementerios, siendo capaces de desarrollar su ciclo de vida acuático en cualquier tipo de recipiente, con independencia del material que lo constituya. Nuestro estudio, por tanto, mostró que algunas variables ecológicas tienen un impacto crítico sobre el desarrollo de los estadios inmaduros de algunas especies de mosquitos. Tanto las autoridades de salud pública como los cuidadores del cementerio pueden beneficiare de estos resultados centrándose en la implementación de planes detallados y estrategias integradoras para el control y prevención de mosquitos que infectan cementerios.(AU)
Subject(s)
Aedes/pathogenicity , Culex/pathogenicity , Environmental Microbiology , Cemeteries , Dominican RepublicABSTRACT
Background: Mosquito borne diseases are a major public health problem in Kerala. Mosquito density assessed by larval surveys is easier and quicker to perform. The larval indices are an important practical predictor of outbreaks of mosquito borne disease and are valuable in taking preventive measures. This study is done to calculate standardized larval indices namely house index, container index and Breteau index and to identify the major breeding sources of mosquitoes in the residential environment in a rural of Thrissur, Kerala.Methods: A cross-sectional study selecting 80 houses from 1 wards of Konnikara village under Thrikkur Panchayath under the field practice area of rural training centre, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences Thrissur. Every water holding container indoors and outdoors was counted and searched for larval presence and noted on a pretested format.Results: In this study, 80 houses were surveyed in 2 days initially in June and in September. All the entomological indices were found to be above the critical level in the initial survey in June. House index=36% container index=44%; Breteau index=143% showing high chances for outbreaks of mosquito borne diseases. In September though the indices were very low house index 1.25% container index 2.77% and Breteau index.Conclusions: The area is prone for mosquito borne disease outbreaks like dengue fever and after interventions the vector indices and potential risks came down
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Objective: To compare the effect of four kinds of decocting containers on the content of sinapine and the HPLC specific chromatograms of Sinapis Semen decoction,so as to optimize decocting container for the development of classical formulas. Method: Selecting four kinds of decoction vessels,named traditional casserole,ceramic pot,round-bottom flask and stainless-steel pot as the research object,the content of sinapine in Sinapis Semen decoction and its HPLC specific chromatograms were used as indexes to investigate the influence of different decoction vessels on the decoction.Similarity evaluation of specific chromatograms was performed by the "Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine"(edition of 2004A). Result: The contents of sinapine in the decoction prepared by traditional casserole,ceramic pot,round-bottom flask and stainless-steel pot were 0.04%,0.07%,0.84% and 0.97%,respectively.Compared with specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by traditional casserole,the similarities of specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by ceramic pot,round-bottom flask and stainless-steel pot were 0.98,0.82 and 0.68,respectively.Compared with specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by ceramic pot,the similarities of specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by round-bottom flask and stainless-steel pot were 0.79 and 0.62,respectively.Compared with specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by round-bottom flask,the similarity of specific chromatograms of the decoction prepared by stainless-steel pot was 0.97. Conclusion: The content of sinapine and HPLC specific chromatograms of Sinapis Semen decoction obtained from different decocting containers are quite different.
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ABSTRACT We assessed the immature stages of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) in artificial containers in an urban forest fragment in Manaus (Brazil), including their behavioral, biological and ecological information. In addition, we evaluated the effects of deforestation in an open and forested area on Ceratopogonidae communities. Immatures were sampled between August 2012 and July 2014 in artificial containers installed in both habitat types. We collected 685 immatures of seven morpho-species of Bezzia Kieffer, Culicoides Latreille, Dasyhelea Kieffer, Forcipomyia Meigen, and Palpomyia Meigen. In the open area, we recorded higher temperature and electrical conductivity values than in the forested area; however, these variables did not differ between seasons. Water volume was higher in open area and in rainy season, while pH was similar in both areas and seasons. Species richness was higher in forested area, but did not differ between seasons. We did not record differences in abundance between areas or seasons. Community composition differed between areas, but not between seasons. We provide the first records of Culicoides (Hoffmania) insignis Lutz and C. (Haematomyidium) quasiparaensis Clastrier in artificial containers from the state of Amazonas. Our results suggest that the preservation of forested areas in Amazonas is fundamental for the maintenance of the life cycle of some species of Ceratopogonidae.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ceratopogonidae/classification , Aquatic Organisms/classification , Brazil , Forests , Mosquito Control/methods , Conservation of Natural Resources , Insect Vectors/classificationABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Consuming phthalates may be due to the presence of food contact materials, such as plastic containers. In this study, we investigated the association between plastic container use and phthalate exposure in 2,140 Shanghai adults.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Participants completed a questionnaire on the frequency of using plastic containers in different scenarios in the previous year (e.g., daily, weekly) and on the consumption of plastic-packaged foods in the previous three days (yes or no). Urinary phthalate metabolites were used to assess the association between phthalate exposure and the use of plastic containers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most frequently detected in urine. The results revealed that phthalate exposure was associated with consumption of plastic-packaged breakfast or processed food items in the previous three days. The consumption of these two food items had strong synergistic effects on increasing urinary concentrations of most phthalate metabolites.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results of plastic-packaged breakfast and processed food may be explained by the use of flexible plastic containers, indicating the importance of risk assessment for the application of flexible plastic containers.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , China , Cities , Data Collection , Phthalic Acids , Metabolism , Urine , Plastics , ChemistryABSTRACT
Objective: To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants, mosques and parks in southwest areas of Penang Island, Malaysia. Methods: Premises at restaurants, schools, parks and mosques were surveyed simulta-neously and inspected visually for container habitats and production of immature mosquitoes from March 2015 to March 2016. Abundance (mean ± SE) of breeding containers between sites was compared using One-way ANOVA. Independent sample t-test was used to compare total number of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) surveyed. Results: The surveyed locations yielded a total of 3741 breeding containers and 19537 immature mosquitoes from four areas. Concurrent artificial and natural containers pro-duced 78.4%immature Ae. albopictus and 6.3%Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in wet season, with 14.2% Ae. albopictus and 1.1% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dry season. Artificial containers accounted for 98.1% of the total containers recorded, with restaurants being the most productive locations (8012) and schools being the least productive (2234). Conclusions: It was concluded that public places are good sources of potential container habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang Island, Malaysia and Ae. albopictus has exclu-sively replaced the home-grown Ae. aegypti even in urban areas. Therefore, treatment of artificial containers in such locations is critical in Aedes mosquito control campaigns during dengue outbreaks.
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Objective To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants, mosques and parks in southwest areas of Penang Island, Malaysia. Methods Premises at restaurants, schools, parks and mosques were surveyed simultaneously and inspected visually for container habitats and production of immature mosquitoes from March 2015 to March 2016. Abundance (mean ± SE) of breeding containers between sites was compared using One-way ANOVA. Independent sample t-test was used to compare total number of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) surveyed. Results The surveyed locations yielded a total of 3 741 breeding containers and 19 537 immature mosquitoes from four areas. Concurrent artificial and natural containers produced 78.4% immature Ae. albopictus and 6.3% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in wet season, with 14.2% Ae. albopictus and 1.1% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dry season. Artificial containers accounted for 98.1% of the total containers recorded, with restaurants being the most productive locations (8 012) and schools being the least productive (2 234). Conclusions It was concluded that public places are good sources of potential container habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang Island, Malaysia and Ae. albopictus has exclusively replaced the home-grown Ae. aegypti even in urban areas. Therefore, treatment of artificial containers in such locations is critical in Aedes mosquito control campaigns during dengue outbreaks.
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RESUMO: Este trabalho aborda a questão do gerenciamento de embalagens pós-consumo de lubrificantes automotivos, considerando as dificuldades inerentes à implementação do sistema de logística reversa - prática compulsória por força de lei (Brasil, Lei 12.305/2010) - e a ineficácia dos atuais métodos utilizados para remoção da fração oleosa residual, necessária ao reprocessamento do material plástico por reciclagem mecânica direta. Para determinar metodologia apropriada para limpeza dos frascos de lubrificantes foram conduzidos experimentos para avaliar a influência do aquecimento e da posição das embalagens durante o processo de drenagem gravitacional. O procedimento analítico realizado proporcionou a escolha de uma combinação de variáveis capaz de assegurar remoção de elevado teor do resíduo oleoso com menor gasto energético. A otimização foi feita utilizando um planejamento experimental do tipo composto central com triplicata no ponto central. Os dados obtidos nos ensaios foram analisados com recursos estatísticos e demonstraram que ambos os parâmetros avaliados interferem, de forma significativa, no processo em estudo. Os resultados apontaram aumento da eficácia do processo quando a drenagem é realizada em temperaturas superiores a 35ºC e com a embalagem inclinada em ângulos próximos a 70º em relação à horizontal. Nessas condições, percentuais de remoção de óleo residual superaram 95% após 35 minutos de drenagem.
ABSTRACT: This work addresses the management of automotive lubricants packages after lubricant use, considering the difficulties of implementing reverse logistics system - compulsory practice by virtue of Law (Brazil, Law 12,305/2010) - and the poor effectiveness of the current methods for removing residual oil from packages, which is required before reprocessing plastic material in direct mechanical recycling. Experiments were conducted in order to determine the appropriate methodology for cleaning the lubricant bottles, evaluating the influence of temperature and package position in the gravitational drainage. This analytical procedure elicited a combination of variables and conditions capable of improving the removal of oily residue with less energy. The experimental optimization was performed using a central composite model with triplicate center point. The test results were statistically analyzed and showed that both parameters have significant influence on the separation process. The data indicated that the process is more effective when the drainage is performed above 35ºC and the packaging inclined at angles close to 70º relative to horizontal. Under these conditions, the oil removal is greater than 95% after 35 minutes of drainage.
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Las infecciones asociadas a Servicios de Salud son una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en los pacientes a nivel mundial. Se presentan como consecuencias de la baja calidad de atención e insuficiente supervisión y capacitación del personal. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar la presencia de carga bacteriana en tapas de los frascos de soluciones antisépticas y pinzas de traspaso presentes en los carros de curación del servicio de emergencias del Hospital Clínico Viedma el 2015, ya que este material está en contacto directo con los pacientes y personal de salud. El estudio es de tipo descriptivo y transversal. Para la recolección de muestras se utilizó hisopos estériles y caldo de cultivo (infusión cerebro corazón), la muestra se obtuvo de 18 tapas de los frascos de soluciones antisépticas y 5 pinzas de traspaso, se procedió a la incubación en estufa, posteriormente se procedió al sembrado en agar sangre y agar Mac-Conkey, al observar el crecimiento de colonias se realizó la tinción de Gram mediante la cual se encontró la presencia de cocos Gram negativo, bacilos Gram positivo y bacilos Gram negativo, estos últimos se sometieron a pruebas bioquímicas para su clasificación, de los cuales se encontró a Klebsiella pneumoniae y Serratia spp como las más importantes. Se concluye que en nuestro medio estas bacterias tienen una probabilidad de encontrarse en los Servicios de Salud, como en el servicio de emergencias del Hospital Clínico Viedma.
The Health Services associated infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the patients worldwide. They are present as consequences of the low quality of care and insufficient supervision and staff training.This paper aims to assess the presence of bacterial load in jar lids of antiseptic solutions and tweezers transfer present in carts cure emergency service Clinical Hospital Viedma 2015, since this material is in direct contact with patients and health personnel. The study is descriptive and transversal. Sterile swabs and culture broth (brain heart infusion) was used for sample collection, the sample was obtained from 18 jar lids antiseptic and 5 forceps transfer solutions, we proceeded to incubation in an oven, then he proceeded to seeded on blood agar and agar Mac-Conkey, observing colony growth Gram stain by which the presence of negative cocci, Gram positive bacilli and gram negative bacilli found was performed latter underwent biochemical tests for classification, which was found to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia spp as the most important. We conclude that in our environment these bacterias have a chance to be in the health services, as in the emergency department of the Clinical Hospital Viedma.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Cross Infection , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Health ServicesABSTRACT
ResumenIntroducción:En Costa Rica el dengue constituye la principal enfermedad de transmisión vectorial. El cantón de Parrita ha sido uno de los cantones con mayor notificación de dengue en los últimos años. En este cantón en el 2013 se reportaron 1120 casos de dengue, ocupando el número 18 entre los cantones del país con mayor notificación de casos. El control del dengue requiere un conocimiento integral de su principal vector Aedes aegypti, el cual utiliza gran variedad de recipientes artificiales para su cría.Objetivos:Identificar y describir los principales sitios de cría del Ae. aegypti en el cantón de Parrita que se encontraba en pleno brote de dengue durante las semanas epidemiológicas 23 y 24 en el año 2013.Material y Métodos:El muestreo entomológico fue realizado por 29 funcionarios de Manejo Integrado de Vectores del Ministerio de Salud. La presencia de al menos una larva de Ae. aegypti en cualquiera de los depósitos permitió designar al contenedor correspondiente como positivo.Resultados:En el período de estudio fueron detectados 918 criaderos o sitios de cría positivos por Ae. aegypti en un total de 5 027 casas visitadas. Se identificó́ la presencia de Ae. aegypti en todas las localidades trabajadas del cantón de Parrita, siendo los sitios de cría más frecuentes: tarros, baldes, llantas, chatarra mecánica y tanques.Discusión:Se evidencia que el control del Ae. aegypti debe hacerse de manera integral con énfasis en la coordinación intersectorial debido a la variedad y multicausalidad de los sitios de cría.
AbstractIntroduction: Dengue fever represents the main vector-borne illness in Costa Rica. The area called Parrita has been one of those with the highest reporting of dengue during the last few years. During 2013, in Parrita, there were 1120 reports of this illness and thus it came to occupy the 18th spot among the areas with the highest reporting of cases in the whole of Costa Rica. Control of dengue requires comprehensive knowledge of the main vector, Aedes aegypti, since this insect uses a large variety of artificial containers for its breeding.Objectives:To identify and describe the main breeding sites for Ae. aegypti in the area of Parrita which was in the midst of a full-blown outbreak of dengue fever during epidemiological weeks' number 23 and 24 in the year 2013.Materials and Methods:Entomological sampling was performed by 29 employees of the Integrated Vector Control Unit of the Ministry of Health. The presence of at least one Ae. aegypti larva in any of the containers was considered enough to designate this as a "positive" container.Results:During the study period, 918 breeding sites or sites positive for the vector were identified among a total of 5 027 homes visited. The presence of Ae. aegypti was confirmed in all the localities surveyed in the area of Parrita. The most frequent types of breeding sites were as follows: cans, buckets, tires, mechanical garbage and different types of tanks.Discussion:The conclusion is that there is evidence to suggest that the control of Ae. aegypti should be done in a comprehensive fashion with emphasis of inter-sectoral co-ordination due to the variety and multi-causality of the breeding sites.
Subject(s)
Sampling Studies , Aedes , Costa Rica , Dengue , EntomologyABSTRACT
Con el fin de evaluar la producción de papa criolla Solanum phureja clon Paisa en el contexto urbano, se desarrolló una investigación pionera de tipo descriptiva en la cual se evaluaron las siguientes variables: incidencia de plagas, peso en fresco por contenedor, peso fresco total y peso por clasificación comercial. Se utilizaron contenedores de doble fondo de polietileno de alta densidad y técnicas agroecológicas de producción, de las cuales se destaca la fertilización utilizada con base en tres componentes: materia orgánica, minerales y microorganismos. A partir de los datos obtenidos se calculó media, mediana, moda, desviación estándar y se realizó un análisis de la dispersión por medio de cuartiles para el resumen de la información en cada una de las clasificaciones de la papa. También se analizó el rango intercuartílico y coeficientes de variación para establecer la normalidad en la distribución de los datos. Los resultados mostraron que la producción promedio de S. phureja en los contenedores fue de 528,36 g/planta, que al ser comparados con las medias de producción en Colombia y en el departamento de Cundinamarca, se convierten en una alternativa viable, que contribuye de forma directa con el fortalecimiento de la soberanía y seguridad alimentaria. Esta investigación resalta que la producción agroecológica de papa en contenedores bajo el marco de la agricultura urbana y diseñada desde el punto de vista agroecológico, no solo es una realidad para promover la suficiencia y soberanía y seguridad alimentaria por medio de la producción de alimentos saludables de forma autónoma por la comunidad, sino que además se constituye en una herramienta para los procesos de construcción del espacio urbano con beneficios socioculturales, ambientales y paisajísticos.
In order to evaluate the production of "papa criolla" Solanum phureja, Paisa clone in the urban context, a pioneer descriptive research was carried out in which the following variables were assessed: incidence of pests, fresh weight per container, total fresh weight and weight per trade classification. Fresh weight per container. High density polyethylene and ecological techniques double bottom containers were used in production, in which the fertilizer used was based on three components: organic matter, microorganisms and minerals was emphasized. From the data obtained the mean, median, mode, standard deviation and dispersion analysis were calculated by using quartiles for the summary of the information in each of the potato classifications. The interquartile range and coefficients of variation were also analyzed in order to establish normal data distribution. The results showed that the average production of S. phureja in containers was 528.36 g/plant, that, when compared to the media production in Colombia and in the Department of Cundinamarca, become a viable alternative which directly contributes to the strengthening of food security and sovereignty. This research highlights how agroecologic production of potato, in containers under the framework of urban agriculture and designed from an agroecology point of view, is not only a reality to promote food sufficiency, sovereignty and food security through the production of healthy food by the community in an autonomous way, but also becomes a tool in the construction processes of urban space with sociocultural, environmental and landscape benefits.
Subject(s)
Humans , Urban Agriculture , Solanum tuberosum , Food Packaging , PolyethyleneABSTRACT
Objective To study the validity period of glassware containing sterilized oral instruments after disinfection unsea‐ling .Methods Fifteen stomatology consulting rooms were selected on the normal working day by using the convenience sampling method .2 sterilized glass containers (filled with sterilized instruments) were selected in each room .The samples were collected at 4 ,8 ,24 ,48 ,72 ,96 ,120 ,144 ,168 h during the use process after unsealing the containers and the growth situation of bacteria was carefully observed .Results Thirty glasswares had no bacterial growth at 4 ,8 ,24 ,48 h during the use process after unsealing ,only 3 bacteria grew in the sampling culture at 72 h ,the differences had no statistical significance compared with at 4 ,8 ,24 ,48 h (P>0 .05);10 bacteria grew in the sampling culture at 96 h ,the differences had statistical significance compared with at 4 ,8 ,24 ,48 h (P<0 .05) .The validity period of glassware containing sterilized oral instruments after disinfection unsealing was 48 h .Conclusion The validity period of glassware containing sterilized oral instruments is 48 h after disinfection unsealing ,the extension of validity period can decrease the sterilization times ,reduce the equipment wastage and prolong the equipment service life .
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Introducción: en Costa Rica el dengue constituye la principal enfermedad de transmisión vectorial. Su control requiere un conocimiento integral de su principal vector Aedes aegypti, el cual utiliza gran variedad de recipientes artificiales para su cría. Aedes albopictus aunque no se ha relacionado con la trasmisión de esta enfermedad en las Américas, es un excelente vector en Asia y se reporta en Costa Rica desde finales de los 90. Objetivos: identificar y describir los principales sitios de cría del Ae. aegypti y la distribución geográfica de éste y del Ae. albopictus en la provincia de Limón en el año 2012. Métodos: todas las localidades de la provincia fueron muestreadas y visitadas en su totalidad al menos una vez cada cuatro meses por parte del personal de manejo integrado de vectores. En todas las visitas se buscaron todos los recipientes con agua, con presencia o no de larvas de Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus. Se tomaron muestras por cada tipo de recipiente donde se encontraron larvas. Resultados: se identificó la presencia de Ae. aegypti en los seis cantones de la provincia de Limón. Los sitios de cría más frecuentes fueron las llantas, los tanques y los baldes. Así mismo se identificó la presencia del Ae. albopictus en cinco de los seis cantones de la provincia. Conclusiones: en la provincia de Limón se encuentran año tras año los mismos sitios de cría del Ae. aegypti tanto en cantidad como en calidad. Así mismo se observa que la proliferación del Ae. aegypti está directamente relacionada con el ser humano, sus malos hábitos, y por la baja calidad de los servicios de salud de protección y mejoramiento del ambiente humano. Estos resultados demuestran que el abordaje del control del Ae. aegypti debe ser integral. Con el reporte del Ae. albopictus en este trabajo y el reporte en Siquirres en el 2009 se ha identificado a esta especie al menos una vez en todos los cantones de la provincia de Limón.
Introduction: dengue is the main vector-borne disease in Costa Rica. Control of dengue requires comprehensive knowledge about its main vector, Aedes aegypti, which may breed in a great variety of artificial containers. Aedes albopictus, on the other hand, has not been associated with dengue transmission in the Americas, but it is an efficient vector in Asia and its presence in Costa Rica has been reported since the late 1990s. Objectives: identify and describe the main breeding sites of Ae. aegypti and the geographic distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the province of Limón in the year 2012. Methods: all localities in the province were sampled and visited in their entirety at least once every four months by personnel from the integrated vector management program. During these visits, all containers with water were searched for the presence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae. Samples were taken from each type of container where larvae were found. Results: Ae. aegypti was found to be present in the six cantons of the province of Limón. The most common breeding sites were pneumatic tires, water tanks and buckets. Aedes albopictus was found to be present in five of the six cantons. Conclusions: the same number and types of breeding sites of Ae. aegypti are found year after year in the province of Limón. It has also been noticed that proliferation of Ae. aegypti is directly related to human beings, their bad habits, and the poor quality of health services in charge of protecting and improving the human environment. These results show that control of Ae. aegypti should be approached in a comprehensive manner. With this report of Ae. albopictus and the 2009 report about Siquirres, the species has been identified at least once in all cantons of the province of Limón.
Subject(s)
Humans , Quality of Health Care , Total Quality Management , Vector Borne Diseases , Larva/pathogenicityABSTRACT
As propriedades de barreira à umidade de embalagens plásticas para produtos oftálmicos de capacidade nominal de 20 mL e terminação 15 mm nos formatos cilíndrico e oval, de diferentes composições (100% Polietileno de Baixa Densidade (PEBD), 100% Polipropileno (PP) e blendas com percentuais 10% e 40% de Polietileno de Alta Densidade (PEAD) em PEBD), foram estudadas neste trabalho. Foi verificada também a influência do batoque gotejador (de maior ou menor orifício de dosagem) e a influência do fechamento na taxa de transmissão de vapor d'água. O trabalho foi conduzido sob duas condições de estocagem a 25 ºC/40% UR e a 40 ºC/75% UR. Verificou-se que o diâmetro do orifício gotejador não interferiu significativamente na perda de peso da embalagem avaliada a 25 ºC/40% UR. Sob a condição de estocagem a 40 ºC/75% UR verificou-se um aumento da taxa de transmissão de vapor d'água das embalagens comparativamente as mesmas embalagens avaliadas a 25 ºC/40% UR. O sistema de fechamento não favoreceu um acréscimo significativo da taxa de transmissão de vapor d'água, o que indica que a permeação ocorreu principalmente através do corpo da embalagem plástica. A propriedade de barreira foi influenciada pela composição da embalagem plástica chegando a uma redução média de 47% na taxa de transmissão de vapor d'água para a embalagem de PEBD com 40% PEAD em relação à embalagem com100% PEBD de formato cilíndrico. Verificou-se ainda que o formato oval, por apresentar uma maior área superficial exposta comparativamente à embalagem de formato cilíndrico, com regiões de menor espessura de parede, pode favorecer um ligeiro aumento da taxa de transmissão de vapor d'água da embalagem...
The moisture barrier properties of plastic ophthalmic product bottles of nominal capacity 20 mL and finish diameter 15 mm, in cylindrical and oval shapes, with various compositions (100% Low Density Polyethylene(LDPE), 100% polypropylene (PP) and blends with10% and 40% High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) in LDPE), were assessed in this study. The effects of the drop hole size (higher or lower dosage diameter) and the screw cap on the Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) were also assessed. This study was conducted under two conditions of storage, at 25 °C/40% RH and 40 °C/75% RH. It was observed that the drop hole diameter did not influence significantly the weight loss of the container at 25 °C/40% RH, whereas at 40°C/75% RH, the WVTR of the container was higher than that of the same package at 25 °C/40% RH.The screw cap did not significantly affect the WVTR, indicating that the permeation occurred primarily through the plastic body. The barrier property was influenced by the composition of the plastic container; thus, compared to LDPE, there was a mean reduction of 47% in the WVTR of LDPE blended with 40% HDPE, when both bottles were cylindrical. It was found that the oval shape, because of the larger exposed surface area relative to the cylindrical shape, as well as the presence of regions of thinner wall, can favor a slight increase in the WVTR of the bottle...
Subject(s)
Drug Packaging , Humidity , Ophthalmic Solutions/analysis , Steam/adverse effectsABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: cultivar especies medicinales en recipientes, además de ser útil, se logra el aprovechamiento de los pequeños espacios en casa como balcones, azoteas, terrazas, u otros sitios que se desee embellecer con un poco de jardín. OBJETIVOS: desarrollar un taller en el municipio Habana Vieja (Farmacia Habanera) para capacitar, ante la creciente demanda por las plantas medicinales como forma de preservar la salud, a jardineros y amas de casa de esa comunidad, demostrándoles la serie de ventajas de esta forma de cultivo. MÉTODOS: se brindaron conocimientos generales sobre la siembra de diferentes especies sobre la base de sus características y demandas, el empleo de diversos recipientes en función del área disponible, el sustrato a utilizar, el mejor aprovechamiento de la luz, las necesidades de riego y abonado y los problemas que se pueden presentar con el cultivo bajo estas condiciones y además, cómo solucionarlos. RESULTADOS: en el análisis sobre algunas plantas seleccionadas, se demostró que esta actividad puede facilitar cambiar estilos de vida, porque algunas especies medicinales son plantas multipropósitos que aportan tener a mano no solo medicamentos, sino por ejemplo también condimentos, porque muchas gustan frescas o secas para saborizar los alimentos y además resultan apropiadas para sembrarlas con propósito ornamental. CONCLUSIONES: mejorar la economía familiar porque se consume lo que se produce de condimentos, plantas hortícolas u otras, además de plantas medicinales que proporcionan el mejoramiento de la salud al tener una farmacia en el hogar que le suministra fitofármacos fundamentalmente para el tratamiento de enfermedades comunes.
INTRODUCTION: growing medicinal species in containers is a beneficial practice permitting the profitable utilization of small household areas, such as balconies, roofs and terraces, which will look better if a touch of gardening is added. OBJECTIVES: in view of the growing demand for medicinal plants, a workshop was conducted in the municipality of Old Havana (Havana Pharmacy Museum) to be attended by gardeners and housewives from the community, to discuss the advantages of this form of plant cultivation. METHODS: the topics dealt with included general knowledge about the cultivation of various species based on their characteristics and demand, the use of a variety of containers depending on the area available, the substratum to be used, the best use of light, watering and fertilization requirements, and the problems that may arise and how to solve them. RESULTS: analysis of some selected plants showed that this activity may facilitate lifestyle change by providing easy access to a variety of species serving many different purposes, not only medicinal, but also as spices to be used either fresh or dry to flavor food, and for ornamental purposes.her freces which could be erent purposes, not. CONCLUSIONS: household economy may be improved with the consumption of spices, vegetables, medicinal plants and other crops grown in small containers. These contribute to the preservation of health by constituting a home pharmacy providing phytomedicines for the treatment of common diseases.
Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal/growth & development , Culture Techniques , Urban AgricultureABSTRACT
Introducción: Aedes albopictus es un mosquito originario del sudeste asiático y vector del dengue, la fiebre amarilla, virus Chikungunya, y otros arbovirus. Objetivos: identificar la presencia del Aedes albopictus y describir sus principales sitios de cría en la provincia de Limón. Métodos: todas las localidades de la provincia fueron muestreadas y visitadas en su totalidad, al menos una vez cada 2 meses por parte del personal de manejo integrado de vectores. En cada visita se buscaban todos los recipientes con agua, con presencia o no de larvas de Aedes albopictus. Se tomaron muestras por cada tipo de recipiente donde se encontraron larvas. Resultados: se identificó la presencia de Aedes albopictus en el cantón de Pococí, no así en los 5 cantones restantes de la provincia de Limón. Se observó que los sitios de cría son variados, los depósitos artificiales constituyeron 50 %, mientras los naturales 39,28 % del total de positivos. Conclusiones: se demuestra la presencia del Aedes albopictus en el cantón de Pococí y se describen sus principales sitios de cría.
Introduction: Aedes albopictus, a mosquito native to Southeast Asia, is the vector of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya fever and other arboviruses. Objectives: identify the presence of Aedes albopictus and describe its main breeding sites in the province of Limón. Methods: all areas in the province were sampled and visited in their entirety at least once every two months by personnel from the Integrated Vector Management Program. Visits included inspection of all water containers, irrespective of whether they contained Aedes albopictus larvae. Samples were taken from each type of container where larvae were found. Results: the presence of Aedes albopictus was identified in the municipality of Pococí, not in the other 5 municipalities in the province. It was found that there was a wide variety of breeding sites, 50 % of which were artificial and 39.28 % natural. Conclusions: presence of Aedes albopictus was identified in the municipality of Pococí and its main breeding sites described.
Subject(s)
Humans , Chikungunya virus , Aedes , Dengue , Chikungunya Fever , Occupational GroupsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Dengue is a serious public health problem worldwide, with cases reported annually in tropical and subtropical regions. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), the main vector of dengue, is a domiciliary species with high dispersal and survival capacities and can use various artificial containers as breeding sites. We assessed potential container breeding sites of A. aegypti in the municipality of Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: In the initial phase, we analyzed 900 properties in 3 neighborhoods during the dry and rainy seasons (August-October 2005 and February-April 2006, respectively). During the second sampling period, September 2006-August 2007, we used 5 assessment cycles for 300 properties in a single neighborhood. RESULTS: During the dry and rainy seasons, water-storage containers comprised 55.7% (n = 1,970) and 48.5% (n = 1,836) of the total containers inspected, and showed the highest productivity of immature A. aegypti; we found 23.7 and 106.1 individuals/container, respectively, in peridomicile sites. In intradomicile sites, water-storage containers were also the most important breeding sites with 86.4% (n = 973) and 85.6% (n = 900) of all containers and a mean of 7.9 and 108.3 individuals/container in the dry and rainy seaso-October 2006 (1,342). The highest number of positives (70) was recorded in May, mostly (94%) in storage containers. CONCLUSIONS: Storage containers are the principal and most productive A. aegypti breeding sites and are a major contributing factor to the maintenance of this vector in Caxias.
INTRODUÇÃO: A dengue constitui de um sério problema de saúde pública mundial, com casos sendo registrados anualmente nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. O Aedes aegypti(Linnaeus, 1762) é o principal vetor da doença, um mosquito domiciliado de fácil dispersão e sobrevivência, com capacidade de utilizar variados recipientes artificiais como criadouro. Em vista disso, neste trabalho investigou-se os tipos de recipientes potenciais criadouros de A. aegypti na Cidade de Caxias, Maranhão, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Inicialmente, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três bairros e 900 imóveis analisados no período da seca e das chuvas (agosto a outubro de 2005 e fevereiro a abril de 2006, respectivamente). Um segundo período de amostragem ocorreu de setembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007 em que inspeções de cinco ciclos foram desenvolvidas em um dos bairros com 300 imóveis amostrados. RESULTADOS: Os recipientes de armazenamento de água representaram 55,7% (n=1.970) e 48,5% (n=1.836) do total dos inspecionados, e maior produtividade de imaturos de A. aegypti, com proporção de 23,7 e 106,1 por recipiente no peridomicílio, nas estações seca e chuvosa respectivamente. No intradomicílio, também foi mais representativo, 86,4% (n=973) e 84,6% (n=900), apresentando média de 7,9 e 108,3 indivíduos, nas duas estações. O maior número de recipientes com água foi registrado em setembro e outubro 2006 (1.342), obtendo-se maior número de positivos (70) no mês de maio, sendo (94%) pertencentes ao grupo armazenamento. CONCLUSÕES: Armazenamento são os principais criadouros de A. aegypti, contribuindo na manutenção do vetor na cidade de Caxias, Maranhão.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes/physiology , Disease Reservoirs , Insect Vectors/physiology , Aedes/classification , Brazil , Insect Vectors/classification , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
Used vehicle tires are a source of mosquito vectors and a means of their introduction and expansion. With the aim of assessing the effects of urbanisation on the main mosquito vectors in temperate Argentina, the infestation levels of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex pipiens L. were studied in used tires from highly urbanised cities to low-urbanised small towns in Buenos Aires. Immatures of both species accounted for 96 percent of the 9,722 individuals collected; the total individuals collected represented seven species. The percentage of water-filled tires containing mosquitoes [container index (CI)] was 33 percent and the percentage of infested sites [site index (SI)] was 65.2 percent. These indexes decreased significantly from low to high urbanisation levels for both mosquito species. The relative abundance (RA) of Ae. aegypti immatures was slightly higher toward large cities, but showed no difference for Cx. pipiens. The CI of shaded tires was significantly higher than the CI of exposed tires for both mosquito species. There was no difference in RA values between shaded and sunlit tires. The CI and the SI were highest during the summer across the urbanisation levels, except for Cx. pipiens, which continued to increase during the autumn in small towns. Results related to urbanisation gradient, sunlit exposure and seasonality are discussed.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aedes/physiology , Culex/physiology , Argentina , Population Density , Reproduction , Seasons , UrbanizationABSTRACT
En este trabajo se evaluaron las tres características fundamentales de desempeño que debe cumplir un envase: protección, funcionalidad y motivación. Para ello, se estudiaron y evaluaron una serie de pruebas reportadas nacional e internacionalmente. Las diferentes pruebas se clasificaron en dos grandes grupos: pruebas físicas y pruebas fisicoquímicas; por otro lado, las pruebas biológicas que son fundamentales para la evaluación de la calidad de estos materiales no están incluidas en el protocolo propuesto, puesto que no se consideran pruebas de control de calidad de rutina. Como resultado de su evaluación experimental, se desarrolló un protocolo unificado y una guía de análisis para el control de calidad fisicoquímico de rutina de los envases y materiales de plástico.
This work evaluated the three fundamental characteristics of performance that must fulfill a package: Protection, functionality and motivation. For it, a series of tests reported at national and international level were evaluated. The tests were classified in two great groups: Physical tests and physical-chemicals tests; in the other hand, the biological tests used to evaluate quality of this kind of materials are not included in the proposed protocol because this quality control test are not considered currently. As resulting from its experimental evaluation, it was developed a unified protocol and a guide for routine quality control test of the packages and plastic material.
Subject(s)
Quality Control , Laboratory and Fieldwork Analytical Methods , Drug PackagingABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: Aedes aegypti presenta una gran plasticidad ecológicaque le permite utilizar una gama de recipientes para realizar su puesta. OBJETIVO: identificar los principales recipientes asociados a la infestación intradomiciliaria y extradomiciliaria por esta especie. MÉTODOS: se realizó el muestreo completo de un municipio de Ciudad de La Habana durante noviembre de 2007 y enero de 2008; se revisaron todos los depósitos con agua y se realizó una clasificación de los recipientes de cría en 10 grupos. RESULTADOS: se encontró un total de 773 recipientes positivos, de ellos 654 (84,6 %) en el exterior y 119 (15,4 %) en el interior; se identificaron 48 recipientes diferentes en el exterior y 31 en el interior. En el exterior e interior de las viviendas los grupos de mayor positividad fueron los de almacenamiento de agua, 314 (48,01 %) y 45 (37,81 %), y artificiales no útiles 209 (31,95 %) y 27 (22,68 %), respectivamente. Los tanques bajos en ambos sitios aportaron más de la mitad de la positividad, 180 (57,32 %) y 23 (51,11 %), mientras que en el exterior, en los artificiales no útiles, las latas fueron las más positivas 57 (27,28 %), seguidas por las cazuelas y un grupo de diversos recipientes, los cuales aportaron la mayor positividad en el interior 12 (44,44 %). CONCLUSIONES: los recipientes asociados a la mayor infestación por Ae. aegypti intradomiciliaria y extradomiciliaria fueron los recipientes de almacenamiento de agua y el grupo de artificiales no útiles; sin descuidar en el interior de las viviendas los grupos integrados por floreros, vasos espirituales, macetas y sanitarios, y en el exterior los bebederos gomas, fosas y alcantarillas.
INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti has great ecological plasticity that allows it to use a range of containers to lay its eggs. OBJECTIVE: to identify the main containers associated with indoor and outdoor infestation by this species. METHODS: one municipality of the City of Havana (Lisa) was completely sampled during November 2007 and January 2008; all water containers were checked and also breeding reservoirs were classified into 10 groups. RESULTS: a total number of 773 containers were found positive to this vector; 654 of them (84.6 %) outdoors and 119 (15.4 %) indoors. Forty eight different containers were detected outdoors and 31 indoors. The main positive groups found inside and outside the house were water containers amounting to 45 (37.81 %) and 314 (48.01 %) respectively, and non-useful artificial containers covering 27 (22.68 %) and 209 (31.95 %), respectively. Tanks located on the ground indoors and outdoors represented more than half of the positive containers, that is, 23 (51.11 %) and 180 (57.32 %) whereas in the group of non-useful artificial containers located outdoors, cans showed the highest positivity rate with 57 (27.28 %), followed by casseroles and a group of various reservoirs which accounted for the highest positivity indoors, that is, 12 (44.44 %). CONCLUSIONS: the containers associated with the highest rate of infestation by Ae. aegypti indoors and outdoors were water tanks and the group of non-useful artificial containers, taking also into account vases, water glasses for religious ritual offerings, flower pots and toilets inside the house, and troughs, tyres and sewages outside.