Evaluación cuantitativa de riesgos microbiológicos asociado con el consumo de agua del río Chicamocha en Boavita- Boyacá / Quantitative microbiological risks assessment associated with the consumption of water of Chicamocha river in Boavita-Boyacá

RESUMEN Los habitantes del sector El Terrenal, del municipio de Boavita-Boyacá, al no contar con el servicio de acueducto, utilizan las aguas del río Chicamocha, para la preparación de sus alimentos, limpieza y aseo personal. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar bacterias y protozoos presentes en el cuerpo de agua del río Chicamocha, a través de un análisis cuantitativo de riesgo microbiológico (ACRM). Para el desarrollo del trabajo, se realizaron cuatro muestreos, de abril a junio de 2016, en los márgenes y centro del río y un quinto muestreo de agua tratada con la planta Opuntia ficus-indica (Tuno). Se realizó el método de recuento en placa, usándose medios selectivos y diferenciales para el aislamiento de Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Enterococcus y la técnica de MacMaster, para la determinación de parásitos gastrointestinales (PGI). Para el análisis de la información, se emplearon los estadísticos no paramétricos de Kruskall-Wallis y U-Mann Whitney. Se determinó que, al menos, un lugar de muestreo es estadísticamente diferente a otro para Enterococcus faecium (P= 0,000) y los ooquistes de Entamoeba histolytica (P= 0,000). Por el contrario, para Escherichia coli no se observaron diferencias significativas entre las zonas, pero sí al menos una fecha de muestreo fue estadísticamente diferente (P= 0,026) a otra. En el agua tratada, se observó una disminución de los ooquistes de E. histolytica y un aumento en el porcentaje de E. faecium (P= 0,035).

ABSTRACT The habitants of the El Terrenal sector of the municipality of Boavita-Boyacá, have no access to the aqueduct service, and use water of the Chicamocha River for preparation of food, housework and personal hygiene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of pathogenic bacteria and protozoa, present in the water body of the Chicamocha River, through a quantitative analysis of microbiological risk (ACRM). For the development of the work, four samples were conducted from April to June 2016, in the margins and center of the river, and a fifth sample of water treated with the plant Opuntia ficus-indica (Tuno). The method of plate count was performed, using selective and differential media for the isolation of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Enterococcus and the MacMaster technique for the determination of gastrointestinal parasites (PGI). For the analysis of the information the nonparametric statistics of Kruskall Wallis and U-Mann Whitney were used. It was determined that at least one sampling site is statistically different from another for Enterococcus faecium (P = 0.000) and the oocysts of Entamoeba histolytica (P = 0.000). In contrast, for Escherichia coli no significant differences were observed between the zones, but if at least one sampling date was statistically different (P =0.026) to another. In the treated water there was a decrease in the oocysts of E. histolytica and an increase in the percentage of E. faecium (P= 0,035).

Actividad enzimática de proteasas de Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) extraídas de una laguna contaminada en México / Enzymatic activity of proteases from Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) captured in a polluted lagoon in Mexico

ResumenLa carpa común (Cyprinus carpio) es un organismo acuático de valor comercial que puede sobrevivir en ambientes contaminados; la carpa contiene enzimas proteolíticas de importancia fisiológica y potencial aplicación industrial. El objetivo de este estudio fue purificar parcialmente y determinar la actividad proteolítica a diferente pH de proteasas de carpas colonizando un ambiente contaminado. Se capturaron tres carpas en diferentes zonas de la laguna contaminada de Zumpango (México) a 1 m de profundidad máxima. El extracto crudo se obtuvo del músculo dorsal mediante extracción acuosa y se fraccionó con (NH4)2SO4 saturado a 20 %, 50 % y 80 %. Posteriormente, se seleccionaron las fracciones obtenidas con (NH4)2SO4 saturado a 50 % y 80 % por su alta actividad proteolítica, se concentraron por ultrafiltración con membranas de corte de peso molecular de 100 kDa, y se analizaron por electroforesis en geles de poliacrilamida con dodecil sulfato de sodio (SDS-PAGE). La actividad proteolítica del extracto crudo fue significativamente mayor (19.7-20.3 U / mg) a pH 2, 5, y 7 (P < 0.001). Las fracciones obtenidas con (NH4)2SO4 saturado a 20 %, 50 % y 80 % presentaron actividades proteolíticas óptimas a pH 5 (2.8 U / mg) y pH 6 (2.2 U / mg); pH 6 (4.3 U / mg) y pH 3-4 (3.6 - 3.7 U / mg); pH 3 (10.8 U / mg) y pH 10 (10.6 U / mg); respectivamente. Las subfracciones con peso molecular < 100 kDa obtenidas con (NH4)2SO4 saturado a 50 % y 80 % tuvieron máxima actividad proteolítica a pH alcalino. La subfracción < 100 kDa, obtenida con (NH4)2SO4 saturado a 80 % tuvo la mayor actividad proteolítica (37.3-43.7 U / mg) a pH 8-10, factor de purificación de 3 y 19.1 % de recuperación. Trece proteínas entre 9.8 a 104.8 kDa se identificaron en el extracto proteolítico crudo. Las proteínas de 31 - 33 y 39 - 41 kDa tuvieron la concentración más alta en las fracciones estudiadas, sugiriendo la posible predominancia de serín y aspartil proteasas, respectivamente. Nosotros sugerimos que la presencia de proteasas con máxima actividad a pH alcalino está relacionada con la adaptación de C. carpio a aguas contaminadas con pH alto. Aunque estos peces son inadecuados para el consumo humano, pueden ser empleados como materia prima para la producción de proteasas destinadas para varias industrias, incluido el tratamiento de aguas residuales.

AbstractCommon carp (Cyprinus carpio) is an aquatic organism of commercial value able to survive in polluted environments; carps contain proteolytic enzymes of physiological importance and potential industrial application. The objective of this work was partially purify and study the proteolytic activity at different pH of carp proteases living in a polluted environment. Three carps were captured in different zones of Zumpango polluted lagoon (Mexico) at 1 m of maximum deep. Protease crude extracts were obtained from dorsal muscle by aqueous extraction and fractionated by 20 %, 50 %, 80 %-saturated (NH4)2SO4. Fractions extracted with 50 % and 80 %-saturated (NH4)2SO4 were selected for their high proteolytic activity and concentrated by ultrafiltration through 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff membranes and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The crude proteolytic extract had significantly higher activity (19.7 - 20.3 U / mg) at pH 2, 5, and 7 (P < 0.001). Fractions obtained with 20 %, 50 % and 80 % - saturated (NH4)2SO4 showed peak activity at pH 5 (2.8 U / mg) and pH 6 (2.2 U / mg); pH 6 (4.3 U / mg) and pH 3 - 4 (3.6 - 3.7 U / mg); pH 3 (10.8 U / mg) and pH 10 (10.6 U / mg); respectively. Subfractions of < 100 kDa, obtained with 50 % and 80 %-saturated (NH4)2SO4, had peak proteolytic activity at alkaline pH. A < 100 kDa fraction, obtained with 80 %-saturated (NH4)2SO4, had the highest proteolytic activity (37.3 - 43.7 U / mg) at pH 8 - 10, purification factor of 3 and 19.1 % recovery. Thirteen proteins between 9.8 to 104.8 kDa were identified in the crude extract. Peak protein concentration was observed for 31 - 33 and 39 - 41 kDa, suggesting the possibility predominance of serine- and aspartyl- proteases, respectively. We suggest this protease with maximum activity at alkaline pH is related to the adaptation of C. carpio to polluted waters with high pH. Although unsuitable for human consumption, these organisms can be a source of protease production aimed to several uses as in the industry and waste water treatment among others.

Investigation and analysis on the risk factors of a leptospirosis outbreak / 中国人兽共患病学报

We aimed to provide scientific evidence for the effective control of the epidemic and to investigate the sources of infection and possible ways of transmission.Epidemiological investigation was carried out to explore the source of infection by using the case-control study.Results showed that the outbreak of the epidemic was hemorrhagic fever,the onset of 40 cases was from August 21 to September 4,accounting for 73.68 ％ of the case number.Cases were cluster in Weizhuang Town,Feinan Town and Longkang Town,accounting for 60.00％ of the case number.The cases who aged from 40 to 79 years accounted for 85.00％.The cases with medium and high fever,tiredness,chills,muscle pain,gastrocnemius and headache accounted for 85.00％,95.00％,90.00％,75.00％,62.50％ and 40.00％,respectively.The 97.50％ cases had exposure history of suspected contaminated water.Case-control study result showed that hands and feet had the wound in 15 days before the onset (x2=15.74,P ＜0.01),and farming work in 15 days before the onset (x2 =11.08,P ＜0.01) were the risk factors of leptospirosis infection.There are the bacteria change and the trend from south to north along the Huaihe River Basin.Strengthen the monitoring work in high-risk areas was the effective measurement to reduce the incidence of leptospirosis.

Effect of Kumi-binro-to on Chronic Headache / 日本東洋医学雑誌

A total of 20 chronic headache cases in which other Kampo medicines were ineffective or hardly effective were treated with Kumi-binro-to extract, and the effect of this medicine was investigated.<br>At the start of administration, we investigated the following items: any deficiency or excess, presence or absence of stagnation of vital energy (facial erythema, ophthalmologic injection, bitter taste in the mouth, etc.) and disease caused by contaminated water (tendency of edema, sound of fluctuating liquid in the region of the stomach, decreased urine volume) as well as the presence or absence of grasping pain (pressure pain) in the gastrocnemius muscle which is a characteristic symptom as a target of this drug. The efficacy of Kumi-binro-to was assessed by a pain score after weeks from the start of administration.<br>Kumi-binro-to was markedly effective in 5 cases, effective in 11 cases and ineffective in 4 cases, indicating that the ratio of markedly effective and effective cases accounted for 80% of the patients treated. There was no adverse reaction. When the characteristics of 16 cases assessed as markedly effective or effective were investigated, disease caused by contaminated water and stagnation of vital energy was observed in 13 and 14 of the 16 cases respectively. The grasping pain in the gastrocnemius muscle that is a characteristic target of this drug was noted in only one case.<br>The above result suggests that Kumi-binro-to promotes diuresis to eliminate wetness-evil and regulates vital energy, and is effective against chronic headache, especially when the disease caused by contaminated water is accompanied with stagnation of vital energy.

The effect on various treatment methods on the disinfection of artificially contaminated water

Since waterborne diseases are still an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippine setting, it is evident that the quality of water supplies cannot always be assured, and remedial measures are required to provide consumers with safe drinking water. Boiling is a proven household disinfection method, but doubt regarding its efficacy has led to a search for alternatives. This study was thus performed to compare the efficacy of various methods of water treatment, and to perform a cost analysis for each method Sterile water was seeded with E. Coli ATCC 25922 to a concentration of 10 exponent 5 cfu/ml. Equal amounts were then disinfected by:(1) boiling for 10 minutes; (2) passage through an ultraviolet (UV) light water treatment device (UV Waterworks TM); (3) reverse osmosis (RO). Three replicates were done for each procedure, and for each replicate five aliquots were obtained for (1) immediate testing: (2) testing after 24 hours in room temperature; (3) testing after 24 hours at a temperature of 2-8 degrees C; (4) testing after 48 hours in room temperature; and (5) testing after 48 hours at a temperature of 2-8 degrees C, Samples were analyzed using the spread-plate method on MacConkeys agar. For all samples taken, no growth was seen after 24 hours of incubation Taking into account the cost of consumables for each method, UV disinfection has the advantage of being 200 times less expensive than boiling, which in turn is less costly by 50 percent compared to RO. The increased cost of RO is due to large amount of water discarded during processing. An advantage offered by methods such as RO and UV disinfection is its time-saving aspect. However, households without access to UV or RO units should consider boiling a cost-effective option, so long as manpower and fuel resources are available. (Author)

Ingredient Analysis and Lipid Peroxidation in Mice of Organic Pollutants of Polluted Irrigation Soil / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To investigate the organic pollutants in the contaminated water irrigation area soil and to study the lipid peroxidation effect of the pollutants on mouse. Methods The organic pollutants of the polluted irrigation soil and control soil were extracted using the supersonic oscillator. The ingredients of the organic pollutants were measured by the GC-MS spectrum. The 40 sanitary Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups: the dimethylsulfoxide control group,low dose group of control soil,high dose group of control soil,low dose group of polluted soil,high dose group of polluted soil. The administered doses of the low and high dose groups were 25.5 g dry soil/kg body weight per day by oral for two weeks. The activities of T-SOD,GSH-Px and the content of MDA in serum of mice were determined. Results Phenanthrene,yrene,diphenyl,fluorene,naphthalene,dimethyl-naphthalene,2,3,6-trimethyl-naphthalene,anthracene,dimethyl-anthracene,1,4-dimethyl-anthracene,fluoranthene,4-methyl-pyrene,dibenzothiophen,4-methyl-dibenzofuran,dibenzofuran,butylated-hydroxytoluene,dodecane,neopentyl-cyclohexane,trimethyl-heptane,1,2-dimethyl-cyclohexanimine,butethal were detected in the polluted irrigation soil and their levels were 14.3,2.1,1.3,1.1,0.8,1.3,0.4,2.9,7.2,2.3,9.1,0.2,0.4,1.4,1.7,0.37,0.9,0.11,0.02,0.02 and 0.13 mg/kg respectively in the polluted irrigation soil. Trimethyl-heptane,dimethyl-heptane and 1,2-dimethyl-cyclohexanimine were detected,and their levels were all 0.01 mg/kg in control soil. Compared with the solvent of dimethylsulfoxide group,the activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px of the high dose group of control soil and two dose groups of polluted soil all decreased,the differences were all significant(P0.05). Conclusion The soil has been contaminated with organic pollutants in the investigated area and the soil extract may produce a certain effect on lipid peroxidation in mice.